Introduction To Psychology BPSYC 50 PDF

Introduction to Psychology BPSYC 50 Mary Joyce E. Talamante ◦ Getting to Know Stage: ◦ Share in the comment section / Chatbox: ◦ 1. Your happiest moment ◦ 2. Your ultimate talent ◦ 3. Greatest ambition ◦ 4. And why psychology? ◦ 5. Anything you want to share or ask please comment down below. ◦...

Introduction to Psychology BPSYC 50 Mary Joyce E. Talamante ◦ Getting to Know Stage: ◦ Share in the comment section / Chatbox: ◦ 1. Your happiest moment ◦ 2. Your ultimate talent ◦ 3. Greatest ambition ◦ 4. And why psychology? ◦ 5. Anything you want to share or ask please comment down below. ◦ Thank you. ◦ PS. you will answer each item  BACKGROUND IN PSYCHOLOGY DEFINITION AND MEANING BRIEF HISTORY AND NOTABLE PIONEERS OF PSYCHOLOGY GOALS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY OF PSYCHOLOGY BRANCHES AND RELATED FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY DEFINITION AND NATURE ◦ PSYCHOLOGY- focuses on the individual behavior. ◦ came from the Greek word psyche which means the mind or soul and logos or study of. ◦ science of human behavior ◦ scientific study of human behavior and mental processes (mind) ◦ scientific study and practical application of observable behavior and mental processes of organisms ◦ scientific study of behavior and experience, and the application of that knowledge to human problems (APA)  Steps in Defining the Research Problem Scientific Inquiry Specifying Research Question/ Constructing Hypothesis Designing Research Methods and Procedures Gathering and Interpreting Data Constructing Conclusion and Recommendation ◦ SCIENCE ◦ Focused upon the study and investigation of certain behavior with the application of one or a combination of scientific methods. ◦ Gathering of factual information is considered important to prove certain phenomena ◦ STUDY OF BEHAVIOR ◦ In order to study the mind, one has to associate the way of thinking of an individual to his behavior. ◦ Behavior of a man what runs in his mind ◦ MENTAL PROCESSES ◦ Includes forms of cognition, ways of knowing ( man’s perception, attention, and capability to remember, to reason, and to solve problems). ◦ Dreams, fantasies, wishes, and anticipation Behavior ◦response or action of an individual as matter of psychological study ◦actions and reactions of the individual when exposed or placed on a certain situation or environment 1. Overt and covert Overt-behavior that is outwardly manifested Covert-those activities that are hidden 1. Conscious, unconscious Conscious-acts that is within the level of one’s awareness Unconscious-acts that is not within the level of one’s awareness 1. Rational and irrational Rational-acts which are exercised with reason DIFFERENT Irrational-acts which are committed for no apparent reason or explanation 1. Voluntary and involuntary TYPES OF Voluntary-acts done with full volition or will Involuntary-processes within our body that go on even while we are sleeping BEHAVIOR 1. Simple and complex Simple-involve a few neurons in the process of behaving Complex-involves more number of neurons in the process of behaving AIMS AND GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY ◦ To describe behavior ◦ Describing behavior includes detailed characterization of responses, actions and reactions of humans when encountering a certain situation or phenomenon. A person’s calm reaction towards a picture of a dog may be different to his trembling and fearful reaction to an actual dog. ◦ To understand and explain behavior ◦ Understanding a behavior includes gathering sufficient details about it and organizing it in order to give reason why the behavior exists. This also involves making inferences on how the behavior developed, referring to Psychological principles and theories that can best explain the behavior. The trauma experienced by an individual bitten by a dog during his childhood can explain his fearful response whenever seeing a dog. ◦ To identify factors that help predict behavior ◦ Gaining knowledge and understanding about human behavior allows us to anticipate triggers that can either heighten maladaptive behavior or relieve experienced discomfort. Through the detailed analysis of previous behaviors, individuals can be made aware on how to alleviate anxieties of daily living by foreseeing triggers and helping them to prevent these. Knowing that an individual fears dogs, we can predict that he will never enter a friend’s house who owns a dog. ◦ To control or change behavior ◦ Knowing the reasons why a certain behavior is performed and predicting when and where it will occur is not sufficient to ensure that the individual will be able to improve quality of life. The very purpose of Psychology lies on its last goal, which aims to enhance daily living by being able to control, influence, and if possible, change the maladaptive behaviors into adaptive once. This is where mental health experts come in. Through the use of psychotherapies and counseling techniques, individuals are helped to alter these maladaptive behaviors so they can maximize their daily living. PSYCHOGENESIS OF PSYCHOLOGY ANCIENT PERIOD- ANIMISM it is the gods and spirits who were attributed to be the direct cause of events and activities of man GREEK PERIOD- DEMOCRITUS- theorized that the human mind is composed of atoms, which penetrate in and out of our system GREEK PERIOD- ◦ Plato (428/427-348/347 BCE)-believed that the soul is distinct to man and it is God-given ◦ Knower, thinker, determiner ◦ Three distinct elements 1. Element of reason- head (mind) 2. Spirited element- heart (emotions) 3. Element of bodily appetites and desire- diaphragm GREEK PERIOD- Aristotle- Father of Psychology because he is the first person to put into writing his explanation pertaining the behavior of man. Functions of the soul 1. vegetative- basic maintenance of life 2. Appetitive- desire and motives 3. Rational- governs reason that is located in the heart...the brain is merely a gland and would perform minor functions GREEK PERIOD- Hippocrates Father of the Medicine First theorized that mental disorders arose from natural sources First to classify different mental disorders during the classical period. Galen ◦ Theorized the relation of temperament to physiological factors ◦ Behavior may be attributed to the humors or vital juices of the body or the bile ◦ Sanguine- yellow- cheerfulness phlegmatic- green- sluggishness (slow) melancholic- black- sadness choleric- red- irascibility (quick-tempered, irritable) Medieval Period St. Augustine of Hippo introduced the method of introspection (individual tries to describe his own conscious processes) St. Thomas Aquinas belief that when the body dies, the soul separates and becomes a spirit Pre – Modern Period Rudolf Gockel- often attributed for the initial use of the term “psychology” in his writing “Yucologia hoc est de hominis perfectione, anima, ortu” Francis Bacon- first proposed that psychology should separate from philosophy and psychology should be treated as a natural science-NATURALISM Pre – Modern Period Rene Descartes- introduced the idea of dualism and the concept of reflex action which indicates that the mind and body interact. Mind- spiritual entity Body- physical or material entity They work together to make the individual functional Pre – Modern Period Thomas Hobbes- discomforts/pains must be overcome human beings are physical objects and sophisticated machines whose functions and activities can be described and explained in purely mechanistic terms John Locke- Tabula Rasa- mind Blank tablet/slate- that gathers its contents through the experiences that an individual will have in his entire life.  Pre-Modern Period ◦ George Berkeley (1709)-the idea of an individual becomes true only to himself because this is the level of knowledge that he believes in ◦ Christian Von Wolff-had his theory of reality ◦ Two Parts of Reality ◦ Ontology-treats of possible things ◦ Metaphysics-treats of actual things ◦ Three Special Subjects:the universe, the soul and God  Pre-Modern Period ◦David Hume (1748)- gave the difference between impressions and ideas, between created images and direct sensation ◦Franz Anton Mesmer (1774)-utilized the method of “animal magnetism” in curing hysteria, which evolved to hypnosis Animal magnetism, also known as mesmerism, is a theory invented by German doctor Franz Mesmer in the 18th century. I t posits the existence of an invisible natural force (Lebensmagnetismus) possessed by all living things, including humans, animals, and vegetables. he claimed that the force could have physical effects, including healing. Where the word "mesmerized" came from.  Pre-Modern Period ◦Immanuel Kant (1782)-stated that the mind is not blank, but rather the mind is capable of acquiring knowledge through sensory experiences ◦Johann Friedrich Herbart (1816)-was responsible for making psychology a science  Pre-Modern Period ◦Ernst Weber (1817)-pioneered areas about the ideas that is necessary to be stimulated in order to be able to gain sensation ◦Hermann von Helmholtz (1856)-made the theory of color vision  Pre-Modern Period ◦Charles Darwin (1859)-introduced the theory of evolution; introduced the concept of natural selection ◦Gustav Fechner (1860)-had an insight that the law of the connection between the mind and the body can be found in a statement of quantitative relation between mental sensation and material stimulus  Pre-Modern Period ◦Paul Broca (1861)-observed that the persons who suffered from damage to a specific area of the brain's left hemisphere may lose their ability to speak fluently ◦Francis Galton (1865)-father of behavioral genetics Behavioural genetics, also referred to as behaviour genetics, is a field of scientific research that uses genetic methods to investigate the nature and origins of individual differences in behaviour. While the name "behavioural genetics" connotes a focus on genetic influences, the field broadly investigates the extent to which g enetic and environmental factors influence individual differences, Modern psychology Wilhelm Wundt- established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany father of modern/scientific psychology- 1879 William James- founder of American Psychology, met with Wilhelm Wundt and went to publish a two volume book entitled, Principles of Psychology  Modern psychology Emil Kraeplin- first to formally describe bipolar behavior. “manic depressive”- explain how mania and depression both affect the patient Father of Modern Psychiatry Edward Titchener- studied under Wilhelm Wundt and went on to develop the idea of Structuralism method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system that reflect patterns underlying a superficial diversity. Contemporary Psychology Sigmund Freud- father of psychoanalysis underwent a thorough study of the unconscious mind and developed the psychoanalytic process of free association Carl Jung- developed his theory of the origin of neurosis. A neo freudian and established Analytic Psychology He gave emphasis on the importance of the collective unconscious as the basis of affect to behavior the part of the unconscious mind which is derived from ancestral memory and experience and is common to all humankind, as distinct from the individual's unconscious. Contemporary Psychology Alfred Adler- conceptualized the importance of superiority and inferiority as a factor that affects man’s existence Karen Horney- made a theory that human beings have the “basic need for love and security” she stated that humans tend to feel anxious or agitated when they are alienated or isolated  Contemporary Psychology Karl Pearson- major contribution to psychology through the statistical evaluation of human behavior. Apart from correlational analysis, Pearson developed the chi-squared statistic with intellectual encouragement of Galton. Charles Spearman- “first systematic psychometrician” and father of classical test theory- pioneered the statistical technique called factor analysis and was able to discover a general factor(g) in correlations among mental tests. Contemporary Psychology Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon- developed the First Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test Ivan Pavlov- first experimental model of learning, Classical Conditioning ◦ William McDougall-exponent of hormic psychology,the central idea being that there is an end or purpose which goads us to action, without any real knowledge of its nature, and often without benefit or even thought of pleasure ◦ theorized that human behavior is determined by both instinctive and intentional strivings Edward Thorndike- “father of educational psychology” known for his early animal studies and the founding principle of Instrumental Learning, “The Law of Effect” BF Skinner- Operant Conditioning, contributed the system of operant conditioning of which in the idea the organism is in the process of operating on the environment, which in ordinary terms means it is bouncing around its world, doing what it does Schools of Psychology 1. Structuralism William James and Wilhelm Wundt - believed that the chief purpose of psychology was to describe, analyze and explain conscious experience, particularly feelings and sensations - believed in the importance of the structure of the mind INTROSPECTION- Schools of Psychology 2. Functionalism John Dewey, William James, James Rowland Angell, and Harvey Carr -retract the idea of structuralism - importance of “function of the mind” - importance of functional adjustment of an organism to his environment Schools of Psychology 3. Behaviorism John B. Watson- introduced Behaviorism in 1913 - believed that observable behavior, not inner experience, was the only reliable source of information stressed the importance of the environment in shaping an individual’s behavior -chiefly looked for connections between observable behavior and stimuli from the environment Ivan Pavlov- BF Skinner Schools of Psychology 4. Gestalt- founded 1912 Max Wertheimer Gestalt means”to Configure” or to form or pattern” believed that human beings and other animals perceive the external world as an organized pattern. “The whole is greater than the sum of its part” In simpler terms, it suggests that there's synergy or a kind of magic that happens when things come together as a unified whole. The combined effect is more valuable, powerful, or meaningful than just adding up the individual pieces separately. This concept is often used in various fields like teamwork, systems theory, and even art to emphasize the idea that c ooperation and integration can lead to remarkable outcomes. Schools of Psychology 5. Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud behavior is determined by powerful inner forces, most of which are buried in the unconscious mind. -from early childhood, people repress (force out of conscious awareness) any desires or needs that are unacceptable to themselves or to society ◦ Repressed feelings can cause personality disturbances, self-destructive behavior, or even physical symptoms ◦ Freud developed psychoanalysis as a form of psychotherapy, theory of personality, and theory of development Schools of Psychology 6. Cognitive Psychology is a theoretical perspective that focuses on the realms of human perception, thought and memory. Jean Piaget- students learn better when they can invent knowledge through inquiry and experimentation instead of acquiring facts presented by a teacher in class. Lev Vygotsky- emphasized the role of social interactions in knowledge construction. Schools of Psychology 7. Existentialist Psychology - Existentialists believe in both free will and the uniqueness of the individual. Individual behaviors are not seen as evil or good, but neutral, interpreted only by the individual. - Proponent: Brenato and Husseri Schools of Psychology ◦ 8. Humanistic ◦ Humanistic Psychology believed that an individual’s behavior is primarily determined by his perception of the world around him; individuals are not solely the product of their environment; and individuals are internally directed and motivated to fulfill their human potential ◦ Proponent: Abraham Maslow  Branches and Other Related Fields of Psychology A. Theoretical-based from proposed explanation or conclusion involves theories, concepts and basic principles 1. Experimental-observations and experiments 2. Abnormal-study the cause of behavioral disorders  Theoretical continued… 3. Physiological-study the functions of the different organs and systems of the body relating to behavior 4. Dynamic-interpretation of internal drives and motives 5. Developmental-growth and development 6. Comparative-behavior and mental processes of different species  Branches continued… B. Applied-application of concepts, theories and principles 1. Educational-psychological principles to the problems of education 2. Industrial-business, firms and industries 3. Social-study of people’s behavior in relation to society  Applied continued… 4. Counseling-alleviating and preventing mental illness 5. Clinical-treatment of mental disorders 6. Forensic/legal-law or legal proceedings 7. Psychometric-measurement of behavior and capacities through the psychological tests  Related Fields of Psychology ◦Biopsychology-the application of the principle of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior ◦Physiological Psychology-the study of neural mechanisms of perception and behavior through direct manipulation of the brains of nonhuman animal subjects in controlled experiments  Related Fields continued... ◦ Psychiatry-a branch of medicine which exists to study, prevent and treat mental disorders in human ◦ Psychotherapy-pertains to the application of specialized psychological methods to the treatment of diagnosed mental disorders or to the problems of a person's daily adjustment  Related Fields continued... ◦ Psychotropics-a subfield of medicine that deals with the various pharmacological agents such as anti- depressants, anti-anxiety, anti-manic, and anti- psychotic agents utilized to affect behavior, mood and feelings ◦ Psychosurgery-a branch of medicine which involves the surgical severing and chemical alterations of brain fibers with the purpose of modifying psychological distrurbances and other behavior aberrations  Related Fields continued... ◦Social Psychology-merged the discipline of Sociology and Anthropology ◦Psycholinguistics/Psychology of language-study of psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use and understand language  ◦ Difference Between Psychometricians, Psychologists, Counselors and Psychiatrists ◦ Psychometricians, psychologists, counselors and psychiatrists are all recognized as mental health professionals. All have their respective licensures that regulate the practice of each profession. All tries to understand how the brain works, including emotions, feelings and thoughts. ◦ Psychometricians are psychology major graduates who acquired licensure. They are primarily in-charge of assessment procedures, which are vital in the ensuring effective treatment of mental health problems. ◦ Psychologists (clinical) have specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. Unlike psychometricians, they hold a masters or doctorate level qualification in psychology, before acquiring their license. Psychologists focus on providing psychotherapy (talk therapy) to help patients. ◦ On the other hand, psychiatrists are medical doctors. Psychiatrists diagnose illness, manage treatment and provide a range of therapies for complex and serious mental illness. They prescribe medication that psychologists can't. ◦ Lastly, a counselor is a mental health professional who has a master's degree (MA) in psychology, counseling, or a related field. Counselors generally have received training similar to clinical psychologists but with emphasis on helping people cope with more normal life problems. ◦ *Source: https://www.yourhealthinmind.org/psychiatry-explained/psychiatrists-and- psychologists#:~:text=Psychiatrists%20are%20medical%20doctors%2C%20psychologists,talk%20therapy)%20to%20help%20patients; https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/guide-to-psychiatry-and-counseling  Methods Used by Psychologists in Studying Behavior A. Introspection-study of oneself B. Naturalistic Observation-method of examining and interpreting but never interfering with the behavior being studied C. Participant Observation-direct observation; participates with the subject  Methods continued… D. Surveys-is used when the investigator wants to investigate a larger group within a shorter time -may use tools such as questionnaires, inventories, schedules or interviews, opinionnaires or attitude scale  Methods continued… E. Experimental Method-used to study behavior which can be brought into the laboratory and studied under controlled behavior -Wilhelm Wundt first used this method in his laboratory in Germany at Leipzig University in 1987 F. Correlational Studies-search for relationship  Methods continued… G. Case History Method-a complete detailed account of phenomenon or any social event which may have scientific value or which may provide insights into group behavior -a research of the past and its implication at the present status  Methods continued… H. Historical Method and Archival Research-search for materials in libraries or other recorded sources, say, archives I. Animal Studies-useful in investigating and accumulating proofs in the biological basis of learning, memory and behavior  Methods continued… ◦ J. Qualitative and Descriptive Research- Researchers try to describe the behavior manifested and change of quality to certain behavior. Ethical guidelines need to be taken into consideration when covert observation is carried out ◦ K. Longitudinal Studies-A research method which observes a particular population over certain period of time  Methods continued… ◦L. Neuropsychological Methods-involves the study of both healthy individuals and patients, typically who have suffered either brain injury or mental illnesses ◦M. Computational Modeling-is a tool often used in mathematical psychology and cognitive psychology to simulate a particular behavior using a computer Activity LMS ◦ 1. Which among the discussed branches and fields of Psychology are you most interested in exploring? Discuss why? ◦ 2. If you are to study a particular aspect of human behavior, what would it be and how do you intend to study it? You may cite particular school of Psychology or method of studying behavior that you might be interested in using. ◦ 3. Make your own concept map that will cover the pioneers of psychology, school of thoughts and branches and fields of psychology. ◦ 4. Write down what others would fail to understand about you without knowing your history.