Methods of Philosophizing Lesson 2

The search for truth and not really the possession of it, is the true goal of Philosophy. The quest for the truth begins with the art of questioning. Socratic Method asking a series of critical questions used by Plato in his writings Plato’s Dialogues contain stories about...

The search for truth and not really the possession of it, is the true goal of Philosophy. The quest for the truth begins with the art of questioning. Socratic Method asking a series of critical questions used by Plato in his writings Plato’s Dialogues contain stories about philosophical concepts teaches how to determine and distinguish truth from opinion TRUTH FACT OPINION supported by has actually expression of evidence happened, can personal belief, be proven or feeling, or refuted viewpoint What is real? METAPHYSICS  World of Forms forms are changeless, eternal, and nonmaterial essence of things World of Objects concrete or worldly things mere semblance of reality PLATO  The truth belongs to the mind or intellect. PLATO  The reality of being human dwells in man’s pure soul. PLATO  Appetitive concerned with bodily pleasures Spirited concerned with emotions Logical PLATO concerned with reason as the seat of control Plato’s Allegory of the Cave  Man is tasked to reflect beyond the world of the senses and thereby, rise to the level of the mind or intellect. True education leads people out of the cave into the world of light.  Education is a process of recollection of what is innate in the soul. PLATO  Truth is already in the intellect of man. PLATO  Substance is the reality. ARISTOTLE Science about causes of the existence of things 4 Types of Causes material, formal, efficient, and final ARISTOTLE Syllogism forming conclusions based on premises ARISTOTLE Example A. All men are mortal. B. Socrates is a man. C. ? ARISTOTLE Example A. All birds lay eggs. B. Swan is a bird. C. ? ARISTOTLE Nature of Scientific Knowledge René Descartes Methodic Doubt principle that seeks what can be considered as indubitable starting point of knowledge René Descartes “I think, thus I am.” Thomas Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions paradigm shifts alternate theories can emerge Edmund Husserl Phenomenological Method science of the essence of consciousness our consciousness always tends towards an object Edmund Husserl Phenomenological Method lived experiences pure reflection as the basic starting point of knowledge Edmund Husserl Epoche or bracketing reduction of our experiences Unity in Oriental Thought In oriental thought, being and nonbeing are one. Lao Tzu Tao nonbeing, has a positive character cause of being Lao Tzu Tao is the Way… the way by which things are ordered Lao Tzu Te perfection of personality to attain, one must be virtuous Confucius Ren also about being virtuous means human- heartedness Golden Rule Zen Buddhism truth belongs to an unobstructed higher plane concept of impermanence (truth is changing)  In oriental thought, truth cannot be limited to a purely rational conception. Thank you! CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, and includes icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik Please keep this slide for attribution