Psychology Behavior Types and Goals

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Questions and Answers

Which philosopher believed that the soul is God-given and possessed three distinct elements?

Democritus

Hippocrates

Aristotle

Plato (correct)

What significant contribution did Hippocrates make to psychology during the classical period?

Development of the introspection method

Introduction of dualism

Classification of mental disorders (correct)

Theory of atomic composition of the mind

Who theorized that the human mind is composed of atoms circulating within a system?

Hippocrates

Plato

Aristotle

Democritus (correct)

What was St. Augustine of Hippo known for in the realm of psychology?

Introducing the method of introspection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals is considered the 'Father of Psychology' for his early writings on human behavior?

Aristotle Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Rene Descartes introduce that explores the interaction between mind and body?

Dualism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following temperaments was associated with quick temper and irritability according to Galen?

Choleric Signup and view all the answers

What did Francis Bacon advocate for in the context of psychology's relation to philosophy?

Separating psychology as a natural science Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes irrational behavior?

Acts committed for no apparent reason or explanation. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes voluntary behavior from involuntary behavior?

Voluntary behavior is executed with full volition or will. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a difference between simple and complex behaviors?

Complex behaviors engage a greater number of neurons compared to simple behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist emphasized the concept of the collective unconscious in behavior?

Carl Jung Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary aims of psychology regarding behavior?

To describe behavior by detalizing human responses to phenomena. Signup and view all the answers

How can understanding behavior assist in predicting it?

By examining past behaviors to foresee future triggers. Signup and view all the answers

What technique did Charles Spearman develop that is influential in classical test theory?

Factor analysis Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is associated with the idea that the need for love and security is fundamental for humans?

Karen Horney Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for controlling or changing maladaptive behaviors according to psychological principles?

Understanding the reasons behind the behavior and predicting its occurrence. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the relationship between trauma and behavior?

Trauma can help explain fear responses, such as fear of dogs after being bitten. Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited as the father of educational psychology in relation to early animal studies?

Edward Thorndike Signup and view all the answers

What concept did BF Skinner develop related to how organisms interact with their environment?

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the goals of psychology?

To categorize all behaviors into either rational or irrational. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following psychologists is known for theorizing the 'Law of Effect'?

Edward Thorndike Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Alfred Adler's psychological theories?

Focus on superiority and inferiority Signup and view all the answers

What is the main premise of Ivan Pavlov's learning model?

Classical Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a psychiatrist from a psychologist in terms of treatment capabilities?

Psychiatrists can prescribe medication, while psychologists cannot. Signup and view all the answers

Which professional primarily focuses on assessment procedures to ensure effective mental health treatment?

Psychometricians Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the training of clinical psychologists?

They usually hold a master's or doctorate degree in psychology. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fields applies pharmacological agents to influence behavior and mood?

Psychotropics Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of counselors in the mental health profession?

Helping individuals cope with normal life problems. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is specifically associated with psychosurgery?

Surgical severing of brain fibers. Signup and view all the answers

Social psychology merges which two disciplines?

Sociology and Anthropology Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does psycholinguistics primarily study?

Psychological and neurobiological factors in language acquisition. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is characterized by researchers participating directly with subjects during their observations?

Participant Observation Signup and view all the answers

What research method involves observing a specific population over a prolonged duration?

Longitudinal Studies Signup and view all the answers

Which method is primarily used to analyze relationships between variables?

Correlational Studies Signup and view all the answers

Which research approach is utilized for situations that require the investigation of a larger group efficiently?

Surveys Signup and view all the answers

What method should be employed when researchers need a comprehensive analysis of past phenomena?

Historical Method and Archival Research Signup and view all the answers

What research method involves creating a simulation to model specific behaviors mathematically?

Computational Modeling Signup and view all the answers

Which method assesses behavior by studying individuals who have experienced brain injuries or mental illnesses?

Neuropsychological Methods Signup and view all the answers

Which method includes a systematic approach for describing changes in behavior quality?

Qualitative and Descriptive Research Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Behavior

Rational behavior is exercised with reason.
Irrational behavior is committed for no apparent reason or explanation.
Voluntary behavior is done with full volition or will.
Involuntary behavior includes processes within our body that happen even while we are sleeping.

Simple and Complex Behavior

Simple behavior involves a few neurons in the process of behaving.
Complex behavior involves more neurons in the process of behaving.

Aims and Goals of Psychology

To describe behavior: This includes details of human responses, actions, and reactions in specific situations.
To understand and explain behavior: This involves gathering details about a behavior and organizing it to understand its cause.
To identify factors predicting behavior: This includes anticipating triggers that can influence behavior, positive or negative.
To control or change behavior: Psychology aims to enhance daily living by controlling, influencing, and potentially changing maladaptive behavior to adaptive behavior.

Ancient Period: Animism

Events and activities of humans were attributed directly to gods and spirits.

Greek Period: Democritus

Theorized that the human mind comprises atoms that pass in and out of our system.

Greek Period: Plato

Believed the soul is distinct from the body and given by God.
Contributed the idea of the Knower, Thinker, and Determiner.
Identified three elements:
- Element of reason: Located in the head (mind)
- Spirited Element: Located in the heart (emotions)
- Element of bodily appetites and desire: Located in the diaphragm.

Greek Period: Aristotle

Considered the Father of Psychology for writing about human behavior.
Defined functions of the soul:
- Vegetative: Basic maintenance of life
- Appetitive: Desire and motives
- Rational: Governs reason located in the heart (brain was considered a minor gland).

Greek Period: Hippocrates

Father of Medicine.
First to theorize that mental health issues stemmed from natural sources.
Classified different mental disorders during the classical period.

Greek Period: Galen

Theorized the relation of temperament to physiological factors.
Attributed behavior to the humors (vital juices) of the body:
- Sanguine: Yellow, cheerfulness
- Phlegmatic: Green, sluggishness
- Melancholic: Black, sadness
- Choleric: Red, irascibility

Medieval Period: St. Augustine of Hippo

Introduced the method of introspection, where an individual describes their own conscious processes.

Medieval Period: St. Thomas Aquinas

Believed that upon death, the soul separates from the body and becomes a spirit.

Pre-Modern Period: Rudolf Gockel

Often credited for the first use of the term "psychology" in his writing: “Yucologia hoc est de hominis perfectione, anima, ortu.”

Pre-Modern Period: Francis Bacon

Proposed that psychology should separate from philosophy and be treated as a natural science (naturalism).

Pre-Modern Period: Rene Descartes

Introduced the idea of dualism and the concept of reflex action, suggesting the mind and body interact.

Contemporary Psychology: Sigmund Freud

Father of psychoanalysis.
Studied the unconscious mind and developed the psychoanalytic process of free association.

Contemporary Psychology: Carl Jung

Developed his theory of the origin of neurosis.
Established Analytic Psychology.
Emphasized the collective unconscious as a basis of affect on behavior.

Contemporary Psychology: Alfred Adler

Conceptualized the importance of superiority and inferiority as factors affecting human existence.

Contemporary Psychology: Karen Horney

Theorized that humans have a "basic need for love and security."
Believed that humans feel anxious or agitated when alienated or isolated.

Contemporary Psychology: Karl Pearson

Made major contributions to psychology through the statistical evaluation of human behavior.
Developed correlational analysis and the chi-squared statistic.

Contemporary Psychology: Charles Spearman

"First systematic psychometrician" and father of classical test theory.
Pioneered factor analysis and discovered a general factor (g) in correlations among mental tests.

Contemporary Psychology: Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

Developed the first Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test.

Contemporary Psychology: Ivan Pavlov

Developed the first experimental model of learning, Classical Conditioning.

Contemporary Psychology: William McDougall

Exponent of hormic psychology, where an end or purpose drives action.
Believed human behavior is determined by instinctive and intentional strivings.

Contemporary Psychology: Edward Thorndike

"Father of educational psychology."
Known for his early animal studies and the founding principle of Instrumental Learning, "The Law of Effect."

Contemporary Psychology: B.F. Skinner

Developed Operant Conditioning, where the organism interacts with its environment constantly.

Schools of Psychology

Psychiatry: A branch of medicine that studies, prevents, and treats mental disorders in humans.
Psychotherapy: The application of specialized psychological methods to treat diagnosed mental disorders and daily adjustment issues.

Psychotropics: A subfield of medicine dealing with pharmacological agents such as antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, etc.
Psychosurgery: A branch of medicine that involves surgically severing and chemically altering brain fibers to modify psychological disturbances and behavior aberrations.
Social Psychology: Merged the disciplines of Sociology and Anthropology.
Psycholinguistics/Psychology of Language: The study of psychological and neurobiological factors enabling language acquisition, use, and understanding.

Difference Between Psychometricians, Psychologists, Counselors, and Psychiatrists

Psychometricians: Psychology major graduates licensed to handle assessment procedures.
Psychologists (clinical): Masters or doctorate-level qualified psychology professionals licensed to diagnose and treat mental illness and provide psychotherapy.
Psychiatrists: Medical doctors diagnosed illnesses, manage treatment, and provide therapies, including prescribing medication.
Counselors: Mental health professionals with a master's degree focused on helping people cope with everyday challenges.

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Description

Explore the various types of behavior in psychology, distinguishing between rational and irrational, voluntary and involuntary actions. Learn about the aims of psychology, including description, understanding, prediction, and control of behavior. This quiz will test your knowledge on these essential concepts.