Law Enforcement Operations and Planning PDF

**LESSON 1** **I. POLICE OPERATIONS** **Categories of Police Operations** 1. Public Safety Operation -- includes Search, Rescue and Retrieval Operations, Fire Drills, Earthquake Drills and similar operations that promote public safety. 2. Law Enforcement Operation -- includes Service o...

**LESSON 1** **I. POLICE OPERATIONS** **Categories of Police Operations** 1. Public Safety Operation -- includes Search, Rescue and Retrieval Operations, Fire Drills, Earthquake Drills and similar operations that promote public safety. 2. Law Enforcement Operation -- includes Service of Warrant of Arrest, Implementation of Search Warrant, Enforcement of Visitorial Powers of the Chief, Philippine National Police and Unit Commanders, Anti-Illegal Drugs Operations, Anti-Illegal Gambling Operations, Anti-Illegal Logging Operations, Anti-Illegal Fishing Operations, Anti-Carnapping Operations, Anti-Kidnapping Operations, Anti-Cyber Crime Operations and similar operations that are conducted to enforce laws, statutes, executive orders and ordinances. 3. Internal Security Operation -- includes Counter-Insurgency Operations, Counter Terrorist Operations and similar operations that are conducted to ensure internal security. 4. Special Police Operation -- includes Checkpoint Operation, Roadblock Operation, Civil Disturbance Management Operation, Police Assistance in the Enforcement of Demolition Eviction Injunction and Similar Orders, Police Assistance in the Implementation of Final Court Order and Order from Quasi-Judicial Bodies, Hostage Situation, Visit Board Search and Seizure Onboard Marine Vessels and similar police operations that are conducted by police units with specialized training on the peculiarity of the mission or purpose. 5. Intelligence Operation -- includes Surveillance Operation, Counter Intelligence, Intelligence Research, Intelligence Assessment and similar police intelligence operation conducted to gather information related to security, public safety and order. 6. Investigation Operation -- includes Investigation of Crime or Incident, Administrative Investigation and similar investigative work necessary to determine facts and circumstances for filing cases criminally or administratively. 7. Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) -- includes the processing of crime scene, technical and forensic examination of evidence and similar scientific investigative assistance. 8. Patrol Operations -- The most basic police function and known as the backbone of policing. This type of police operation is conducted to deny opportunities to commit crimes and reduce the risk of citizens becoming crime victims. 9. Police Community Relations -- Include three interrelated dimensions to accomplish its mission namely: community affairs and development, public information, and information development operations to forge partnership and strengthen collaboration and linkages with the community. **Operational Procedures** **Pre-operational clearance** - Approved by the Chief/Commander/Head of the concerned police unit/office. - File by the TL of operating team prior to the conduct of operation. - Submitted to the operations section/division of concerned police unit for record purposes. **Inter-Unit Coordination** 1. Personal Coordination or by Official Representative. 2. Coordination by Filing Coordination Form (Annex "A" -- Coordination Form). 3. Coordination by Practical/Available Means of Communication. **Requirements of Police Operations** 1. Basic Requirements - With a marked police vehicle; - Led by a Police Commissioned Officer (PCO); and - With personnel in prescribed police uniform or attire. 2. Use of Megaphones and Similar Instruments 3. Warning shots prohibited **Use of Force During Police Operations** 1. Use of excessive force prohibited 2. Issuance of verbal warning (the police officer identifying himself; his intention; and what he wants the offender to do) 3. Non-issuance warning when excusable (where threat to life or property is already imminent, and there is no other option but to use force to subdue the offender) 4. Use of non-lethal weapon (baton/truncheon, pepper spray, stun gun, and other non-lethal weapon) 5. Application of necessary and reasonable force (confrontation with an armed offender) 6. Factors to consider in the reasonableness of the force employed (the number of aggressors, nature and characteristic of the weapon used, physical condition, size and other circumstances to include the place and occasion of the assault) 7. Responsibility of the police officer in charge of the operation (exercise control over all police personnel in the area of operation, and shall exhaust all possible means to apply the necessary and reasonable force to protect lives and properties during armed confrontation) **Use of Firearm During Police Operations** 1. Use of firearm when justified (self-defense, defense of a relative, defense of a stranger) 2. Firing at moving vehicles prohibited but with exceptions 3. Parameters to be considered in firing at moving vehicles - The intent of the suspect/s to harm the police officer or other persons; - The capability of the suspect/s to harm with certainty the police officer or other persons; and - Accessibility or the proximity of the suspect/s from the police officer and other persons. 4. Filing of an incident report after the use of firearm 5. Procedures after an armed confrontation - Secure the site of confrontation; - Take photographs; - Check whether the situation still poses imminent danger; - Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital; - Ensure that all persons who died on the spot are not moved from their original position; - Arrested suspects should be kept in isolation; - Conduct debriefing on all involved PNP operatives; - Submit after-operations report; and - Ensure psychological stress counseling for all involved PNP operatives PATROL **PATROULLIER** - French word which means to go through paddles; to travel on foot. **Patrol** -- is considered as the backbone of police organization. Keep watch over an area by regularly walking or traveling around it or through it. **TERRITORIAL UNITS IN PATROL** 1\. ROUTE- the length of street or streets, designated for patrol purposes also referred to as line beat. 2\. BEAT- an area designed for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized. 3\. SECTOR- an area containing two or more beats, routes or posts. 4\. DISTRICT- a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own station. 5\. AREA- A section or territorial division of a large city. 6\. POST- A fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty. **PREPARATIONS FOR PATROL OPERATIONS** General Preparation -- Attitude is the first and foremost preparation of patrol officer since he will be dealing with different persons in the society. Pre -- Patrol Operation -- The Patrol officer should be armed with knowledge and equipment. Vehicle inspection -- Involves inspection of Patrol vehicles to be used before going out of patrol. In -- Field Preparation -- This is made by having debriefing conference with the officer who is being relieved and who has just spent the previous tour of duty. District Orientation Tour -- This involves familiarization of assigned area for patrolling upon arrival in the field. **SPECIFIC TYPES OF PATROL** **1. FOOT PATROL** a\. First and oldest type of patrol. b\. The most expensive type of patrol in terms of human resources. c\. Conducted in a heavily populated areas, public places and areas of convergence like markets, churches, schools, transport terminals, amusement places and shopping malls and areas which are not accessible to motor vehicles. **2. AUTOMOBILE PATROL** **a. The most economical type of patrol and offers tactical ability when used in numbers.** **b. It is considered as the most extensively used and most effective means of transportation for police patrol.** **Features of State-of-the-Art Patrol Car** **1. Vehicle Mounter TV -- high resolution video camera with wide angle lens.** **2. Mobile Data Terminal -- Computer that allow officer in patrol cars to access files from HQ and other law enforcement agencies.** **3. Hight-Intensity Emergency Lighting Plan (HELP) -- A heavy duty light that can provide 2 million candles power of light.** **CALLS ENCOUNTERED BY AUTOMOBILE PATROL** - **Routine Call -- a call where mobile car is required to observed the traffic laws and does not normally used flashing lights and siren while on its way to the scene of the crime** - **Urgent Call -- the responding patrol car has to observed the traffic laws without need of using flashing lights and siren but proceed directly to its destination without stopping enroute UNLESS INCIDENT OF FAR MORE SERIOUS OCCURS** - **Emergency Call -- requires the use of flashing lights and siren except when there is an attempt to surprise the criminals in the act.** **One-Man vs. Two-Man automobile patrol:** **One-Man:** **- Having twice as many police cars on the street doubles the preventive enforcement.** **- when the officer is alone, he devotes full attention to his driving and the beat rather than to the conversation with his partner.** **- A one-man alone develop self-reliance.** **- Personality clashes are reduced.** **Two-Man:** **- Provides greater safety than one-man by doubling the firepower and physical protection.** **- Mistake of one may be caught by the other or vice versa.** **- Interchange in the driving duty, reducing the fatigue to perform more duties.** **- One man can operate radio while the other is driving.** **3. MOTORCYCLE PATROL** **a. Two-wheeled motorcycle is quiet adaptable to traffic enforcement, parades, escort duty and congested areas because of its high mobility.** **b. It is usually fielded in areas where banks and pawnshops are concentrated.** **c. Lower cost than automobile but applicable only to use during fair weathers.** **d. Can penetrate areas that the four-wheeled automobile is difficult to traverse and in roads during pursuit where there is a heavy traffic congestion.** **4. BICYCLE PATROL** **a. The simple and inexpensive means of silent transportation in operation.** **b. It was first utilized by the Manila Police Department in the year 1939.** **c. It can cover crowded areas unreachable by automobile and motorcycle.** **d. It has a combine advantage of mobility and stealth** **5. CANINE (K-9) PATROL/ DOG PATROL** **a. Egyptians are the first to used Dogs for patrolling.** **b. A dog is capable of recognizing an odor 10 MILLION TIMES BETTER THAN A HUMAN can.** **c. Police Dogs should never be used to replace police officers. They are supplementary forces that can aid the officer in better performing his duty.** **d. A single K-9 team was able to complete building searches seven times faster than four officers working together were to search the same building.** **e. The dog team found the hidden suspects 93 percent of the time, the human officers found (hidden suspects) only 53 percent.** - **German Shepherd is the highest scoring dog used by the police** **WOLVES-- It is the system of attaching miniature camera and transmitter to a search dog which makes the dogs the eyes and ears of his handler.** **WOLVES stands for: Wireless Operational Link and Video Exploration System.** **6. HORSE PATROL** **a. It is one of the oldest types of patrol next to walking.** **b. Horses are primarily used for patrolling areas with Rough Terrain that are inaccessible by other mobile patrols.** **c. Used only for large park areas, beach patrol areas, parade and wooden areas.** **d. Can apprehend criminals even on grassy soil or in woodlands.** **7. Marine or Waterborne Patrol** **a. A specialized type of patrol which is used in large bodies of water for the purpose of controlling smuggling.** **b. Also used for rescue operations, search and security.** **8. Aircraft Patrol (Sky Police)** **a. Considered as the most economical type of patrol in terms of human resources.** **b. It uses two types of aircraft, the Helicopter and Fixed Wing aircraft.** **c. Helicopter for highly urbanized cities like the metropolis, and** **d. Fixed Wing for long stretches of highways.** **9. Plain Clothes Patrol -- This particularly effective for "Saturation Drive Coverage" of high crime areas. This allows police officers to infiltrate the crime areas without alarming the criminals following the element of surprise.** **TRADITIONAL FOOT PATROL PATTERNS** **A. CLOCKWISE PATROL PATTERN** - **Short beats well for foot patrol.** - **Rectangular/square size of beat.** - **Done in the start of 8 hours tour of duty.** **B. COUNTER-CLOCKWISE PATROL PATTERN** - **The reverse of clockwise pattern with the same characteristic of an area to be patrolled.** - **Done in the last hour of the 8 hour tour of duty** - **To ensure nothing unusual has happened to the Area of Responsibility.** **C. ZIGZAG/FREE WHEELING PATROL PATTERN** - **Done by patrolling the streets within the perimeter of the beat not at random but with definite target location where he knows his presence is necessary.** **D. STRAIGHTWAY AND CRISS-CROSS PATROL PATTERN** - **Hazard oriented patrol.** - **Easiest to observe the movement of the patrol officer.** **E. CLOVERLEAF PATTERN** - **A highway intersection designed to route traffic without interference, by means of a system of curving ramps from one level to another, in the form of a Four (4) leaf clover.** - **CLOVERLEAF INTERSECTION** **POLICE PATROL STRATEGIES AND TACTICS** **TRIANGLE OF CRIME** **There are three elements of crime that must be present at the same time for any crime to happen; MOTIVE, OPPORTUNITY, and INSTRUMENTALITY.** **TYPES OF POLICE PATROL** **1. PROACTIVE PATROL- Deployment of Patrol personnel in their respective Area of Responsibility with definite objectives.** **2. REACTIVE PATROL- An old concept in patrolling wherein officers and units drive around their area of responsibility waiting for something to happen.** **3. PREVENTIVE PATROL-The objective of this Patrol is to reduce or totally prevent the desire of human being to commit crime.** **VISIBILITY PATROL STRATEGIES** **POLICE VISIBILITY -- It is not just the actual presence of the policeman on the beat it involves the following: a. Physical Presence, b. Patrolling Scheme, c. Response time** **RESPONSE TIME - It refers to the running time of the dispatched patrol car from his position where the assignment was received and the arrival at the scene.** **CRITICAL TIME -- It is the time between the call of concerned individual to the police regarding crime incident and the arrival at the scene.** **DEGREE OF POLICE VISIBILITY** **1. HIGH VISIBILITY PATROL** - **Its objective is to increase the "aura of police omniprescence" in the community which can reduce certain types of crimes.** - **Another concept is the "saturation concept "wherein selected high-risk crime in a residential area of the city is saturated by intensive patrol of marked police vehicles and uniformed policemen.** **2. LOW VISIBILITY PATROL** - **In this Patrol Strategy the primary purpose is no longer crime prevention but crime repression** - **The objectives are the increase number of arrest engaged in street crime** - **Patrol Officers are in plainclothes patrol or in unmarked vehicle where street crimes become high-risk.** **3. TARGET ORIENTED PATROL** - **It is patrol strategy which is directed towards specific persons or places.** **4. DIRECTED DETERRENT PATROL** - **It is a patrol strategy differs from traditional patrol methods wherein patrol officers perform specific predetermined preventive functions on a planned systematic basis** **5. INTERACTIVE PATROL STRATEGY** - **The emphasis is on police -- citizen interaction wherein community input is sought in resolving patrol problems.** **6. AGGRESSIVE PATROL STRATEGY** - **The emphasis of this is on positive, target oriented activities which includes physical security inspection.** - **This is effective if the information regarding identifiable crime trends is based on crime analysis.** **7. UNDERCOVER/DECOY PATROL** - **It is quite different from traditional patrol methods in that the strategy is to rely heavily on disguise, deception, and lying in wait rather than high and low visibility patrols techniques.** - **decoys, or dummies, are used to deceive visual intelligence.** **CONCEPT OF DECOY PATROL** ** It is performed by a group of highly trained specialist rather than regular patrol personnel.** ** Decoy officer are not generally available for routine patrol assignments.** ** Their most salient characteristics are that they have as their primary purpose the detection and interception of crime rather than crime prevention which is their secondary objective.** ** Team members are allowed to dress in a manner design to help them blend with the neighborhood where they are designed.** **Spot Check/Accosting** -- the police officer may stop an individual for the purpose of conducting a spot check/accosting only when [reasonable suspicion exists]. Reasonable suspicion must be more than just a hunch or feeling. In justifying the stop, the police officer must be able to point to specific facts that, when taken together with rational inferences, reasonably warrant to stop. **Body Frisk/Pat-Down Search** -- a police officer has the right to perform a pat-down search if the individual has been legitimately stopped with reasonable suspicion and when the police officer has reasonable suspicion and when the police officer has reason to believe that the individual possesses weapon/s on his person and poses a threat to the police officer's or another person's safety. **Checkpoint** -- is a place where the police check vehicular/pedestrian traffic in order to enforce circulation control measure and other laws, orders, and regulations. The establishment of checkpoints must always be authorized by the Head of Office of the territorial PNP Unit and manned by uniformed PNP personnel. Other units directly involved in an operation may establish mobile checkpoints in coordination with the Unit commander in the area. Composition 1. Team Leader (TL) -- shall lead and take responsibility in the conduct of checkpoint preferably an officer with the rank of at least Police Lieutenant; 2. Spotter -- PNP personnel who will point/profile suspected vehicle subject for checkpoint; 3. Spokesperson -- TL or member who is in charge of communicating with the motorists' subject for checkpoint; 4. Investigation Sub-Team -- in charge of investigation and documentation of possible incidents in the checkpoint to include issuance of Traffic Citation Ticket (TCT) or Traffic Violation Report (TVR); 5. Search/Arresting Sub-Team -- designated to conduct search, seizure and arrest, if necessary; 6. Security Sub-Team -- tasked to provide security in the checkpoint area; and; 7. Blocking/Pursuing Sub-Team -- team tasked to block/pursue fleeing suspects/vehicle. CHOKE POINT - A choke point can allow a numerically inferior defending force to use the terrain as a force multiplier to thwart or ambush a much larger opponent (back up) In military strategy, a choke point is a geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile or bridge, or maritime passage through a critical waterway such as a strait, which an armed force is forced HASTY CHECKPOINT It is an immediate response to block the escape of lawless elements from a crime scene, and is also established when nearby checkpoints are ignored or during hot pursuit operations. It is set up by police personnel conducting mobile patrol on board a marked police vehicle, or those conducting ISO and foot patrol operations within the vicinity/periphery of the national or provincial highways. HOT PURSUIT (Cross Jurisdictional Pursuit) (also termed in the US as fresh pursuit) Immediate, recent chase or follow-up without material interval for the purpose of taking into custody any person wanted by virtue of a warrant. One who is suspected to have committed a recent offense while fleeing from one police jurisdictional boundary to another that will normally require prior official inter-unit coordination but which the pursuing unit cannot, at that moment, comply due to the urgency of the situation. HIGH RISK STOP Actual stopping or accosting of armed and dangerous person or persons, aboard a vehicle or on foot, including the power to use all necessary and legal means to accomplish such end. HIGH RISK ARREST Actual restraint of armed persons following a high-risk stop. PRE-DETERMINED AREA specific or projected spot where the armed and dangerous person or persons would pass or likely to pass and so tactically located as to gain calculated advantage against said person or persons. STOPPING ZONE - strategic predetermined area strongly sealed off, barricaded and occupied by tactical forces in a lawful display of authority to maintain law and order or in defensive response to an event of criminal nature or of such gravity that occurred or likely to occur calling for a high risk stop or arrest. DRAGNET OPERATION - police operation purposely to seal-off the probable exit points of fleeing suspects from the crime scene to prevent their escape. Dragnet - is a method used by police to catch suspected criminals. A large number of police officers search a specific area - Team Policing: Cause and Effects - Reduce the crime rate and increase crime clearance - Increase the community participation in crime control - Reduce public fear on crime - Improve police community relation - Increase police morale and their line of job satisfaction - Facilitate career development THE PSYCHOLOGY OF OMNIPRESENCE While it is true that the patrol officer cannot detect the thinking or desire of the criminal, yet he can destroy the opportunity to commit a crime by his presence. Psychology of omnipresence as an initial police strategy is to establish the aura of police presence in the community through uniformed foot patrol and mobile (marked and equipped) patrol cars, a feeling of fear on the part of would be violator and a feeling of confidence that the police are constantly available to respond to any situation. TEAM POLICING SYSTEM- It is an effort to integrate the police and the community interest into a working relationship so as to produce the desired objective of peace keeping in the community. - Originated in Aberdeen, Scotland - Team of 5-10 men is assigned according to concentration of crimes and citizens-calls for police service. - Effective police-community cooperation is critical to the success of a team policing system. - Public assistance and participation must be solicited actively. CHARACTERISTICS OF TEAM POLICING 1\. Geographic Stability of the Patrol Force The application of permanent patrolling to foster greater awareness and sensitivity to local police problems by team members. 2\. Maximum Interaction between Team Members Members must be given opportunity to work closely together in solving problems. Members are encouraged to share information with one another through informal meetings or conference. 3\. Maximum Communication between Team Members and Community Residents. Team policing is intended to develop a greater sense of understanding and increased cooperation between members of the team and community residents. Encourage members of the community to attend informal sessions in which they discussed community problems with the team. ORGANIZATIONAL FEATURES OF TEAM POLICING 1\. Unity of Supervision To encourage consistency and continuity of police policies and procedures and to provide greater uniformity in developing solutions to community problems. 2\. Low-level Flexibility in Decision Making Members are encouraged to share and exchanged ideas and work together in solving problems within their area of responsibility. 3\. Combined Investigation and Patrol Function. It is intended to unify the investigators and patrol officers to a more competent and cooperative approach to crime solving. 4\. Unified Delivery of Service. Its importance is to develop every member on all skills rather than focusing on single skills only. Team Policing: Cause and Effects - Reduce the crime rate and increase crime clearance - Increase the community participation in crime control - Reduce public fear on crime - Improve police community relation - Increase police morale and their line of job satisfaction - Facilitate career development INTEGRATED PATROL SYSTEM (IPS) Considered as the best way of immersing policemen in various activities of a particular area and to demonstrate to the populace the commitment of the Police to serve and protect the community. This provides a symbiotic relationship between the police and community, which would eventually draw the active support and cooperation of populace. It is response to the requirement of Police Visibility. A. COMPONENTS 1\. FIXED COMPONENTS - include the different police station headquarters, PCP, police visibility points, and traffic post. - Station Desk -- Serves as the 3 C's of Police force: Communication, Coordinating Center/Command Post. - **Police Community Precinct (PCP)** -- It is headed by a PCO with a rank of [CHIEF INSPECTOR OR ***SUPERINTENDENT with a minimum of 30 personnel including the commander divided in 3 shifts of 8 hours duty.*** ] ***2. PATROL COMPONENTS -*** include the air patrols; the line beat patrols, mobile patrols and detective repressive patrols. - **Police Beats** -- consist of identifiable boundaries within the AOR where an officer can conduct patrol. **Police Beats --** the patrol officers are usually responding to crime incidents for arrest, protection of crime scene until detectives arrive to investigate. **Standard Response Time -- [Five (5) Minutes].** ***3. Auxiliary Components -*** include the security guards deployed in area, the traffic enforcer, barangay tanods, volunteers and NGO's. **OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF BEAT PATROL** ***1. PRE-DEPLOYMENT PHASE*** - The members of the patrol team shall form and assemble at the police unit Headquarters [at least 30 minutes before the start of their shift] for their accounting. - Platoon commanders shall conduct [inspection as to appearance and completeness of individual equipment.] - After the inspection, the platoon commander shall conduct a [short troop information and education and disseminate instructions/order.] ***2. DEPLOYMENT PHASE*** - Upon arrival at their beats, patrol officers shall report to the desk and give the number and name of patrol members and their location. They shall likewise give their [SITUATION REPORT], which shall be done on an hour basis. - While on Patrol, the patrol officers shall adopt the ["buddy-buddy system",] keeping in mind to make a patrol plan and follow the procedures. ***3. POST- DEPLOYMENT PHASE*** - After their tour of duty, patrol officers shall return to their Patrol Unit Headquarters and [surrender the team equipment]. - They shall likewise accomplish [the DAILY PATROL REPORT] before being released and discharged. **POLICE PLANNING** **PLANNING** - - a management function concerned with visualizing future situation, making estimates concerning them, identifying issues, needs and potential danger points, analyzing and evaluating the alternative ways and means of reaching desired goals according to a certain schedule. What is a Plan?  A plan is an organized schedule or sequence of methodical activities intended to attain a goal and objective for the accomplishment of a mission or assignment. What is Operational Planning?  It is the preparation and development of procedures and techniques in accomplishing each of the primary tasks and functions of an organization. What is Police Operational Planning?  The process of formulating a coordinated sequence of methodical activities and allocation of resources to the line units of the police organization for the attainment of the mandated objectives or goals. CATEGORIES OF POLICE OPERATIONS  Public Safety Operation -- includes Search, Rescue and Retrieval Operations, Fire Drills, Earthquake Drills, and similar operations that promote public safety.  Law Enforcement Operation -- includes Service of Warrant of Arrest, Implementation of Search Warrant, Anti-Illegal Drugs Operation, Anti-Illegal Gambling Operations, Anti-Illegal Logging Operations, Anti-Illegal Fishing Operations, Anti-Carnapping Operations, Anti-Kidnapping Operations, Anti-Cyber Crime Operations and similar operations that are conducted to enforce laws, statutes, executive orders, and ordinances.  Special Police Operation -- includes Checkpoint, Roadblock, Civil Disturbance Management, Police Assistance in the Enforcement of Demolition Eviction Injunction and Similar Orders, Police Assistance in the Implementation of Final Court Order and Order from Quasi-Judicial Bodies, Hostage Situation, Visit Board Search and Seizure Onboard Marine Vessels and similar police operations that are conducted by police units with specialized training on the peculiarity of the mission or purpose.  Intelligence Operation -- includes Surveillance Operation, Counterintelligence, Intelligence Research, Intelligence Assessment, and similar police intelligence operation conducted to gather information related to security, public safety, and order.  Investigation Operation -- includes Investigation of Crime or Incident, Administrative Investigation, and similar investigative work necessary to determine facts and circumstances for filing cases criminally or administratively.  Internal Security Operation (ISO) -- includes Counter-Insurgency Operations, Counter Terrorist Operations.  Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) -- includes the processing of crime scene, technical and forensic examination of evidence and similar scientific investigative assistance.  Patrol Operations -- The most basic police function and known as the backbone of policing. This type of police operation is conducted to deny opportunities to commit crimes and reduce the risk of citizens becoming crime victims.  Police Community Relations -- Include three interrelated dimensions to accomplish its mission namely: community affairs and development, public information, and information development operations to forge partnership and strengthen collaboration and linkages with the community. Considerations in Operational Planning  Goals are general statement of intention and typically with time horizon, or it is an achievable end state that can be measured and observed.  Objectives are a specific commitment to achieve a measurable result within a specific period.  A Strategy is a broad design or method; or a plan to attain a stated goal or objectives.  Tactics are specific design, method, or course of action to attain a particular objective in consonance with strategy.  Policy is a product of prudence or wisdom in the management of human affairs, or policy is a course of action which could be a program of actions adopted by an individual group.  Procedures are sequences of activities to reach a point or to attain what is desired.  Guidelines are rules of action for the rank and file to show them how they are expected to obtain the desired effect. Planning Responsibilities BROAD EXTERNAL POLICY PLANNING  Responsibility of the LEGISLATIVE BRANCH of the government.  The main concern of the police in this broad external policy planning is assisting the legislature in their determining of police guideline through the passage of appropriate laws or ordinances for the police to enforce. INTERNAL POLICY PLANNING  Responsibility of the C,PNP and other CHIEFS OF THE DIFFERENT UNITS OR HEADQUARTERS within their area of jurisdiction to achieve the objectives or mission of the police organization.  They are responsible for planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, controlling, reporting, and budgeting for the police organization within existing policies and available resources. Planning Approaches 1\. Synoptic Approach 2\. Incremental Approach 3\. Transactive Approach 4\. Advocacy Approach 5\. Radical Approach Synoptic Planning  Synoptic planning or the RATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE approach is the dominant tradition in planning.  It is also the point of departure for most other planning approaches.  This model is based on a PROBLEM-ORIENTED approach to planning especially appropriate for police agencies.  It relies heavily on the problem identification and analysis of the planning process.  It can assist police administrators in formulating goals and priorities in terms that are focused on specific problems and solutions that often confront law enforcement. Incremental Planning  Incrementalism concludes that long range and comprehensive planning are not only too difficult, but inherently bad.  The problems are seen as too difficult when they are grouped together and easier to solve when they are taken ONE AT A TIME and broken down into gradual adjustments over time. Transactive Planning  Transactive planning is carried out in FACE-TO-FACE INTERACTION with the people who are to be affected by the plan and not to an anonymous target community of beneficiaries.  Techniques include field surveys and interpersonal dialogue marked by a process of mutual learning. Advocacy Planning  Beneficial aspects of this approach include a greater sensitivity to the unintended and NEGATIVE SIDE EFFECTS of plans. Radical Planning  Unconventional Approach.  Uses collective actions to achieve concrete results in the immediate future.  Critical of large-scale social processes and how they permeate the character of social and economic life at all levels are the usual MAINSTREAMS. The SARA Process This is specific planning process associated with problem solving. It has four (4) steps: 1\. Scanning 2\. Analysis 3\. Response 4\. Assessment Scanning  The planning managers look for problems in the department. This includes the individual performance of officers as well as those of the community. Analysis  Once a problem has been identified, additional data are gathered, and the problem is analyzed.  Personal observations, interviews, discussions and community meetings are done to get as much information about the problem. Response  This involves the help of other government agencies, private organizations and other business or private individuals.  The response can focus on the victim, on the offender, the environment or all three. Assessment  This is the evaluation phase.  The impact of the response is assessed. Were the goals achieved? What went right and what went wrong?  A comparison is done before, during and after the response. CONSIDERATIONS IN POLICE PLANNING Primary Doctrines 1\. FUNDAMENTAL DOCTRINES -- These are the BASIC principles in planning, organization, and management of the PNP in support of the overall pursuits of the PNP Vision, Mission and strategic action plan of the attainment of the national objectives. 2\. OPERATIONAL DOCTRINES -- These are the principles and rules governing the planning, organization and direction and employment of the PNP forces in the accomplishment of basic security OPERATIONAL mission in the maintenance of peace and order, crime prevention and suppression, internal security, and public safety operation. 3\. FUNCTIONAL DOCTRINES -- These doctrines provide guidance for SPECIALIZED activities of the PNP in the broad field of interest such as personnel, logistics, planning, etc. Secondary Doctrines 4\. COMPLIMENTARY DOCTRINES -- Formulated JOINTLY by two or more bureaus in order to effect a certain operation with regard to public safety and peace and order. These essentially involve the participation of the other bureaus of the Bureau of Jail and Management and Penology (BJMP), Bureau of Fire and Protection (BFP), Philippine National Public Safety College (PPSC), National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and other law enforcement agencies. 5\. ETHICAL DOCTRINES -- These define the fundamental principles governing the rules of conduct, attitude, behavior, and ethical norm of the PNP. Classifications of Police Plan According to coverage:  Police Plans could be Local Plans (within police precincts, sub-stations, and stations), Regional Plans, and National Plans. According to Time: Police Plans are classified as: 1\. Strategic or Long-Range Plan -- It relates to plan which are strategic or long range in application and it determine the organization's original goals and strategy. 2\. Intermediate or Medium Range Planning -- It relates to plans, which determine quantity and quality efforts and accomplishments. 3\. Operational or Short-Range Planning -- Plan that addresses immediate need which are specific and how it can be accomplished on time with available allocated resources. TYPES OF PLANS IN GENERAL Reactive Plans  Developed because of crisis.  A particular problem may occur for which the department has no plan and must quickly develop one, sometimes without careful preparation. Proactive Plans  Developed in anticipation of problems.  Although not all police problems are predictable, many are, and it is possible for a police department to prepare a response in advance. KINDS OF POLICE PLANS Policy Plans  These are plans designed to properly achieve the Administrative Planning Responsibility within the unit. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOP's)  Standard Operating Procedures or SOP's are products of police operational planning adopted by the police organization to guide the police officers in the conduct of their duties and functions, especially during field operations. SAMPLE SOP'S  SOP \#01 -- POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES -- This SOP prescribes the basic procedures to be observed by all PNP Units and mobile patrol elements in the conduct of visibility patrols.  SOP \#17 -- GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF ARREST SEARCH, AND SEIZURE -- This SOP prescribes the procedures and manner of conducting an arrest, raid, search and/or search of person, search of any premises and the seizure of properties pursuant to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Rules of Court, as amended and updated decision of the Supreme Court. FIELD PROCEDURE -- Procedures intended to be used in all situations of all kinds shall be outlined as a guide to officers and men in the field. Examples of these procedures are those related to reporting, to dispatching, to raids, arrest, stopping suspicious persons, receiving complaints, touring beats, and investigation of crimes. The use of physical force and clubs, restraining devices, firearms, tear gas and the like shall, in dealing with groups or individuals, shall also be outlined. HEADQUARTERS PROCEDURES -- Included in these procedures are the duties of the dispatcher, jailer, and other personnel concerned which may be reflected in the duty manual. SPECIAL OPERATION PROCEDURES -- Certain special operations also necessitate the preparation of procedures as guides. Included are the operation of the special unit charged with the searching and preservation of physical evidence at the crime scenes and accidents, the control of licenses, dissemination of information about wanted persons, inspection of the PNP headquarters, and the like. Tactical Plans  These are the procedures for coping with specific situations at known locations.  Included in this category are plans for dealing with an attack against buildings with alarm systems and an attack against the PNP headquarters by lawless elements.  Plans shall likewise be made for blockade and jail emergencies and for special community events, such as longer public meetings, athletic contests, parades, religious activities, carnivals, strikes, demonstrations, and other street affairs. Police Operational Plans  Operational plans shall be prepared to accomplish each of the primary police tasks such as patrol, traffic and investigation divisions. Plans for operations of these division consist of two types, namely: Regular Operating Programs -- those designed to meet every day, year-around needs. Meeting Unusual Needs -- the result of intermittent and usually unexpected variations in activities that demand their attention. Extra-office Plans  These are plans made to organize the community to assist in the accomplishment of objectives in the fields of traffic control, organize crime, and juvenile delinquency prevention. Management Plans  Plans of management that shall map out in advance all operations involved in the organizing and management of personnel and other resources, and in procurement and disbursement of money. Examples:  Budget Planning Procedures  Accounting Procedures  Specifications and Purchasing Procedures  Personnel Hiring Procedures CRIME MAPPING and CRIME ANALYSIS CRIME MAPPING WHAT IS CRIME MAPPING?  Crime mapping is a term used in policing to refer to the process of using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to conduct spatial analysis of crime problems and other police-related issues. Geographic Information System (GIS) -- A geographic information system (GIS) is a system that creates, manages, analyzes, and maps all types of data. CRIME PRONE AREAS  Crime Hotspots are areas that have high crime intensity. THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF CRIME MAPPING 1\. It facilitates visual and statistical analyses of the spatial nature of crime and other types of events. 2\. It allows analysts to link unlike data sources together based on common geographic variables (e.g., linking census information, school information, and crime data for a common area). 3\. It provides maps that help to communicate analysis results. CRIME ANALYSIS  Crime Analysis is a law enforcement function that involves systematic analysis for identifying and analyzing patterns and trends in crime. THREE TYPES OF CRIME ANALYSIS 1\. TACTICAL CRIME ANALYSIS Crime mapping is used to identify immediate patterns for crimes such as theft, robbery, physical injuries and other common property crimes. 2\. STRATEGIC CRIME ANALYSIS Crime mapping is utilized in long-term applications to analyze the relationship between criminal activity and indicators of disorder such as slum areas and juvenile delinquency. 3\. ADMINISTRATIVE CRIME ANALYSIS A valuable tool used by police, researchers, and media organizations to convey criminal activity or information to the public. Police departments and news organization routinely post maps that depict areas of crime, along with corresponding tables and definitions. PNP CIRAS or Crime Incident Reporting and Analysis System  A modern central database system of crime incidents capable of generating periodic reports, crime trends, statistical analysis, crime clock and crime map that will help commanders in making fast and sound decisions on the ground.