Theories of Personality PDF

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MS. GENEIL AMBAYEC-POBLETE, RPm THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory THEORIES OF PERSONALITY OVERVIEW Overview of Psychoanalytic Theory Biography Levels of Mental Life Provinces of the Mind Dynamics of Personality Defense...

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MS. GENEIL AMBAYEC-POBLETE, RPm THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory THEORIES OF PERSONALITY OVERVIEW Overview of Psychoanalytic Theory Biography Levels of Mental Life Provinces of the Mind Dynamics of Personality Defense Mechanism Stages of Development THEORIES OF PERSONALITY HAVE YOU EVER WONDER What makes Freud so interesting? THEORIES OF PERSONALITY The twin cornerstones of psychoanalysis, sex and aggression The theory was spread beyond its Viennese origins Freud’s brilliant command of language THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Overview Freud’s understanding of human personality was based on his experiences with patients, his analysis of his own dreams, and his vast readings in the various sciences and humanities. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Born on May 6, 1856 in Biography Freiberg, Moravia now part of Czech Republic. Died on Sept 23, 1939 in Sigismund Freud London. Firstborn favourite child out of 7 of Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud though his father has 2 grown sons from previous marriage. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Freud did not have a close Notable friendship with any of his younger siblings. He did, experiences however, enjoy a warm, indulgent relationship with his mother When his younger sibling was born, he felt hostility towards his brother Julius that he had unconscious wish for Julius’ death. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY In 1885, he received a traveling grant from the University of Vienna and decided to study in Paris with the famous French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. He spent 4 months with Charcot, from whom he learned the hypnotic technique for treating hysteria through hypnosis Hysteria saw seen by Charcot as a neurological disorder with physiological causes. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY In 1886 after he returned from Paris, where he had His journey to learned about male hysteria from Charcot. He assumed fame that this knowledge would gain him respect and recognition. But most physicians present were already familiar with the illness and knew that it could also be a male disorder. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Freud developed a close professional association and a personal friendship with Josef Breuer, a well- known Viennese physician. Breuer taught Freud about While using catharsis, catharsis, the process of Freud gradually and removing hysterical laboriously discovered the symptoms through “talking free association technique, them out.” which soon replaced hypnosis as his principal therapeutic technique THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Breuer had discussed in detail with Freud the case His journey to of Anna O, a young woman Freud had never met, but fame whom Breuer had spent many hours treating for hysteria several years Freud urged Breuer to earlier. collaborate with him in publishing an account of Anna O and several other cases of hysteria. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY His journey to After his professional disagreement with fame Breuer, Freud then turned to his friend Wilhelm Fliess, a Berlin physician who served as a sounding board for Freud’s newly developing ideas. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY His personal He had begun to analyze his own crises dreams, and after the death of his father. He initiated the practice of analyzing himself daily. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY His personal He realized that he was now middle-aged crises and had yet to achieve the fame he so passionately desired. He abadoned his theory that neuroses have their etiology in a child’s seduction by a parent. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY In 1902, Freud invited a small group of somewhat His younger Viennese professional physicians to meet in his home to discuss relationships psychological issues. These five men—Freud, Alfred In 1908, this organization Adler, Wilhelm Stekel, Max adopted a more formal Kahane, and Rudolf name—the Vienna Reitler—formed the Psychoanalytic Society. Wednesday Psychological Society. “It is not scientific differences that are so important; it is usually some other kind of animosity, jealousy or revenge, that gives the impulse to enmity. The scientific differences comes later” -Sigmund Freud THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Levels of Mental Life THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Unconscious The unconscious contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that Preconscious are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Unconscious Ex. A man may know that he Preconscious is attracted to a woman but may not fully understand all the reasons for the attraction THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Unconscious Freud believes that unconscious is the explanation for the Preconscious meaning behind dreams, slips of the tongue, and certain kinds of forgetting, called repression. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Unconscious He also believes that a portion of our unconscious originates from the experiences of our early ancestors that Preconscious have been passed on to us through hundreds of generations of repetitio which he called phylogenetic endowment. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Preconscious The preconscious level of the mind contains all those elements that are Preconscious not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Preconscious The contents of the preconscious come from two sources; from the Preconscious unconscious and conscious perception. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Conscious It is the only level of mental life directly available to us. This Preconscious refers to mental elements in awareness at any given point in time THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Conscious Ideas can reach consciousness from two Preconscious different directions; external world and preconscious. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Levels of Mental Life THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Stop and Check In what level of the mind can we find repressed memories? THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Stop and Check You are attending a class right now in TOP, in what level of the mind can we find the information that you are learning right now? THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Stop and Check Your classmate shared a story yesterday when you were on your way home from school, since you are trying to recall about it already as I ask this question, in what level of the mind did you retrieved the information? THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Provinces of the Mind THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Provinces of the Mind THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Id: Pleasure principle The id has no contact with reality, yet it strives constantly to reduce tension by satisfying basic desires. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Id: Pleasure principle It seeks gratification of needs without regard for what is possible or what is proper THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Ego: Reality principle It is the only region of the mind in contact with reality. The ego becomes the decision- making or executive branch of personality. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Ego: Reality principle When performing its cognitive and intellectual functions, the ego must take into consideration the incompatible but equally unrealistic demands of the id and the superego together with the external world THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Superego: Moral principle It has no contact with the outside world and therefore is unrealistic in its demands for perfection. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Superego: Moral principle Two subsystems: Conscience tells us what we should not do (If unmet, it results to guilt) Ego Ideal tells us what we should do (If unmet, it results to inferiority) THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Superego: Moral principle A well-developed superego acts to control sexual and aggressive impulses through the process of repression. It cannot produce repressions by itself, but it can order the ego to do so. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY THEORIES OF PERSONALITY HAVE YOU EVER WONDER What are the driving forces behind people’s actions? THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Dynamics of Personality To Freud, people are motivated to seek pleasure and to reduce tension and anxiety. This motivation is derived from psychical and physical energy that springs from their basic drives. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Dynamics of Personality Drives operate as a constant motivational force which comes from the id and controlled by the ego. These two drives are: Sex and Aggression THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Dynamics of Personality “For Freud, people are motivated to seek pleasure and to reduce tension and anxiety.” THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Dynamics of Personality 1. Drive a. Sex (Eros) b. Aggression (Thanatos) 2. Anxiety a. Neurotic Anxiety b. Moral Anxiety c. Realistic Anxiety THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Dynamics of Personality 1. Drive It is the motivational principle, to explain the driving forces behind people’s actions. It originates in the id, but they come under the control of the ego. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY a. Sex The aim of the sexual drive is pleasure, but this pleasure is not limited to genital satisfaction. Freud believed that the entire body is invested with libido; all pleasurable activity is traceable to the sexual drive. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY a. Sex Libido Originally, Freud maintained that libido was associated only with the sexual instincts; later, revising his position, he viewed libido as the psychic and pleasurable feelings associated with gratification of the life instincts THEORIES OF PERSONALITY a. Sex Besides the genitals, the mouth and anus are especially capable of producing sexual pleasure and are called erogenous zones. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY a. Sex Manifestations of Sex or Eros 1. Narcissism 2. Love 3. Sadism 4. Masochism THEORIES OF PERSONALITY a. Sex Narcissism Primary Narcissism Usually occurs during infancy because infants are self centered Secondary Narcissism Usually occurs during puberty when their libido is redirected back to their ego as they become pre occupied with appearance and other self interests THEORIES OF PERSONALITY a. Sex Love Develops when people invest their libido on an object or person other than themselves. Example: Children’s first sexual interest is the person who cares for them, generally the mother. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY a. Sex Sadism The need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person. Carried to an extreme, it is considered a sexual perversion, but in moderation, sadism is a common need and exists to some extent in all sexual relationships. It becomes perverted when the sexual aim of erotic pleasure becomes secondary to the destructive aim THEORIES OF PERSONALITY a. Sex Masochism The need to experience sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation inflicted either by themselves or by others. It becomes a perversion when Eros becomes subservient to the destructive drive. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY b. Aggression It is considered as the destructive drive. The aim of this drive is to return the organism to its inorganic state which is death and the final aim is self destruction. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 2. Anxiety Only the ego can produce or feel anxiety, but the id, superego, and external world each are involved in one of three kinds of anxiety— THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 2. Anxiety a. Neurotic Anxiety The ego’s dependence on the id results in neurotic anxiety. Defined as apprehension about an unknown danger. The feeling itself exists in the ego, but it originates from id impulses. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 2. Anxiety Ex. People may experience neurotic anxiety in the presence of a teacher, employer, or some other authority figure because they previously experienced unconscious feelings of destruction against one or both parents. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 2. Anxiety b. Moral Anxiety The ego’s dependence on the superego produces moral anxiety. It stems from the conflict between the ego and the superego. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 2. Anxiety Ex. failure to behave consistently with what they regard as morally right, like failing to care for aging parents. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 2. Anxiety c. Realistic Anxiety The ego’s dependence on the outer world leads to realistic anxiety. It is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger which is closely related to fear. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 2. Anxiety Ex. We may experience realistic anxiety while driving in heavy, fast-moving traffic in an unfamiliar city, a situation fraught with real, objective danger. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms are normal and universally used. When carried to extreme, can lead to compulsive, repetitive, and neurotic behavior. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Defense Mechanisms 1. Repression 2. Denial 3. Reaction formation 4. Displacement 5. Fixation 6. Regression 7. Projection 8. Introjection 9. Sublimation 10. Rationalization THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 1. Repression Whenever the ego is threatened by undesirable id impulses, it protects itself by forcing threatening objects to the unconscious. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 1. Repression Ex. A child who is abused by a parent later has no recollection of the events, but has trouble forming relationships. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 1. Repression What happens to these impulses after they have become unconscious? THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 1. Repression 1. The impulses may remain unchanged in the unconscious. 2. They could force their way into consciousness in an unaltered form 3. They are expressed in displaced or disguised forms. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 2. Denial It involves denying the existence of some external threat or traumatic event that has occurred. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 2. Denial Ex. Parents of a child who has died may continue to deny the loss by keeping the child’s room unchanged. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 3. Reaction formation It is adopting an exaggerated disguise than its original form. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 3. Reaction formation Ex. A young woman who deeply resents and hates her mother. Because she knows that society demands affection toward parents, such conscious hatred for her mother would produce too much anxiety. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 4. Displacement Redirection of unacceptable urges into a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse will be disguised or concealed. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 4. Displacement Ex. A man who is angry at his wife may displace his anger onto his employee THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 5. Fixation It is remaining in the current psychological stage due to anxiety. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 5. Fixation People who continually derive pleasure from eating, smoking, or talking may have an oral fixation. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 5. Fixation Those who are obsessed with neatness and orderliness may possess an anal fixation. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 6. Regression It is reversion to earlier stage because of stress and anxiety. It is usually temporary. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 6. Regression Ex. A completely weaned child may regress to demanding a bottle when a baby brother or sister is born. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 7. Projection It is attributing the unwanted impulse to an external object, usually to another person. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 7. Projection Ex. A cheating spouse who suspects their partner is being unfaithful. Instead of acknowledging their own infidelity, they transfer, or project, this behavior onto their partner. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 8. Introjection Incorporation of positive qualities of another person into their own ego. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 8. Introjection Such an introjection gives the adolescent an inflated sense of self- worth and keeps feelings of inferiority to a minimum. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 8. Introjection Ex. A teenager who idolizes a famous celebrity. They might begin to adopt the person’s fashion style, mannerisms, or even political views, internalizing these traits as part of their own identity. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 9. Sublimation Repression of genital aim by substituting a cultural or social aim. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 9. Sublimation The sublimated aim is expressed most obviously in creative cultural accomplishments such as art, music, and literature. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 10. Rationalization It involves reinterpreting our behavior to make it seem more rational and acceptable to us. We excuse or justify a threatening thought or action by persuading ourselves there is a rational explanation for it. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 10. Rationalization Ex. The person who is fired from a job may rationalize by saying that the job wasn’t a good one anyway. The loved one who turns you down now appears to have many faults. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Stages of Development Freud's developmental theory is almost exclusively a discussion of early childhood. To Freud, the first 4 or 5 years of life, or the infantile stage, are the most crucial for personality formation. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Oral Stage THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Oral Stage The sexual aim of early oral activity is to incorporate or receive into one’s body the object-choice, that is, the nipple. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Oral Stage Oral-receptive phase Infants feel no ambivalence toward the pleasurable object and their needs are usually satisfied with a minimum of frustration and anxiety. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Oral Stage Oral-sadistic phase Infants usually respond through biting, cooing, closing their mouth, smiling, and crying. Their first autoerotic experience is thumb sucking, a defense against anxiety that satisfies their sexual but not their nutritional needs. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Oral Stage Erogenous zone: Mouth Infants obtain life-sustaining nourishment through the oral cavity, but beyond that, they also gain pleasure through the act of sucking. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Anal Stage THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Anal Stage Erogenous zone: Anus This period is characterized by satisfaction gained through aggressive behavior and through the excretory function. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Anal Stage Early Anal period Children receive satisfaction by destroying or losing objects. At this time, the destructive nature of the sadistic drive is stronger than the erotic one, and children often behave aggressively toward their parents for frustrating them with toilet training. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Anal Stage Children who grow into anal characters: - overly resistant to toilet training - often holding back their feces and prolonging the time of training beyond that usually required. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Anal Stage Adult who grow into anal characters develops anal triad; Orderliness Stinginess Obstinacy THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Phallic Stage Freud believes that physical differences between males and females account for many important psychological differences. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Phallic Stage Erogenous zone: Genitals This stage is marked for the first time by a dichotomy between male and female development, a distinction that Freud believed to be due to the anatomical differences between the sexes. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Phallic Stage Oedipus complex Identification where the boy would like to be his father and later develops a sexual desire for his mother. He then sees his father as a rival of his mother's love. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Phallic Stage Later on, a boy experiences castration complex in the form of castration anxiety wherein he will discover the female doesn’t have penis and will realize that it might be because of their inappropriate sexual desires. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Phallic Stage He will now see his father as a model of determining right or wrong rather than to be in the place of his father. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Phallic Stage Female Oedipus complex / Electra complex Involves the envious feelings of a girl to a boy knowing that they have something extra. Girls feel cheated and they have desires to have a penis too. Penis envy is expressed to be a boy or to wish to have a baby and eventually act of giving birth especially to a boy. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Phallic Stage A girl establishes an identification with her mother similar to that developed by a boy; that is, she fantasizes being seduced by her mother. These incestuous feelings, according to Freud, are later turned into hostility when the girl holds her mother responsible for bringing her into the world without a penis. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Phallic Stage Her libido is then turned toward her father, who can satisfy her wish for a penis by giving her a baby. The Electra complex is resolved when a girl gives up masturbatory activity, surrenders her sexual desire for her father, and identifies once again with her mother. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Phallic Stage Girl’s superego is usually weaker because: For boys, castration anxiety follows the Oedipus complex. For girls, however, the Electra complex follows the (castration complex) penis envy. Boys: Oedipus complex - castration anxiety Girls: Penis Envy-Electra complex THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Latency Stage THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Latency Stage Parents during this stage attempts to punish or discourage sexual activity. Success of suppression would lead to transfer of energy to friendships, hobbies, school and other activities. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Genital Stage THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Genital Stage Erogenous zone: Genitals Adolescents give up autoeroticism and direct their sexual energy toward another person instead of toward themselves. Reproduction is now possible. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Genital Stage Although penis envy may continue to linger in girls, the vagina finally obtains the same status for them that the penis had for them during infancy and boys now see the female organ as a sought-after object rather than a source of trauma.