PRN-PSYCHOANALYSIS-1 PDF - Introduction to Psychology

BLUE is important ideas GREEN is core PINK touched the soul PERSONALITY is derived from a latin word persona which means mask or a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas. These ancient Roman actors wore a mask (persona) to project a role or false appearance. PERSONALITY is a patter...

BLUE is important ideas GREEN is core PINK touched the soul PERSONALITY is derived from a latin word persona which means mask or a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas. These ancient Roman actors wore a mask (persona) to project a role or false appearance. PERSONALITY is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to person’s behavior. TRAITS contributes to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across time. CHARACTERISTICS are unique qualities of an individual (temperament, physique and intelligence) Attitude – predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction. Behavior – any action or function that can be measured or observed in response to a controlled stimuli Personality – overall behavior and attitude THEORY - A set of related assumptions that allows scientist to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis. (testable – numerical and ordinal value) - Are tools used to generate research and organize observation. - Theories should not deal with ‘oughts’ and ‘shoulds’. Such principles involve values and a proper concern for Philosophy. - Theories are not free of values, they are built on scientific evidences that has been obtained in a relatively unbiased fashion. - Broad sets of if-then statements. - When a theory is no longer able to generate additional research or to explain related research data, it loses its usefulness and is set aside in favor of a more useful one. - A theory will generate a hypothesis that lead to observations that may alter the original theory - An internally consistent theory includes operational definitions of its terms CRITERIA: A useful theory generates research, is falsifiable, organizes data, guides action, internally consistent, parsimonious. Observations are colored by an observer’s frame of reference RELATIVES: PHILOSOPHY, a love of wisdom. EPISTEMOLOGY, a nature of knowledge. Theory RELATES more on this branch of Philosophy, because it is a tool used the scientist in their pursuit of knowledge. SPECULATION, reliance on speculation. They are closely tied to empirically gathered data and to science. HYPOTHESIS, an educated guess; a prediction specific enough for its validity to be tested through the scientific method. Deductive reasoning, from a general to specific. Inductive reasoning, specific to general idea. TAXONOMY, a classification of things according to their natural relationships. Essential for the development of Science, without classification of data, science could not grow. PSYCHOLOGY - Scientific study of mental and behavioral processes of a human. - Psyche means soul, spirit and breath. Logia means study. Study of the soul - Wilhelm Wundt is the father of psychology. First person who built the first laboratory devoted for psychology in 1879 university of Leipzig. Principle of physiological psychology first true psychology textbook. PSYCHODYNAMIC – Unconscious, early recollections, collective unconscious, archetypes. object relations, identity crisis and relatedness (Freud, Adler, Jung, Klein, Horney, Erikson, Fromm) HUMANISTIC – meaning of life, psychological well-being and growth (Maslow, Rogers, May) DISPOSITIONAL – Traits and motive (Allport, McRae & Costa) BIOLOGICAL-EVOLUTIONARY – Brain structures, neurochemicals, and genes, Adaptive mechanisms (Eysenck, Buss) LEARNING (SOCIAL) COGNITIVE – Conditioned response, shaping reinforcement, Observational Learning (Skinner) PERSPECTIVE – Self-efficacy, Models (Bandura), Cognitive-affective units (Mitchell), Constructs (Kelly) BEHAVIORISM – Observable Learning STRUCTURALISM – Edward Titchener FUNCTIONALISM – William James function of behavior (Charles Darwin related) Paul Costa and Robert Mcrae big 5 types of personality: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeablness and Neuroticism (OCEAN) Most studies were based from Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theories. Sigmund Freud - The father of psychoanalysis. Austrian and a neurologist. Created the psychoanalytic theory and as well as psychosexual theory. - Free associate – to talk freely - DRIVES operates as a constant motivational force. - ANXIETY – the warning against impending danger Neurotic anxiety – apprehension about an unknown danger Moral Anxiety – violation in personal standards of conduct Reality anxiety - unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger. - Phylogenetic Endowment – inherited experiences from ancestors 1900 Interpretation of Dreams where he talked about psychoanalysis – our personalities are shaped by unconscious motives. Psychoanalysis traditionally used dream interpretation to uncover the unconscious thoughts, feelings, and impulses as a main form of treatment for neurosis and mental illness. Psychoanalysis – Id as “pleasure principle”. Ego as “reality principle” and Superego as “moral principle” Iceberg illustration for conscious, unconscious, subconscious Our behaviors are motivated by our unconscious desires. Levels of mental life - unconscious, subconscious and conscious Provinces of the mind – Id, Ego and Superego – an ego-ideal produces inferiority feelings and a conscience that results in guilt feelings Dynamic Process – Interaction and conflict between the id, ego, and superego Psychosexual – Genitdal (reawakening of sexual urges)  Latency (no sexual motivation; sexual energy towards other exchanges in a social interaction) Phallic – interaction to opposite sex (castration anxiety –oedipus complex)* castration complex shatters Oedipus complex Anal (toilet training) – messy; anal tried – orderliness, stinginee, and obstinacy Oral (oral pleasure) The most crucial stage is the infancy The establishment of personality at a young age. Succession of the sequence will result in a healthy personality. *Note: Electra complex – female version, proposed by Carl Jung DEFENSE MECHANISM BY FREUD – a set of mechanisms in ourselves to protect our own ego. May it be to motivate ourselves or to cause harm to someone. Repression – The repressing of feelings and emotion into the subconscious. The most basic of the def mech. Denial – Refusal of feelings or recognition (admit) mostly from unacceptable and uncomfortable situation. Projection – An act of defense mechanism where a person projects or mirrors his/her (negative) deed (e.g. cheating) to someone else. Attribution of an unwanted impulse towards an external object, especially to a person. Regression – A kind of defense mechanism where a person tends to act in such a young age or in an early developmental stage. (tantrums) Sublimation – An act of converting or the release of frustration towards something in a most socially accepted way such as going to the gym for a workout, painting or writing poetries or anything that helps oneself to release their feeling (e.g. aggressiveness, anger etc.) Fixation – Nakasanayan; correspondence bias; When the prospect of taking a next step is too anxiety provoking, the ego may resort to the strategy of remaining at the present. Reaction Formation – a disguise that is directly opposite to its original form. Introjection – incorporation of positive qualities of another person into their own ego.  This theory was more broadened by different psychologists and one of them is Anna Freud (author of The Ego and Mechanisms of Defense). She added: Displacement - A misplacement of one’s own unlike or negative feeling directly towards someone. Intellectualization – An act of defense where a person would think of a cold or objective perspective in order to avoid the stressful and emotional situation. (e.g. passing of someone) Rationalization – in order to avoid the situation, the person will create credible, but false, justification. Reaction Formation – reacting in an opposite way to what the self really feels. More defense mechanisms exists such as altruism, depreciation, suppression etc. Psychodynamic – decendants of psychoanalysis ALFRED ADLER The individual Psychology - First to break away from the school of thought and create his own, which he called Individual Psychology. - Most influential ideas to come out of the school of thought was the notion of the inferiority complex - The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is the striving for success and inferiority. - Believed that behaviors were based on an Individual’s experiences, and environmental and societal factors - Personality was determined by confrontation, love-related, vocational and societal forces. - Every person is unique - Striving for success and superiority - Aggression was the dynamic power behind all motivation. - Personality and behavior is shaped by subjective perceptions and interpretations of experiences. - Individual psychology can be considered as optimistic - Personality is unified and self-consistent - Behaviors are strongly influenced by their interpretations of experiences rather than the experiences themselves. FICTIONALISM – person’s subjective perceptions of reality  Teleology – explanations of behavior in terms of its final purpose or aim. Causality – behavior as springing from a specific cause INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY holds that everyone begins life with physical deficiencies that activate feelings of inferiority – feelings that motivate a person to strive for either superiority or success. GEMEINSCHAFTSGEFUHL - Social interest can be defined as an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general as well as an empathy for each member of the human community STRIVING FOR SUCCESS AND SUPERIORITY Driving forces: desire for personal gain – superiority; desire for community benefit – success. People are born with small, delicate and inferior bodies, we develop a sense of inferiority to overcome these feelings. People who strive for superiority have little concern for others and are only focused on personal benefit (psychologically unhealthy) People who strive for success do so for all of humanity without losing their identity, are therefore psychologically healthy. STYLE OF LIFE (4-5 years) – refer to the flavor of person’s life. It includes personal goals, self-concept, feelings for others, and attitude towards the world; product of heredity, environment, and a person’s creative power; Molded by people’s creative power. Adler’s three major problems of life: neighborly love, sexual love, and occupation -> through cooperation and personal encouragement. CREATIVE POWER – makes each person a free individual; in control, responsibility, and determination in striving for that goal, and contribution to the development of social interest; implication of movement. Shapes one’s style of life. All psychic life involves movement towards their goal, movement with a goal (Adler, 1964) “The law of low doorway” – use of creative power to solve problems; When approaching a low doorway, you are neither compelled to stoop nor forced to bump your head. The one factor underlying all types of maladjustments is underdeveloped social interest. Maladjusted people set extravagant goals as an overcompensation for exaggerated feelings of inferiority. Private meaning – people who finds everyday living as hard work, requiring great effort. EXTERNAL FACTORS OF MALADJUSTMENT EXAGGERATED PHYSICAL DEFICIENCIES – congenital or result of injury or disease, and accompanied by accentuated feelings of inferiority; a subjective feeling that may be greatly encouraged by a defective body, but they are the progeny of a creative power. People with this sometimes develop exaggerated feelings of inferiority because they overcompensate for their inadequacy. PAMPERED STYLE OF LIFE(spoiled/neglected) – characterized by an extreme discouragement, indecisiveness, oversensitivity, impatience and exaggerated emotions, especially anxiety. May feel left out, abandoned and neglected. NEGLECTED STYLE OF LIFE – children who feel unloved and unwanted; abused or mistreated. SAFEGUARDING TECHNIQUES - the patterns of behavior created to protect the exaggerated sense of self-esteem against public disgrace; enables people to hide their inflated self-image to maintain their current style of life. EX(yes if)AG (DASA)WITH (mobastillheconstruct) Freud’s def mech is mostly unconscious while Adler’s is largely conscious to protect one’s fragile self-esteem. 1. EXCUSES – most common; “yes,but”, “if only” a. YES BUT – people first state what they claim they like to do- something good for others – then come out with an excuse. b. IF ONLY – this excuse protects a weak – but artificially inflated – sense of worth deceive people that they are more superior than they really are. 2. AGGRESSION – the use of aggression to the exaggerated sense of superiority complex (fragile self-esteem) a. DEPRECIATION – the tendency to undervalue other people’s achievements or one’s own. b. ACCUSATION – tendency to blame others. c. SELF-ACCUSATION – marked by self-torture and guilt. i. Self-torture – hurting oneself as a means to hurt other people who are close to them ii. Guilt – often aggressive, and self-accusatory. Self-accusation is the converse of depreciation. Depreciation devalue others to compensate their inferiority, and self-accusation people devalue themselves to inflict suffering on others while protecting their own magnified feelings of self-esteem. 3. WITHDRAWAL – personality development can be halted when people run away from difficulties; safeguarding through distance; unconsciously escape from life’s problems  a. Moving backwards – psychologically reverting to a more secure period of life; Freud’s regression; designed to elicit sympathy, the deleterious attitude offered so generously to a pampered child. b. Standing still – does not move to any direction; an act of avoidance to all responsibilities by ensuring themselves against any threat of failure. By doing nothing, people safeguards their self-esteem and protect themselves from failure c. Hesitating – the hesitation or vacillation (indecisive) when faced with difficult problems. “it’s all too late now.” - procrastinator d. Constructing obstacles – ex: some people build a straw house to just knock it down. By overcoming the obstacle, they protect their self-esteem and their prestige. If they fail to hurdle the barrier, they can always resort to an excuse. Overly sensitive people creates safeguarding techniques to buffer their fear of disgrace, to eliminate their exaggerated feelings of inferiority, and to attain self-esteem. They are self-defeating because they’re built-in goals of self-interest and personal security and it blocks them from an authentic feelings of self-esteem. MASCULINE PROTEST – the importance of being manly. FAMILY CONSTELLATION (BIRTH ORDER) FIRST BORN - likely to have an intensified feelings of power and superiority; high anxiety, and overprotective tendencies. SECOND CHILD – shaped by their perception of the older child’s attitude towards them. YOUNGEST CHILD – the most pampered, and consequently, run a high risk of being problem children. ONLY CHILD – are in a unique position of competing – not with brothers and sisters – but against his parents. Living in adult world, they have an exaggerated sense of superiority and inflated self-concept; may lack well-developed feelings of cooperation and social interest, possess a parasitic attitude, and expect other people to pamper and protect them. EARLY RECOLLECTIONS - Recalled memories yield clues in understanding a person’s style of life. - Are always consistent with the style of life, and their subjective accounts of these esperiences yield clues to both the final foal and the person’s style of life.  - If ER are a valid indicator of a person’s style of life, then this memory should yield clues to the adult’s style of life, DREAMS - Dreams cannot foretell the future, they can provide clues for solving future problems. - Most dreams are self-deceptions and cannot be easily understood by the dreamer. - Dreams are disguised to deceive the dreamer, making self-interpretation difficult. - The more an individual’s goal is inconsistent with the reality, the more likely the person’s dream will be used for self-deception. ADLERIAN PSYCHOTHERAPY - The chief goal is to encourage, lessen the feelings of inferiority, and encourage social interest. - Through the use of humor and warmth, Adler tried to increase the patient’s courage, self- esteem and social interest. Carl Jung The founder of analytical psychology, which approach psychoanalysis by understanding the unconscious mind and an individual’s desire to be become whole. ARCHETYPES - ancient or archaic images that are derived from our collective unconscious. Collective unconscious is most likely related to instinctive traits. Separate from the conscious mind and is part of the evolutionary psychology. - Distinguished by an instinct. Instinct is an unconscious physical impulse toward action and saw the archetype as - The psychic counterpart of Instinct - The archetypes itself cannot be directly represented but when activated, it expresses itself through several modes, primarily dreams, fantasies and delusions.  - Dreams are the main source of archetypal material, and certain dreams offer what Jung considered proof for the existence of an archetype. - Coined the term Individuation – the purpose of life is the integration between conscious and the unconscious self. The “true self” - Primitive psychology; primordial images – expresses the unique and creative power of the psyche; reflections of universal theme and patterns; unlearned and act similarly to instincts. PSYCHE – ego – CENTER OF CONSCIOUSNESS COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS - instincts of human; entity of mankind; psychological inheritance; ANCIENTS PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS (COMPLEXES) – personal experience or memories available or suppressed in the conscious ARCHETYPES The Self Individuation; represents the unconscious and conscious; the strive for unity and wholeness (integration); equally expressed personality of an individual (balanced psyche); represented in dreams as circle, mandala, or square The Shadow Comprised of instincts regarding life and sex; made up of weakness, desires, shortcomings, and repressed ideas; unconscious; represents unknown, chaos and wildness. Dreams: a snake, dragon, demon or any other dark exotic figure. The first test of courage. The Anima and Animus Male psyche’s anima is a feminine image, the female psyche’s animus is masculine image; Combination of anima and animus is called “syzygy”- known as divine couple, represents wholeness, unification, and a feeling of completeness – representation of the “true self”, a main source of communication in the uncollective unconscious. Thinking and opinioin for women; feelings and moods for men. The Persona How a person presents him or herself to the world; protects the ego from the negative images; a representation of masks a person wears on certain situations among group of people. Domination with this may cause a shallow personality and strives for public image. Father - Representative of power and authority Mother - Comfort and nurturing Child - Desire for Innocence and salvation; Wise Old Man -Representative for meaning and wisdom, guidance and knowledge Great Mother – Nourishment and destruction (witch) Hero Archetype Heroic deeds can be performed only by someone who is vulnerable, such as Achilles or the comic book character Superman, whose only weakness was the chemical element kryptonite. An immortal person with no weakness cannot be a hero When the hero conquers the villain, he or she free us from feelings of impotence or misery; at the same time, serving as our model for the ideal personality. (Jung, 1934/1954a). *impotence – inability to take an action; helplessness. The origin of the hero motif goes back to earliest human history – to the dawn of consciousness. In conquering the villain, the hero is symbolically overcoming the darkness of prehuman unconsciousness. The achievements of consciousness was one of our ancestor’s greatest achievements, and the image of the archetypal conquering hero represents victory over the forces of darkness. (Jung 1951/1959b) DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY SELF-REALIZATION: people must adopt not only to their outside environment but to their inner world as well. CAUSALITY states that present events have their origin in previous experience. TEOLOGY states that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the future that directs a person’s identity. PROGRESSION is the forward from of psychic energy to the outside world, whereas REGRESSION is the adaptation to the inner world that relies on a backward flow of psychic energy. ATTITUDE – a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction; MORAL STANDPOINT PERSONALITY – OVERALL BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDE INTROVERSION - Subjective - Biases, fantasies, dreams and individualized perceptions. - Inward of psychic energy with an orientation towards the inner world (Feist, TOP, p 116) - High cortical arousal EXTROVERSION - Objective - Surrounding environment - Attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented towards the objective and away from the subjective (Feist, TOP, p 116) - Low cortical arousal FUNCTIONS Both introversion and extraversion can combine with any one or more functions, forming eight functions or types: RATIONAL FUNCTIONS THINKING – logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas. EXTRAVERTED rely heavily on concrete thoughts; must be objective and not subjective; Mathematicians, Engineers and Accountant; without at least some individual interpretation, ideas are merely previously known facts with no originality or creativity. INYTROVERTED thinking reacts on external stimuli and is often interpreted by internal meaning than by objective facts; inventors who react to the external world in a highly subjective and creative manner; When carried to an extreme, introverted thinking results in unproductive mystical thoughts that are so individualized that they are useless to any other person. FEELING – The process of evaluating an idea or an event; VALUING; sensing function; feeling function should be distinguished by emotion; Emotion is unconscious and feeling is conscious. EXTRAVERTED feeling people uses objective data to make evaluations; not guided by subjective opinion but by external values and widely accepted standards or judgments; well-liked for their sociability, but in their quest to conform to social standards, they may appear artificial, shallow and unreliable; business people and politicians. INTROVERTED feeling people values judgment primarily on subjective perceptions rather than objective facts; making value judgments on the basis of subjective individualized data; individualized conscience. A taciturn (reserved) demeanor and an unfathomable (immeasurable psyche) SENSING - INTUITION MELANIE KLEIN OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY - Phylogenetic endowment : infant’s innate readiness to act or react - We formed subconscious attachments to objects, which can be people, parts of a human, or symbols of people, and that these attachments influence our behavior in later relationships. - The mother is the primary object in this theory. - Early superego produces not guilt but terror. Young children are afraid of being devoured, cut up and torn into pieces – fears that are greatly out of proportion to any realistic dangers. The answer resides with the infant’s own destructive instinct (experienced as anxiety), To manage, the child’s ego mobilizes libido (life instincts) against death instincts. This early ego defense lays the foundation of the superego, whose extreme violence is a reaction to the ego’s aggressive self-defense against its own destructive tendencies. PHANTASIES – psychic representations of unconscious Id instincts. PARANOID-SCHIZOID POSITION (3 – 4 months) - Good breast and bad breast and the alternation between frustration and gratification=vulnerable ego - A tendency of the infant to see the world having the same destructive and omnipotent qualities - Way of organizing experiences that includes both paranoid feelings of being persecuted and splitting of internal and external objects - Rage and destruction bad breast; love and comfort good breats DEPRESSIVE POSITION (5-6 months) - Views the world as a whole. Began to see the good and bad in the same person. - Beginning of maturity, own destructive feelings are tolerated rather than projecting outward. - The feeling of anxiety over losing a loved object with a sense of guilt. PSYCHIC DEFENSE MECHANISM INTROJECTION – taking external objects into their own. (away from persecution) PROJECTION – getting rid of good and bad objects. OUTWARD. SPLITTING – management of good and bad objects by splitting. PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION – splitting of unacceptable parts, projection into another object, and introject towards the self in a changed/distorted form INTERNALIZATION Ego – sense of self; mostly unorganized at birth, capable to feel anxious; good me and bad me Superego – emerges early; not a result of Oedipus complex; harsh and cruel ; produces terror from the infant’s own destructive instincts. o A reaction from an extreme violence of the ego’s aggressive self-defense against its own destructive instincts. Oedipus Complex – children’s fear of retaliation from their parent for their fantasy in emptying their body. ; No remnant of rivalry remains – high resolution of Oedipus complex Margaret Mahler - Psychological birth of the child - During separation-individuation stage, children develop feelings of personal identity Heinz Kohut - Process of which the self evolves - Narcissistic needs are the needs to exhibit the grandiose self and the idealized parent image Kernberg - The early mother-child relationship - Internalized object relations - Synthesize Freudian drive theory, object relations, and developmental theory Alan Sroufe and colleagues - Securely attached children tend to be dependent on the mother. KAREN HORNEY – psychoanalytic social theory NEUROTIC NEEDS - Each person begins life with the potential for healthy development  - Safety and satisfaction to grow - Basic Hostility is a result of parents inability to love the child. - Basic Anxiety is the repressed hostility which leads to insecurity and a vague sense of apprehension. Feeling of isolation and helplessness. - A competitive and hostile society encourages isolation - Most neurotics seek love in a self-defeating fashion - The ultimate goal of Horneyean theory is the growth toward self realization Defenses Affection – a strategy that does not always lead to authentic love Submission – Neurotics who submit to another person often do so in order to gain affection Power a tendency to dominate others; Prestige protection against humiliation and a tendency to humiliate others; Possession buffer against destitution and poverty, a tendency to deprive others Withdrawal – developing independence from others COMPULSIVE DRIVES – defense mechanism against basic anxiety 10 NEUROTIC NEEDS 1. The neurotic need for approval and affection – please others; live up to their expectations 2. Neurotic need for a powerful partner – lacking self-confidence; overvaluing love 3. Restrict one’s life within narrow boarders – strive for inconspicuous; downgrade of own abilities 4. The neurotic need for power – usually combined with the need for prestige and possession 5. The neurotic need to exploit others – How others can be used or exploited; fear of being exploited 6. Social recognition or prestige – combat basic anxiety by being important, first, or attraction for themselves. 7. Personal admiration – need for admiration for what they are; inflated self-esteem 8. Ambition and personal achievement – a strong drive to be the pest 9. Self-sufficiency and independence – strong need to move away from people; playboy 10. Perfection and unassailability – superiority; dread making mistake or flaws. 3 NEUROTIC NEEDS Moving TOWARDS people validation – protection against helplessness. Compliance outstanding characteristics of people who adopt this strategy Moving AGAINST people ability to gain power hostility/aggressive Moving AWAY from people isolation, detach, independence INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS Idealized self image – a godlike self image Self-hatred – equally irrational and powerful tendency to despise oneself Six major ways: ▪ Relentless demands on the self ▪ Merciless self-accusation ▪ Self-contempt ▪ Self-frustration ▪ Self-torment ▪ Self-destructive Neurotic search for glory – drive toward actualizing Neurotic claims – made out of fantasy Neurotic pride – a false pride OEDIPUS COMPLEX is based on environmental and not biological ; result of cultural and social factors ERIK-ERIKSON Keywords: psychosocial crisis, Body ego, ego-ideal and ego identity EPIGENETIC PRINCIPLE – step-by-step growth of fetal organs SYNTONIC – HARMONIUS / DYSTONIC - DISRUPTIVE TA4IGI Trust vs. Mistrust – infant HOPE Autonomy vs shame and doubt – toddler WILL Initiative vs. Guilt – preschooler PURPOSE Industry vs. Inferiority – grade schooler COMPETENCE Identity vs. Role Confusion – teenager FIDELITY Intimacy vs. Isolation – young adult LOVE Generativity vs stagnation – middle-aged adult CARE Integrity vs despair – older adult WISDOM ERICH FROMM – humanistic psychoanalysis HUMAN NEEDS: Relatedness Transcendence Rootedness Sense of identity Frame of orientation MECHANISM OF FREEDOM Authoritarianism – masochism and sadism Destructiveness – isolation and powerlessness Conformity – escape from being alone; to belong POSITIVE FREEDOM Character – relatively permanent system of all noninstinctual strivings through which man relates himself to human in the world RECEPTIVE – receive things HOARDING – saving what they already have and not letting go MARKETING – personal value dependent on exchange value; an outgrowth from modern commerce EXPLOITATION – take what they desire rather than passively receive it PERSONALITY DISORDERS Necrophilia – love for death Malignant Narcissism - everything belonging to a narcissistic person is highly valued and everything belonging to another is devalued. Incestous Symbiosis - extreme dependence on the mother or mother surrogate Notes: - Dreams are the universal language - Only with the attitude of relatedness can another person be truly understood OTHER TERMS USED Ethology – Natural science; branch of zoology Epistemology – Nature of knowledge Philosophy – love of wisdom