LESSON 2 The Research Problem.pdf

12 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Quarter 3: Module 2 The Research Problem 1...

12 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Quarter 3: Module 2 The Research Problem 1 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module1_v2 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module2_v2 Practical Research 2 for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 3 – Module: 2 The Research Problem Second Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission touse these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team Writers: Mary Ann C. Torres MAED-Administration and Supervision Jean G. Faburagais, MAED-ELT,TMC-1 Editor: Ellen D. Edrial EdD Esteria J. Macajelos MED -EDAD Reviewer: Esteria J. Macajelos MED-EDAD Illustrator: Layout Artist/Typesetter: Josephine V. Austero Management Team Senen Priscillo P. Paulin, CESO V Rosela R. Abiera Joelyza M. Arcilla EdD Maricel S. Rasid Marcelo K. Palispis Elmar L. Cabrera Anna Lee A. Amores EdD Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education –Region VII Schools Division of Negros Oriental Office Address: Kagawasan, Ave., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental Tele #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117 E-mail Address: [email protected] i NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module1_v2  Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self- check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you. i  What I Need to Know “If we knew what it was, we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?” -Albert Einstein This module introduces a range of research topics in the area of inquiry. It further discusses the value of research in the area of your own interest and the specificity and feasibility of the problem posed. Learning Competencies At the end of this module, you are expected to: 1. Design a research used in daily life CS_RS12-Id-e-1 2. Write a research title CS_RS12-Id-e-2 3. Describe background of research CS_RS12-Id-e-3 4. State research questions CS_RS12-Id-e-4 5. Indicate scope and delimitation CS_RS12-Id-e-5 6. Present written statement of the problem CS_RS12-Id-e-6 7. Perform tasks confidently CS_RS12-Id-e-7 What I Know Task 1. Directions: Fill in the blank with the choices found inside the box. Write your answer in your activity notebook Research Problem Scope Sources Delimitation Research Background Hypothesis Problem Statement 1. Usually, a is initially posed as a question which serves as the focus of the researcher’s investigation. 2. A introduces the reader to the importance of the topic being studied. 3. A is a predicted answer to the research question that can be tested and based on prior research. 4. The for identification of problem are diverse and would 1 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module2_v2  largely depend upon the area of interest of the investigator and thenature of the problem under investigation. 5. is a brief outline of the most important studies that have been conducted so far presented in a chronological order. 6. The details how in-depth your study is to explore the research question and the parameter in which it will operate in relation to the population and timeframe. 7. The of a study are the factors and variables not to be included in the investigation. What’s In Task 2. Brainstorming Session 1. Recall the most interesting topic you identified in your chosen field of interest/tract? (You may refer to your preferred title in Module 1.) 2. What interests you to conduct this research? What’s New Task 3 Direction: Accomplish the table below by placing your answer in the right column. 1. What problem or issue are you interested in? You may need to do some background research first to find out more about it. 2. What is your focused topic? Break down topic into sub-areas. Pick one sub-area orpart of one. 3. List a few possible questions about your focused topic area. What? Who? When? Where?Why? How? 4. Choose one to be your main research question. Why 2 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module2_v2 or How questions are best. 5. Make sure it is specific. Specify why, what, where, when, you are talking about. Source: adapted from https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/29000857/creating-a- research-question-worksheet What is It What is a Research Problem? A research problem is exactly that – a problem that someone would like to research (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2010). A problem can be anything that a person finds unsatisfactory or unsettling, a difficult of some sort, a state of affairs that needs to be changed, anything that is not working aswell as it might. Problems involve areas of concern to researchers,conditions they want to improve, difficulties they want to eliminate, questions for which they seek answers. Research Questions Usually, a research problem is initially posed as a question which serves as the focus of the researcher’s investigation. The following examples of possible research in education are not sufficiently developed for actualuse in a research project but would be suitable during the early stage of formulating a quantitative research question. Do teachers behave differently towards students of different genders? (Causal-comparative research) How can we predict which students might have trouble learning certain kinds of subject matter? (Correlational research). There are other kinds of questions, however, that cannot be answered by collecting and analyzing data. The following are the examples: Should philosophy be included in the high school curriculum? [This is a question of value. It implies notions of right and wrong, proper, and improper- and therefore does not have any empirical (or observable) referents.] What is the meaning of life? [This is metaphysical in nature – that is beyond the physical, transcendental. Answers to this sort of question lie beyond the accumulation of information]. 3 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module2_v2 1 4  Characteristics of Good Research Questions Once a research question has been formulated, researchers want to turn it into as good question as possible. Good research questions possess four essential characteristics (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2010). 1. The question is feasible (i.e., it can be investigated without expending an undue amount of time, energy, or money) 2. The question is clear (i.e., most people would agree as to what the key words in the question mean). 3. The question is significant (i.e., it is worth investigating because it will contribute important knowledge about the human condition). 4. The question is ethical (i.e., it will not involve physical or psychological harm or damage to human beings or to the natural or social environment of which they are a part). The Purposes of a Problem Statement 1. Introduces the reader to the importance of the topic being studied. The reader is oriented to the significance of the study and the research questions or hypotheses to follow. 2. Places the problem into a particular context that defines the parameters of what is to be investigated. 3. Provides the framework for reporting the results and indicates what is probably necessary to conduct the study and explain how the findings will present this information. Do not confuse a research problem with a research topic. A topic is something to read and obtain information about whereas a problem is something to solve or framed as a question that must be answered. A good research question helps to- guide the research process; construct a logical argument; write a literature review; plan thesis chapters; and devise efficient search strategies. A well-defined research question has six properties. A research question is not the same as a thesis title, research problem, hypothesis or research focus, although they are interrelated and support one another. A research question summarizes the significant issue your research will investigate. The title consists of the topic and outcome of a research project. The research problem explains the knowledge gap your research will address. A hypothesis is a predicted answer to the research question that can be tested and is based on prior research. A research focus specifies the scope or domain of inquiry. 4 1 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module2_v2 5  The Value of Research in the Area of Interest A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation. In some Social Science Disciplines, the research problem is typically posed in the form of a question. A research problem does not state how to do something, offer a vague or broad proposition, or present a value question. Any problem that is not significant to the nation or profession is notworth consideration of the investigator. It is helpful for investigator to keepin mind the following aspects while selecting the area of problem forresearch – The problem to be chosen should be such as to be meaningfully related to the interest of the investigator himself/herself. The problem having alliance with the chain of thinking or research already in existence can be handled more confidently. The ambitious problems covering a wide range of area of interest should be avoided and the problems of manageable size and limits should be taken up. An important consideration for selecting the problem area relates to its feasibility in terms of the application of scientific techniques, availability of resources in terms of money, personnel, and equipment. When the researcher considers the points mentioned above, researcher is essentially trying to answer some such questions as – Is the problem researchable, interesting, research already in existence or manageable size? Is it a new problem or the work on the problem has already in existence? The sources for identification of problem are diverse and would largely depend upon the area of interest of the investigator and the nature of the problem under investigation. However, the problem can be identified from – (a) Advanced study and critical reading. (b) Analysis and interpretation of the already available evidence, practices, trends or needs in a particular area. Research Topics to be Avoided 1. Controversial topics -These are topics that depend greatly on the writer’s opinion, which tend to be biased or prejudicial. Facts cannot support controversial topics 2. Highly technical subjects -For a beginner, researching on topics that require an advance study, technical knowledge and vast experience is very difficult. 3. Hard-to-investigate subjects 1 6 5 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module2_v2  -A topic or a subject is hard to investigate if there is no available dataor reading materials about it and such materials are not updated (obsolete). 4. Too broad subjects -A subject or a topic that are too broad will prevent the researcher from giving a concentrated or in-depth analysis of the subject matterof the research paper. 5. Too narrow subjects -The subjects are so limited or specific that an extensive or thorough searching or reading for information about the subject is necessary. 6. Vague subjects -Choosing topics like these will prevent you from having a clear insight or focus on your study. For instance, topics like “Some Remarkable Traits of a Negrosanon”, “Several Comments on a ModularSystem in the Department of Education”. So, avoid using indefinite adjectives such as some, several, many, etc. Research Background Research background is a brief outline of the most important studies that have been conducted so far presented in a chronological order. Research background should also include a brief discussion of major theories and models related to the research problem. When writing research background, you also need to demonstrate how your research relates to what has been done so far in the research area. Once the research area is selected, the literature review is commenced in order to identify gaps in the research area, and the research aims, and objectives need to be closely associated with the elimination of this gap in the literature. Example: Background of the Study Learning is an interaction process between students and teachers and study material in teaching learning process (UUSPN No.20, 2003). In other word, learning is a process to help the students to study well. The media and the method of learning process in transferring the material will be an important factor to get the best result. The methods of delivery to students there are different kinds, one of them the lecture method. The lecture method is explanation and narrative verbally by teacher in the class, while the role of student is listening carefully, and noted of which presented by the teacher (Surahmad, 2003). The lecture method has disadvantage that the interaction to be centered on teachers so teachers cannot know with certainty how far students understand about the material (Muhammad, 2011). Seen here that the lecture method is learning more dominated by teacher as the "the transferor" science, and students were more passive as the "recipient" of science. 1 6 7 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module2_v2  The material of the solar system actually is complex, such as discusses about all of planets in the solar system and satellite. It also discusses about meteors, comets, asteroids, and space objects other (Prihantono, 2013). This material is usually presented using textbook. The material of solar system presented in form of images and text that dominated with theory explanation. To clarify the understanding of the solar system material, need information technology support that can be applied to this material. It was difficult we find in the past before the rapidly growing information technology. The sophistication technology lies in the ability of technology to combine real and virtual condition which the results are displayed in real- time. Because of that, the writer tries to make an application as an interactive media to help elementary school students to study about solar system based on android mobile. Researcher chose android because Android is the one desired society platform besides blackberry platform and IOS that most popular of Smartphone. Almost all of ages used android platform, from young until old ages (antaranews.com, 2011). This application consists of solar system materials like: planet, space objects, earth, and moon movement that applied in interesting graphic to support learning process, so it will raise the student’s desire in understanding the material. To support this application the writer also makes interactive questions, to know how far the student’s capability in understanding the material by using this application. The scope and delimitations of a thesis, dissertation or research paper define the topic and boundaries of the research problem to be investigated. The scope details how in-depth your study is to explore the research question and the parameters in which it will operate in relation to the population and timeframe. The delimitations of a study are the factors and variables not to be included in the investigation. In other words, they are the boundaries the researcher sets in terms of study duration, population size and type of participants, etc. 1 8 7 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module2_v2  Sample phrases that help express the scope of the study: The coverage of this study… The study covers… The focus of the study is… Source: https://www.discoverphds.com/blog/scope-and-delimitations Example: SCOPE AND DELIMITATION Out of 189 second year accounting students at Saint Mary’s University, 100 students were used as a sample in conducting the survey. This study limits its coverage on the second-year accounting students only. Its main purpose is to identify the common problems that they encounter and to propose possible solutions regarding this problem. This study considers every aspect of students’ personal information that has an impact on their academic performances such as their parents educational background, their parents’ income, their gender, age, and home location. Each of the respondents are given same questionnaires to answer. And this study focuses on the current second year students at the present school year, 2008-2009 Source: https://www.scribd.com/doc/12760820/Scope-and-Delimitation What’s More Task 4 Let us do it… Direction: On the left column, write words, phrases, or statements to guide you in writing your Research Background later in Task 6. Background of the Study Overview of the Topic ( (What do you want readers to know about concerning your topic?) Paragraph 1- General information about your topic ( (What is happening now about your issue you want to study)? Paragraph 2- Context of your topic (What are the conditions, settings, and situations with respect to your topic)? (Who are directly or indirectly involved)? Paragraph 3- Justification of yourtopic ( (Why should we pay attention to the topic you want to study)? (Why should we care about your topic)? (Why is there a need to focus on yourtopic)? Source: https://www.slideshare.net/kontorphilip/writing-the-background-of-your-study 8 1 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module2_v2 9  What I Have Learned Task 5 Let us reflect… Directions. Write a short reflection in your Activity Notebook. I thought I learned that What I Can Do Task 6 Let us prove it… Directions. Based on the chosen topic of your interest, write t he backgroundof your study, statement of the problem, and the scope and delimitation of your study. Usea short-sized bond paper. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ (Title) Background of the Study ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Statement of the Problem The study generally aims to____________________________________________________________________________ Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: 1. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Scope and Delimitation This study focuses on… (identify what kind of group, how many, area, and other aspects that distinguish the samples from others) ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module2_v2  Assessment Task 7 TASK 7. Directions: Read each item carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is true and write FALSE if the statement if false. Write your answers in your Activity Notebook/ Activity Sheets. 1. One of the characteristics of good research questions is not feasible. 2. “A comparison between the identical twins….” is a good example of research title. 3. The sources for identification of problem are diverse and would largely depend upon the area of interest of the investigator. 4. Research questions should be clear, concise, and as simple as possible, focused and empirically answerable. 5. The problem statement provides the framework for reporting the results and indicates what is probably necessary to conduct the study and explain how the findings will present this information. 6. Good research question is practicable. 7. A good research question helps to- guide the research process; construct a logical argument; write a literature review; plan thesis chapters; and devise efficient search strategies. 8. The purpose of research question is to introduce the reader to the importance of the topic being studied. 9. A hypothesis is a predicted answer to the research question that can be tested and is based on prior research. 10. An important consideration for selecting the problem area relates to its feasibility. 2 2 10 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module2_v2 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module2_v2 11 Task 7 Task 2- Answers may vary 8. True Task 3- Answers may vary 9. True Task 4- Answers may vary 10. True Task 5- Answers may vary Task 6- Answers may vary Answer Key  Glossary Delimitation - the action of fixing the boundary or limits of something. Empirical - relying on experience or observation alone often without due regard for system and theory an empirical basis for the theory. Scope - the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant. Bibliography author, No. 2015. Yumpo. Accessed January 11, 2022. https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/29000857/creating-a-research-question-worksheet. Kabir, Syed Muhammad. n.d. "Problem Formulation and Objective Determination." By Syed Muhamma Kabir. Kapur, Radhika. 2018. "Significance of Research in Education." In Significance of Research in Education, by Radhika Kapur. MH, Selamat. 2008. SAK 5090. Accessed April 2018, 2008. http://www.csnotes.upm.edu.my/kelasmaya/web.nsf/de8cc2082fc4d31b4825730e002bd111/.../. Nenty, Henty. n.d. "Writing a Quantitative Research Thesis." In International Journal of Educational Sciences. PhDS, Dicover. 2020. Discover PhDS. n.d. SCRIBD. Accessed JANUARY 2022. 12 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module2_v2  For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental Kagawasan, Avenue, Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117 Email Address: [email protected] Website: lrmds.depednodis.net 13