Police Operations Guidelines PDF

 Guidelines on the De-Escalation of Response.  At any time when the suspects or law offenders comply, cooperate or surrender to police control efforts, the police officer must de-escalate to the appropriate level of approach. However, he/she shall remain vigilant on the...

 Guidelines on the De-Escalation of Response.  At any time when the suspects or law offenders comply, cooperate or surrender to police control efforts, the police officer must de-escalate to the appropriate level of approach. However, he/she shall remain vigilant on the possibility of escalation of response whenever reasonable and necessary or depending on the prevailing situation.  Responsibility of the Police Officer in Charge of the Operations.  The police officer who is in charge of the operation shall, at all times, observe the Force Continuum and exercise control over all police personnel in the area of operation to protect lives and properties. USE OF FIREARM DURING POLICE OPERATIONS  Use of Firearm When Justified.  The use of firearm is justified if the offender poses an imminent danger of causing death or injury to the police officer or other persons. The use of firearm is also justified under the doctrines of self-defense, defense of a relative, and defense of a stranger. However, one who resorts to self-defense must face a real threat on his/her life, and the peril sought to be avoided must be actual, imminent and real. Unlawful aggression should be present for self- defense to be considered as a justifying circumstance.  Firing at Moving Vehicles is prohibited. A moving vehicle and its occupants shall not be fired upon except when its occupants pose imminent danger of causing death or injury to the police officer or any other person, and that the use of firearm does not create any danger to the public and outweighs the likely benefits of its non-use.  In firing at a moving vehicle, the following parameters should be considered:  The intent of the suspect/s to harm the police officer or other persons;  The capability of the suspect/s to harm with certainty the police officer or other persons; and  Accessibility or the proximity of the suspect/s from the police officer and other persons..  Filing of an Incident Report After the Use of Firearm. A police officer who fires his/her service firearm or weapon during a confrontation with an offender or offenders must submit an incident report outlining the circumstances necessitating the use of his/her firearm.  Procedures After an Armed Confrontation. Immediately after an armed confrontation, the officer who is in charge of the operation, when applicable, shall:  Secure the site of confrontation;  Check whether the situation still poses imminent danger;  Take photographs;  Evacuate all wounded to the nearest hospital regardless of the extent of injury;  Keep arrested suspects in isolation;  Conduct debriefing on all involved PNP operatives;  Submit After-Operations Report; and  Ensure psychological stress counselling for all involved PNP Operatives CATEGORIES OF POLICE OPERATIONS  Police Patrol Procedures  Patrol is the backbone of the police force/department because of the following reasons:  First of all, it is the basic police unit that cannot be eliminated. All other divisions of the police department may, if necessary, be eliminated. Patrol officers can, and have, assumed the duties of other police elements in times of financial crises requiring agency cutbacks.  The patrol officer is the primary representative of the police department. Majority of contacts between the public and police occur between the citizens and the patrol officers. The first and foremost police element is patrol; all other units exist to augment and support this function. This is the only police element to be distributed in a geographic manner calculated to provide rapid service anywhere in the jurisdiction.  Patrol provides the initial response for every event requiring police presence; whether this is a major crime, serious injury, or minor civil disturbance. The patrol officer is the only member of the police force to be involved in practically every incident calling for police action. Patrol  Patrol may refer to the regular tour made by a guard in a place in order to protect it or to maintain order.  Patrol could mean a person or a group (such as a police or military unit) sent to carry out a tour of duty in a certain place with a particular mission either for reconnaissance purposes or simply to provide protection. Patrol Goal and Objectives  In a police force/department, the primary goal of the patrol unit is "maintain order and protect life and property". Maintaining peace and order while protecting life and property is actually the most basic role of the government. Hence, the government create or establish the police force to perform these activities.  The objectives of the patrol unit are the following.  Preventing crimes  The police attempt to prevent crime by trying to create a sense of omnipresence through routine patrol; responding to calls by citizens with problems that may cause crime; and establishing and participating in police- citizens partnerships designed to prevent crime.  Arresting and prosecuting offenders  Arresting offenders and assisting prosecutors in bringing charges against defendants is one of the primary methods used by the police to maintain order and protect life and property.  Recovering stolen and missing property  When people find property on the street, they generally bring it to a police officer or to a police station. When people lose property, they generally go to the police station in the hopes that someone has turned it in. Besides all of their other duties then, the police serve as society’s foremost lost and found department.  Assisting the sick and injured  Because they are available seven days a week and 24 hours a day and because they are highly mobile, the police generally are the closest government agency to any problem.  Enforcing non-criminal regulations  When government offices close, the police become roving representative of the government who assist people with problems no one else is available to handle. When lights go off in an apartment building, the water main breaks, people call the police.  Delivering services not available elsewhere in the community  The police respond and take whatever actions they can to ameliorate problems and deal with emergencies. They direct traffic, evacuate residents, and decide whom to call for assistance. Factors Affecting Patrol Operations  Factors affecting police performance  External factors:  trust and confidence of the people  participation of the public in patrol activities  support of the barangay officials  Internal factors:  higher pay  endorsement by higher authorities Factors influencing decision making at an operational level  Operational level decision makers’ judgments are governed by the same kinds of influences that affect decisions of higher-level administrators.  Community input  Situational factors  Environmental factors such as:  personal values  pressure of police supervisors and peers  personal perception of what alternatives to assess are available  Educational and experiential factors  College-educated police recruits were slightly more likely to choose alternative to arrest. Their findings suggest that education does have some effect upon discretionary decision making. The Importance of Patrol  Obviously, the patrol unit is the most vital component of every police department. The following statements give justification to the importance of police patrol:  Patrol is the essence of police operations.  The patrol force is the single largest unit within the police organization.  Patrol operation is the most visible form of police activity that enhances the welfare and security of the community.  The patrol officer is the most important human element of the police organization since all police field operations are supported by the patrol activity. Basic Patrol Theories  Theory of Police Omnipresence – High police visibility discourages criminals. Obvious presence of patrol officers causes criminals to stop executing whatever plans they have.  Low Police Profile Theory – Low police visibility increases the opportunity to apprehend criminals. Deceptive absence of the police officers on patrol will let criminals believe that they will not be detected or caught if they execute their plan to commit crime. The patrol objective based on this theory is to attract as little attention as possible while doing their patrol duties Police Visibility Patrols (OPLAN LAGING HANDA)  Mobile detachment – A mobile foot patrol team manning a control point and 2-6 visibility points in the assigned AOR.  Control point – centrally located post where the vehicle with the team leader and crew is stationed to control and back up its 2-6 buddy foot patrol.  Visibility point – vantage spot adjacent to and on either side of the control point being used by a buddy foot patrol Procedure Patrol Guidelines  Conduct briefing before and debriefing after patrol operations  Perform firearm and equipment check prior to dispatch.  Observe precautionary measures and personal safety while on patrol;  Plan out patrol routes based on prevailing crime trends and patterns;  Observe defensive driving and follow traffic rules and regulations;  Establish good rapport with people on your beat and be familiar with all the people in the community;  Patrol members must be always on the look-out for indications of vices and other illegal activities on their beat;  Patrol members must be knowledgeable of all conditions, events and details of places on  Be observant of people, places, situations or conditions and develop and inquisitive attitude especially if the subject appears to be slightly out of the ordinary.  Keep under close observation actions of juveniles, troublemakers/agitators and mentally ill/retarded persons and report information to the concerned agency for appropriate action.  When requiring proof of identification from any person, let him/her hand it over to you; and  Patrol members must inform tactical operations center before responding to crime. Patrol Duties  Patrol Supervisors  A. Make a patrol plan with the following details:  1. Area of coverage, safe haven, ambush areas and crime prone areas.  2. Organizational detail of personnel  3. Duration  4. Stand by points  5. Route Plan  B. Designate Members of patrol team/s  C. Conduct personnel and equipment check  D. Conduct briefing prior to dispatch by disseminating any orders, directives or instructions from the Chief of Police or higher authorities and new policy or guidelines being implemented by the PNP organization.  E. Render hourly report of personnel location and situation through radio/cellphone to the PCP/Station Headquarters Tactical Operation Center (TOC)  F. Render after-patrol report duly signed by detailed personnel. PCP Commanders shall collate and submit significant details to the Station Patrol Supervisor, who in turn, will submit the same to the Provincial/District Patrol Supervisor; and  G. Conduct debriefing immediately after the completion of patrol duties. Patrol Officers  Attend the Roll Call Formation before his Tour of Duty for briefing and likewise attend the after Tour of Duty formation for debriefing;  Patrol the assigned beats, observe and check suspicious people, structures/buildings, compounds and vehicles;  Observe and monitor public gatherings, prevent disorders and disperse unlawful assemblies;  Inspect and/or conduct surveillance in various business establishments and other installations and remove hazards to public safety;  Check suspicious vehicles in the course of their patrol  Report occurrences and conditions which relate to crime, public peace, order and safety;  Prevent crimes and arrest offenders  Conduct regular visitations, dialogues/consultations with the residents and other stakeholders  Assist personnel of responsible agencies/unit in facilitating the flow of traffic at busy intersections/roads within his Area of Responsibility (AOR), assist and provide pedestrian information such as directions and street locations;  Respond to calls, entertain complaints, initiate the investigation and protection of the scene and minimize the after-effects of accidents, fi res and other catastrophes;  Wear the prescribed patrol uniform  Have the necessary equipment’s; and  Strictly observe “Buddy System” during the patrol operations. Guidelines & Procedures when responding to calls for police assistance  Gather and note down in the patrol officer’s logbook all available data as to the nature of the calls, date, time and name of the caller. It may be regular, urgent or emergency in nature  Responding officers shall validate first before responding to calls for police assistance especially in areas with presence of threat groups  The manner of approach will be dependent on the nature of the call, either with haste/secrecy or with/ without flashing lights and sirens.  Consider the pertinent factors like the time, traffic conditions, the possibility of greater damage and the neighborhood characteristics.  Whenever practicable and available, use and activate the BWC and comply with the guidelines and policies on the use thereof.  Stop the patrol car some distance from the scene.  Approach the scene on foot, in complete silence and exercising extreme caution.  Immediately attend to the injured, unless the other members of the patrol are in immediate danger. Guidelines & Procedures when responding to calls for police assistance  Focus all efforts to arrest criminals; however, priority shall be given to aiding the injured.  Determine the crime committed, identify and question briefly the victim/complainant and possible witnesses at the scene.  If the suspects or criminals have fled the scene before the arrival of the patrol team, immediately relay the composition, armament, appearance, and mode and direction of escape of the suspects to the Operations Center for the conduct of dragnet operations.  When responding to street fights/brawls, the patrol member should call for back-up before intervening. If there are no injuries and insufficient corroborative statements obtained to identify who started the fight, bring both parties to the police station for appropriate action.  Treat all calls for police assistance properly including complaints of nuisance caused by excessive sound, odor, smoke, blinding light among others.  When responding to calls for police assistance due to planted or found explosives, never attempt to handle, move or lift the object. Instead contact TOC and request for Explosive Ordinance Disposal Team/K9 (EODT/K9). Immediately isolate and cordon the area within a safe distance from the suspected device. Divert the flow of traffic if necessary.  When responding to calls from beerhouses, KTV bars or inns or any other similar establishments, ensure that lights are switched on.  When responding to request for police assistance involving domestic violence, dispute between neighbors and landlords/tenants as much as possible seek the presence of the barangay officials and DSWD personnel as the case may be.  When responding to crime incidents involving a woman, either a victim or a suspect, the presence of a female police officer is necessary.  When responding to police assistance related to highly infectious diseases, immediately inform the barangay concerned and the station TOC for the observance of the health standard protocol.  When responding to cybercrime, secure and preserve the evidence and immediately seek assistance from cybercrime investigators.  When responding to a hostage taking situation, secure the scene, establish perimeter security and inform tactical operations center Types of Patrol  Beat Patrol  Most patrol officers are assigned to a particular area called beat. In police terminology, a beat is the territory (a small geographical area) and time that a police officer patrol. Beat policing is based on traditional policing (late 19th century) and utilizes the close relationship with the community members within the assigned beat to strengthen police effectiveness and encourage cooperative efforts to make a safer community.  Beat police typically patrol on foot or bicycle which provides more interaction between police and community members. Hence, these police personnel are referred to as beat patrols. In the PNP, they are commonly known as patrolmen.  The size of the BEAT is determined by:  The type of area to be patrolled (business, farming, residential, recreation, etc.)  The type of criminal activity that occurs in the area.  The frequency of crime in the area  To properly cover the beat, when it is needed, patrols assigned in shifts. Shifts are usually determined by, the number of personnel available and, the frequency of calls for police service. Foot Patrol  The foot patrol is the most expensive type of patrol; and most departments have reduced their foot patrols to a minimum because of this. Usually, a foot patrol is assigned to an area of dense population such as the downtown area, or where there is heavy traffic congestion and the assistance of an officer is needed to help eliminated traffic jams.  Foot patrol is used to secure two types of police geographical units:  Post (a fixed position or location where an officer is assigned for guard duty)  Beat (the smallest area specially assigned for patrol purposes) Types of Foot Patrol  a. Fixed foot patrol is usually used for traffic, surveillance, parades and special events  b. Mobile foot patrol is used where there is considerable foot movement such as patrolling business and shopping centers, high crime areas, and in places where there are multiple family dwellings.  c. Line beat patrol is used in securing a certain portion of roads or street.  d. Random foot patrol is used in checking residential building, business establishments, dark alleys, and parking lots. Some of the advantages of the Foot Patrol  The foot patrol officer can provide immediate traffic control when it is needed. Being within a close proximity to problem areas, he will know when his assistance is needed due to the increase of traffic. He does not have the problem of parking his vehicle, nor finding a place to park it without causing further traffic problems.  More person-to-person contact can be made with the public. This provides greater chances to promote good public relations. However, if the wrong man is given this assignment, it can backfire and harm public relations. The foot patrol officer makes more personal contacts and is seen more by the public than any other type of patrol, therefore becomes an important link between the department and the public.  The officer can actually get to know the physical layout of his beat better. There are many things that an officer misses by patrolling his beat in a police car because of the speed he is traveling and because of the size of the beat.  He gets to know the public on his beat better, and can develop criminal informants easier. He can also make rendezvous with informant easier without being noticed since he does not have to park his police car nearby.  A foot patrol officer can sneak up on situation where a patrol car is easily noticed when it approaches. Basic techniques and procedures of foot patrol  Do not establish a set of patterns of patrolling procedure  Walk systematically (with purpose) on the beat while on patrol  Do not smoke nor drink while on patrol especially during night shift.  Walk near the curb during daylight. This technique offers:  a better view for observing street activity  less chance of obstruction by pedestrian on the sidewalk if you are required to take quick action  higher police visibility, which is effective in crime prevention  Walk near buildings during night patrol.  Do not immediately open the door when intending to get inside. Observe and evaluate first the situation.  Check the interiors of buildings and rattle door knobs to ensure that the premises are secure  Enter and inspect alleys when not seen by public.  Watch for persons loitering or hiding in doorways, either ingress or egress  Use fire escapes to inspect building rooftops once in a while.  Be attentive or on alert for the sound of breaking glass Mobile Patrol  The automobile, basically known today as car, is the most economical type of patrol that offers the greatest tactical ability when used in numbers. Advantages of the mobile patrol  When speed and mobility are needed such as in a large area that must be covered by few officers, the speed of the patrol car allows them to service the whole area and do so efficiently.  Mobile patrol is of claimed as the best means of preventive enforcement. With its distinctive colors, red light and doors insignia, patrol car is very effective in deterring criminal activity by making people conscious of the presence of police enforcers, and by creating an awareness of punitive action.  The patrol car offers not only physical protection to the officer but is brings some kind of psychological security. It protects him from the weather and to some extent from traffic in that he would probably suffer less if hit by another car while he is in the patrol car than he would if he is walking.  The patrol car permits the officer to carry extra equipment such as rain gear, extra clothing, first aid equipment etc.  Patrol vehicles can be used as barricades in roadblocks, and they also offer a higher degree of safety during pursuit of criminals. General guidelines in mobile patrol  Thoroughly check the patrol car before leaving the garage.  Do not establish route patterns in patrolling the area of jurisdiction (sector)  Do not develop the habit of using only the main arteries (primary routes) in your area. Most criminal activity occurs at the back streets, out of sight from the main thoroughfares.  Always take note the license numbers of strange or suspicious vehicles.  Do not spend too much time in drive-inns or coffee spots.  Get out from the patrol car regularly/frequently.  See an example to other motorists.  Avoid driving too fast on general patrol conditions except during emergencies or in pursuing criminals/suspects. Maintain a cruising speed of 20-25 mph during patrol. This is slow enough to make detailed observations without impeding the traffic flow.  When conducting solo patrol, maintain frequent contact with the dispatcher or other communication personnel in the field or at the HQ. General guidelines in mobile patrol  If you are patrolling with a partner, divide the observation area around your vehicle.  Minimize hiding behind hills, curves or signboards to trap traffic violators. This is bad PR and serves to erode community confidence in the police sense of fair play.  Frequently check the potential trouble spots in your patrol area.  Stop periodically among parked cars at the entrance of side streets to observe activity on the street.  Check the occupants of vehicles that stop beside and behind you at intersections.  Check parking lots in your patrol area regularly for abandoned stolen vehicles.  In stopping and checking a vehicle, park at the rear side of the suspect vehicle.  Leave the door slightly open unless the area is highly populated.  Make it a habit not to leave the key in the police car even for just a minute. 1 Man Versus The 2-Man Mobile Patrol  The preventive enforcement is doubled by having as many police car on the street.  When the officer is alone, he devotes his full attention to his driving and the beat rather to the conversation with his partner.  Personality clashes are reduced. Riding in a small patrol car with another person for eight hours will soon reveal most of his faults. In a short time, these faults can get on the other person’s nerves.  In a 2-man car patrol, the officers begin to rely on each other, and as a result of human error, an officer expects support when it isn’t there. A man alone develops self- reliance.  In the 2-man car patrol, an officer will take more chances than if he is alone. He apparently builds a false sense of security, and sometimes acts without caution because he does not want to appear to be a coward in front of his partner 2 Man Car Patrol  A 2-man car patrol provides the officer with a greater safety factor doubling the manpower and the physical protection.  The mistake that one-man makes may be checked by his partner.  One officer does not have to drive a full eight hours, and therefore, he is physically fit and can do a better job. The variety of tasks makes the job more interesting.  Two pairs of eyes are better than one. It is difficult to drive in our present traffic let alone devote much attention to what is going on around us while we are driving.  One-man can operate the radio while the other drives.  On quiet nights the driver can have someone to talk to and help keep him awake. Morale is improved through companionship. SPECIALIZED TYPES OF PATROL  Horse Patrol (Mounted Patrol)  The horse patrol is one of the oldest types of patrol next to walking (foot patrol). Until today, there is still need for horse patrol in areas where the terrain is steep and rough thus cannot be accessed thru mobile patrol.  The disadvantage of the horse patrol is the cost of stables and upkeep, including their limited use in urban areas. They are not much good at chasing criminals who are fleeing using a motorized vehicle. Moreover, they require close physical attention for grooming and feeding, which makes it more expensive compared to mobile patrol thru the use of cars or motorbikes.  The following are some of the most common uses of horse patrol.  Park patrol  Beach patrol  Posse and search duty: Any community that is close to, or part of mountainous area has the problem of chasing down escaped or wanted person who have fled to their areas. They also have the problem of children, hunters and fishermen becoming lost in those areas. The mounted posse is undoubtedly the best means of locating these persons when used in conjunction with the helicopter.  Parade and crowd control: The horse also provides its rider with higher and better plane of vision than the driver of a patrol car,   Uses of K-9s in police operations  Provide great assistance in search and rescue as well as in smelling out drugs and bombs.  Provide protection for one officer patrol.  Great value in crowd control. Trained dogs are fearless and loyal to their handlers have a significant psychological effect on would-be trouble makers.  Extensively used in international airports to detect narcotics and bombs because of their keen sense of smell. A dog is capable of recognizing an odor 10 million times better than a human can.  Specially trained dogs are extremely effective in finding bodies dead or alive, just buried or buried for years.  Locating trapped people during emergencies.  Can be an asset to public efforts. Well trained police dogs can be used for demonstrations in public affairs, schools, or parades.  Disadvantages of using K-9 in patrol operations  Most police dogs work with only one handler.  K-9, like most dogs, is territorial, and its handler and its K-9 cruiser are part of its territory.  Dog training is expensive. Dog training usually takes 10 to 20 weeks.  Police department that K-9 section is vulnerable to law suits.  Aircraft Patrol  Among the more recent trends in patrolling is the use of aircraft, either helicopter or fixed- wing.  In 1925, the Los Angeles County Sheriff Department has already formed a volunteer Reserve Aero Squadron. Full-time Aero detail is still an official unit in this police department today.  Before 1929, the New York police department began using aircraft.  In 1947, the New York Port Authority began using helicopters for surveillance, transportation, and rescue. Other cities and state agencies in USA have employed helicopters, usually during daylight hours.  In 1986, the state of California developed an experimental program using helicopters for police patrolling known as SKY KNIGHT.  During the latter part of 1959, the Public Safety Department of Dade County in Florida used the aerial patrol concept.  At present, it is effectively utilizing fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters in regular patrols to prevent crime and apprehend offenders or engage in surveillance activities.  Advantages of Fixed-wing Aircraft Patrol  Patrolling long stretches of highway or expresses of inaccessible land.  Excellent for traffic control in long stretches of highways, for search and surveillance and other special missions.  Disadvantages of Fixed-wing Aircraft Patrol  Fixed-wing aircraft has very little flexibility in congested metropolitan areas.  Needs a space of flat land for lift-off and landing.  Very expensive to operate.  Advantages of Helicopter Patrol  Able to travel at low speeds, to hover if necessary, and to land even in small patch of flat land.  Increased visual range/scope.  More efficient for rescue, medical evacuation, surveillance, and other high-profile police activities.  Improved response time to emergency calls and other called-for service  Increased rate of apprehension of professional and organized crime groups.  Improved efficiency of regular patrol units through airborne reconnaissance.  Increased ability in conducting searches for missing/lost people suspected offenders and escaping prisoners.  Provide a better system of flood lighting areas to be patrolled at night  Capable of broadcasting information to a large area through airborne speakers.  Provide rapid emergency transportation of personnel.  Added security to patrol officers on foot, motorcycles or in patrol cars through backup offered by aerial patrol.  Disadvantages of Helicopter Patrol  Very expensive – high cost of training of pilots/operators, buying, fuel, and special facilities for housing and maintenance.  Public complaints about the noise and about being spied upon.  Forcibly grounded during bad weather; smog and light or intermittent clouds affecting visibility.  Presence of various hazards especially in congested areas.  There are landing patterns or procedures that must be followed, which delays landing time.  Pilots must work shorter periods of time than regular police shift since driver of helicopters easily suffer work fatigues.  There are many tactical problems to overcome such as location of police units on ground and the exact location of addresses.  Element of surprise is lost since criminals could hear the helicopter coming even from a great distance. Bicycle Patrol  Bicycle patrols are more common in temperate urban areas where limited coverage areas are available. The use of bicycles instead of cars can make police officers more easily approachable, especially in low-crime areas. Bicycles can also be issued to police officers to enhance the mobility and range of foot patrols.  In the Philippine setting the bicycle patrol was once introduced by the Manila Police in 1939 to augment the foot patrol coverage in parks and residential areas. Unfortunately, when two patrol officers were killed, one was stabbed when chasing in his bicycle a bag snatcher at the Luneta Park, while the other one was sideswiped by a bus. Bicycle patrol was abandoned it was then considered hazardous.  Advantages of Bicycle Patrol  It is economical or inexpensive to operate.  It has the combine advantage of mobility and stealth because it can be operated very quietly and without attracting attention.  To control burglaries which are getting out of hand. Motorcycle Patrol  The two-wheel motorcycle is quite adaptable to traffic enforcement, parades and escort duty. It has disadvantages of being used only in fair weather, of causing a greater number of accidents that are usually quite serious, and in the long run costing the department almost as much as a patrol vehicle despite the apparent low-rate cost.  The chance of a motorcycle rider being injured is nine times as great as that of the driver of an automobile. He is also four times likely to be killed than police officer riding in an automobile.  The three-wheel motorcycle is used almost exclusively in the enforcement of parking. It has the disadvantage of not providing the rider with protection against the weather. MARINE PATROL/BAY AND RIVER PATROL/ BOAT PATROL  Marine or water patrol units, aside from being a highly specialized form of police patrol, is likewise expensive to maintain. In the early years of the PC/INP integration, it was the Western Police District who introduced this type of patrol in police work.  The objective was to use the watercraft in the anti-smuggling operations along the Pasig River and Manila Bay as well as against robberies committed in bonded warehouses located along the riverbanks.  Water patrol units are extremely specialized and are not in great use except in areas with extensive coasts or a great deal of lake or river traffic. The objective was to use the water vehicles in anti-smuggling operations as well as against robberies committed in warehouses along riverbanks or water ports. Warrant of Arrest  The warrant of arrest is the written authority issued to arresting officer to make an arrest or take a person into custody in order that he may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense.  The head of the office to whom the warrant of arrest has been delivered for implementation shall cause the warrant to be implemented within ten (10) days from receipt. Within ten (10) days after such period, the police officer to whom it was assigned for implementation shall make a report to the judge who issued the warrant and in case of his failure to implement the same, shall state the reasons thereof. Arrest  Arrest is the taking of a person into custody in order that he may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense. (Rule 113, Sec 1) Types of arrest  By virtue of warrant of arrest – Existence of a warrant of arrest.  Warrantless Arrest, conditions:  Inflagrante Delicto  An offense has just been committed and he/she has probable cause to believe, based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances, that the person to be arrested has committed it.  When the person to be arrested is:  Prisoner who has escaped from penal establishment or place where he/she is serving final judgment or temporarily confined while his/her case is pending  Escaped while being transferred from one confinement area to another. (Rule 113, Sec 5)  Where the accused released on bail attempts to leave country without court permission.  Violation of conditional pardon, punishable under Art. 159 of the RPC as a case of evasion of service of sentence  Arrest following a deportation proceeding by the immigration commissioner against illegal and undesirable aliens. Procedures in Serving Warrant of Arrest  A. Verify the validity of the Warrant of Arrest;  B. In serving the warrant, the police officer should introduce himself/herself and show proper identification;  C. The person/s arrested shall be notified as early as practicable, that the arrest is being recorded with the BWC/ARD and that the arrest is by virtue of the warrant;  D. Make a manifestation of authority against the person to be arrested;  E. If refused entry, the police officer may break into any residence, office, building, and other structure where the person to be arrested is in or is reasonably believed to be in, after announcing his/her purpose;  F. The police officer need not have a copy of the warrant in his/her possession at the time of the arrest. If the person arrested so requires, the warrant shall be shown to the arrested person as soon as possible;  G. Secure the person to be arrested and use handcuffs for the protection of the arresting officer, other individuals or the arrested person himself/herself;  H. Conduct thorough search for weapons and other illegal materials on the person arrested and surroundings within his/her immediate control;  i. Inform the person to be arrested of his/her rights under the law (i.e., Miranda Warning and Anti- torture Warning);  J. No unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest;  K. Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented with the chain of custody of evidence duly and clearly established;  L. Bring the arrested person to the Police Station or office of the arresting unit for documentation;  M. Make a Return of Warrant to the court of origin (Annex “E”);  N. Deliver the arrested person to the designated jail/prison facility immediately upon the receipt of the commitment order from the court; and  O. In case of failure to execute the warrant of arrest, the officer to whom it was assigned for execution shall, within 30 days from such assignment, file a report stating the reasons for such failure. Arrests without a Warrant  A peace officer or a private person may, without a warrant, arrest a person:  When, in his/her presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit an offense;  When an offense has just been committed and he/she has probable cause to believe, based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances, that the person to be arrested has committed it;  When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment or place where he/she is serving final judgment or temporarily confined while his/ her case is pending, or has escaped while being transferred from one confinement area to another (The Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 113 sec. 5);  Where the accused released on bail attempts to leave the country without court permission;  Violation of conditional pardon, punishable under Article 159 of the Revised Penal Code as a case of evasion of service of sentence; and  Arrest following a Deportation Proceeding by the Immigration Commissioner against illegal and undesirable aliens. Effecting Warrantless Arrest  Make use and activate the BWC/ARD if available and practicable. Notify the person/s arrested, as early as practicable, that the arrest is being recorded with the BWC/ ARD;  Freeze or restrain the suspect/s;  Make proper introduction as to identity and authority to arrest;  Inform the arrested person of the circumstances of his/ her arrest and recite the Miranda Warning and Anti-torture Warning to him/her;  Secure the person to be arrested and use handcuffs for the protection of the arresting officer, other individuals or the arrested person him/herself;  Conduct thorough search for weapons and other illegal materials on the person arrested and surroundings within his/her immediate control;  Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented with the chain of custody of evidence duly and clearly established;  No unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest; and  Bring the arrested person to the police station for further investigation and disposition.  Physical/Medical Examination of Arrested Person/Suspect  Before detention, the person arrested must be physically/medically examined by a medical doctor preferably of his/her own choice. If the person arrested is a female, she shall be attended to preferably by a female medical doctor  Booking of Arrested Suspect  Booking of arrested suspects shall be undertaken to record and document the information surrounding the arrest of the suspect. The following are the procedures, duties and responsibilities of personnel during the booking of arrested suspects:  Arresting Officer (AO) shall:  Immediately bring the suspect/s to the police station and present him/her to the Desk Officer (DO) for recording in the police blotter the circumstances of the arrest as well as his/ her identity;  Conduct a more thorough body search of the suspect/s. When women and/or minors are among those arrested, the duty WCPD officer shall do the thorough body search. Any deadly weapon and illegal items found and seized shall also be recorded in the blotter. The AO shall indicate his/her rank and name and duly sign in the blotter entry;  Request the DO to prepare the “Request for Medical Examination of the Suspect” Form (Annex “F”);  Bring/escort the suspects to the government hospital referred to in the request form for the examination of the suspects;  After the physical/medical examination of the suspects, bring them back to the police station and turn them over, with the results of the examination, to the Duty Investigator (DI); and;  Obtain the “Arrest and Booking Form” (Annex “G”) and refer it to the DI so that they will diligently accomplish it. The copy of the Arrest and Booking Form shall form part of the case folder and be kept at the Investigation Section at the police station;  Prepare and file the corresponding report to the judge on the execution of the warrant. The report shall be accompanied by affidavits of the PNP personnel whose BWCs/ARDs were used (Annex “H”), stating the following:  The date, time, and place of the recording;  The manner by which the recording was taken and stored, and when applicable, the fact of unavailability of BWCs and that a resort to ARDs was necessary, and the circumstances detailing the non-activation, interruption, or sudden termination of the recording;  The fact that persons of the recording were notified of the use of BWCs/ARDs;  The date, time, place and other circumstances surrounding the first instance of retrieval or download of the recording from the cameras;  The names and positions of the persons who had possession of and access to the recordings, including details of such access, from the time of their taking until their deposit with the court;  The fact of redaction of personal identifiers appearing in the recording whenever applicable, the special circumstances justifying such redaction, and the details redacted;  Whenever applicable, a certification that both unredacted and redacted files containing the recordings are submitted to the court;  The names and positions of the officers who will be delivering the recordings to the court;  Reasonable ground in case of noncompliance with any of the requirements on the use of BWCs/ARDs, including all acts undertaken showing genuine and sufficient efforts exerted to ensure compliance thereof.  Desk Officer (DO) shall:  Log and record the details of the arrest made and assign a blotter entry number. It shall include the name of the arresting officer and the five “W” s and one “H” (Who, what, Where, When, Why and How) as well as the name of the government hospital to where the suspect/s will be referred to for physical/medical examination; and  Prepare or accomplish the “Medical Examination of the Suspects Request Form” (Annex “F”)  to be signed by the OD. In his/her absence, the DO may sign the request form himself/herself  Duty Investigator (DI) shall:  Diligently accomplish the “Arrest and Booking Form” (Annex “G”) and “Medical Examination Result Sheet” (Annex “I”) with the AO and ensure that a copy of the results of the physical/ medical examination is attached;  Conduct record check to determine if the arrested suspect/s have previous or existing cases and/or standing warrant of arrest;  Ensure that Mug Shots of the suspects are taken in four different methods while standing straight in front of the prescribed booking mug shot backdrop and holding the prescribed identification board. The 4R mug shots shall be attached or printed in the “Booking Mug Shots” Form (Annex “J”);  While completing the necessary documents for inquest, the arrested suspect shall be temporarily turned- over to the jailer/custodial officer and covered by a “Turn-over of Arrested Suspect/s” Form (Annex “K”) and a “Jailer’s Receipt of Suspects” Form (Annex “L”);  All personal valuables of the suspect that are not allowed to be brought inside the custodial facility shall be collected by the Investigator and turned-over to the station Evidence/ Property Custodian. The Investigator shall prepare a “Suspects Property Receipt” Form (Annex “M”);  Ensure that the suspects’ fingerprints and tenprints are taken only by trained personnel using both the “Arrest and Booking Form” (Annex “G”) and the standard “Tenprint Card” PNPCL Form No 452-038 (Annex “N”) to ensure that this will be readable by the Automated Fingerprint identification System (AFIS). The tenprint card is considered as an integral part of the booking form;  Inform the Desk Officer and personnel in charge of the Next Generation Investigation Systems (NGIS) of the status of the case and the suspect so that updates will be entered in the police blotter and the NGIS;  Prepare the necessary documents such as but not limited to: affidavit of complaint; affidavit of witness; booking and arrest report; photo copy of recovered evidence if any; and a letter of case referral to the Prosecutor’s Office that should be reviewed and signed by the COP/Station/Unit Commander; and  Submit to the prosecutor conducting the inquest proceedings, the BWC/ARD recordings along with the affidavit of arrest, in case of warrantless arrests.  The PNP personnel who wore the BWC/ARD shall:  Turn-over to the Data Custodian all recordings for downloading from the BWC/ARD after the conduct of arrest; and  Execute the affidavit of arrest, in coordination with the DI and other arresting officers, if any.  The Data Custodian (DC) shall  Receive, have custody, download within 24 hours from the recording, store to an external media storage device and encrypt all recordings of BWCs/ARDs in the conduct of arrest and simultaneously deposit the same in a sealed package with the issuing court. In case of warrantless arrests, the DC shall turn-over the sealed package to the DI who will be responsible to submit the same to the inquest prosecutor. This shall include recordings captured by media representatives relative to Section 21 of RA 9165, as amended;  Retain a back-up copy for justifiable reasons for a period not exceeding 15 days, only with leave of court;  Ensure the security, confidentiality and integrity of the recordings;  Redact sensitive information, images and other personal identifiers from the recordings, such as in cases involving minors, sexual offenses, or domestic violence. Submit all redacted and unredacted file/s to the court;  Ensure that no tampering is done during the downloading process. Consequently, allow the subjects of the recordings or their counsels to witness the downloading of the recordings from the BWCs/ARDs prior to safekeeping.  Preserve the metadata contained in the BWC/ARD recordings;  Limit viewing access of the footage to:  Any person who is a subject of the recording or his/her counsel;  The parent, guardian, or counsel of any minor who is a subject of the recording;  The spouse, next of kin, or legally authorized designee of a deceased subject of the recording, or his/her counsel; and  PNP personnel whose camera captured the recording belongs;  Provide a copy of the recording to the persons enumerated in aforementioned item g) (1) to (3) should the person subject of the recording consented to its use in a court proceeding, and if the request is done within five days from data downloading. General Guidelines for Warrant of Arrest (POP-Manual 2011)  All arrests should be made only on the basis of a valid Warrant of Arrest issued by a competent authority, except in instances where the law allows warrantless arrest.  No violence or unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest, and the person to be arrested shall not be subjected to any restraint greater than what is necessary under the circumstances. (The Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 113 sec. 2).  Arrests can be made on any day of the week and at any time of the day or night (The Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 113 sec. 6).  If the accused is already in detention, a return, together with required documents, shall be made for any standing warrants of arrest issued after the service.  A senator or member of the House of Representatives shall, in all offenses punishable by not more than six years imprisonment, be privileged from arrest while the congress is in session. No member shall be questioned nor be held liable in any other place for any speech or debate in the congress or in any committee thereof (Const. (1987), art. VI sec. 11 (Phil.).  Diplomatic agents and couriers, under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961 p8), are not liable to any form of arrest or detention. Authority of the Arresting Officer when Making an Arrest  A police officer making a lawful arrest may verbally summon as many persons as he/she deems necessary to assist him/her in effecting the arrest (The Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 113 sec. 10).  A police officer, in order to make an arrest with or without warrant, may break into a building or enclosure where the person to be arrested is or is reasonably believed to be in, if he is refused admittance thereto, after announcing his/her authority and purpose (The Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 113 sec. 11).  Whenever a police officer has entered the building or enclosure to make an arrest, he/she may break out therefrom, when necessary, to liberate him/herself (The Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 113 sec. 12).  If a person lawfully arrested escapes or is rescued, any person may immediately pursue to retake him/her without a warrant at any time and in any place within the Philippines (The Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 113 sec. 13). Duties of the Arresting Officer  In implementing the warrant of arrest, the arresting officers shall use at least one BWC and one ARD, or a minimum of two devices, or such number as may be necessary. In case of unavailability of BWCs, the arresting officers shall file an ex-parte motion (Annex “D”) before the court, requesting authority to use at least two ARDs for justifiable reasons.  The BWC/ARD shall be used and activated upon arrival at the place of arrest to capture and record the relevant incidents during the execution of the warrant. The BWC/ARD shall be worn in a conspicuous location and in a manner that maximizes the ability to capture a recording of the arrest. It shall only be deactivated upon conclusion of the arrest and delivery of the person/s arrested to the nearest police station or jail. The same shall be observed in cases of warrantless arrests, whenever BWCs/ARDs were used.  It shall be the duty of the police officer implementing the Warrant of Arrest to deliver the arrested person without delay to the nearest Police Station or jail (The Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 113 sec. 3) to record the fact of the arrest;  At the time of the arrest, it shall be the duty of the arresting officer to inform the person arrested of the cause of the arrest and the fact that a warrant had been issued for his/her arrest. The arresting officer need not have the warrant in his/her possession at the time of the arrest but after the arrest, if the person arrested so requires, the warrant shall be shown to him/her as soon as possible (The Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 113 sec. 7);  When a woman is arrested, a policewoman shall conduct the complete body search;  When a Child in Conflict with the Law (CICL) is arrested, he/she shall be processed by the Women’s and Children’s Protection Desks (WCPD) officer and shall immediately be separated from other adult suspects. He/she must be turned over to the LSWDO or other accredited NGOs within eight hours after apprehension;  If a foreign national is arrested, the arresting officer through his/ her COP/Unit Commander, shall perform the following:  Simultaneously inform the Foreign Liaison Division (FLD), Directorate for Intelligence (DI), PNP Command Center (PCC) and the immediate higher office through Short Messaging System (SMS) within one hour upon the arrest;  Submit a written report of the incident within eight hours to the immediate higher office. Search and Seizure  Requisites for the Issuance of Search Warrant  A search warrant shall be issued only upon probable cause in connection with one specific offense to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses presented.  The search warrant shall particularly describe the place to be searched and the things to be seized which may be anywhere in the Philippines. It includes the order requiring the use of at least one BWC and one ARD, or a minimum of two devices, or such number as may be necessary to capture and record the relevant incidents during its execution.  The following properties may be the objects of a search warrant:  Properties which are the subject of the offense;  Stolen, embezzled proceeds, or fruits of the offense; and  Objects including weapons, equipment, and other items used or intended to be used as the means of committing an offense.  Objects that are illegal perse, even if not particularly described in the search warrant, may be seized under the plain view doctrine.  Validity of Search Warrant  The warrant shall be valid for ten days from date of issuance and may be served at any day within the said period. Thereafter, it shall be void.  If, in the implementation of the search warrant, its object or purpose cannot be accomplished in one day, the search shall be continued without let up even if it exceeds one day or more until completed, provided it is still within the ten-day validity period of the search warrant.  If the object or purpose of the search warrant cannot be accomplished within the ten-day validity period, the responsible police officer conducting the search must file, before the issuing court, an application for the extension of the validity period of said search warrant.  Time of Search  The warrant should be served during daytime, unless there is a provision in the warrant allowing service at any time of the day or night.  Applications for Search Warrant  All approved applications shall be recorded in a logbook, duly maintained for the purpose, indicating the name of the applicant, name of the respondent, nature of the offense, and date of the application as required in the “Application for Search Warrant”, “Joint Affidavit”, and Deposition of Witness (Annexes “O”, “O-1” and “O-2”).  All applications for Search Warrant shall be approved for filing by the Chief of Office. The application shall indicate the following data:  Office applying for the Search Warrant;  Name of officer-applicant;  Name of the subject, if known;  Exact address/place(s) to be searched;  Specific statement of things/articles to be seized; and  Sketch and/or Picture, if available, of the place to be searched.  The availability or unavailability of BWCs to be used in the execution of the warrant. In case of unavailability, request for authority to use ARDs.  Authority of Police Officers when Conducting Search  The authority of the police officer in the conduct of search generally emanates from the Search Warrant issued by the court. In warrantless searches, there should always be a prior valid arrest.  In the conduct of search, if after giving notice of his/her purpose and authority, the police officer is refused admittance to the place of search, he may break open any outer or inner door or window or any part of a house or anything therein to implement the warrant or liberate himself/herself or any person lawfully aiding him/her when unlawfully detained therein.  Use of BWC During the Search  At least one BWC and one ARD or such number as may be necessary to capture and record the relevant incidents during its execution shall be worn by members of the searching team. If BWCs are not available, at least two ARDs must be used.  The member of the searching team with the device shall ensure that they are worn in a conspicuous location and in a manner that maximizes their ability to capture a recording of the search.  The BWCs/ARDs shall be activated upon arrival at the place of search, and shall not be deactivated until the search has been fully concluded and the searching team have left the premises and returned to the police station.  Notification During the Search  When conducting search by virtue of a warrant, the PNP personnel wearing the BWC/ARD shall, as early as practicable, notify the lawful occupants of the premises to be searched that the execution of the SW is being recorded and that the conduct of search is pursuant to a warrant issued by the court.  Prohibited Acts in the Conduct of Search by Virtue of a Search Warrant  Houses, rooms, or other premises shall not be searched except in the presence of the lawful occupant thereof or any member of his/her family or, in the absence of the latter, in the presence of two witnesses of sufficient age and discretion residing in the same locality.  Lawful personal properties, papers, and other valuables not specifically indicated or particularly described in the search warrant shall not be taken.  Inventory and Delivery of Property Seized  The police officer who confiscates property under the warrant shall issue a detailed receipt of property seized to the lawful occupant of the premises. In the absence of such occupant, the detailed receipt shall be left in the place in which he/she found the seized property in the presence of at least two witnesses of sufficient age and discretion residing in the same locality (The Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 126 sec. 11);  The receipt shall likewise include items seized under the Plain View Doctrine;  The police officer must then leave a duplicate detailed receipt with any barangay official having jurisdiction over the place searched following the “Receipt for Property Seized” and “Certification of Orderly Search” (Annexes “P” and “P-1”); and  The police officer must make a return of the search warrant and forthwith deliver the property seized to the judge who issued the warrant, together with an inventory thereof, duly verified under oath following the forms on “Compliance/Return of Search Warrant” and “Verification” (Annexes “Q” and “Q-1”).  Downloading of Data from the BWC/ARD:  After the conduct of search, all recordings from the BWC/ARD shall be turned-over to the Data Custodian who shall undertake the following:  Receive, have custody, download within 24 hours from the recording, store to an external media storage device and encrypt all recordings of BWCs/ARDs in th  conduct of search and simultaneously deposit the same in a sealed package with the issuing court. This shall include recordings captured by media representatives relative to Section 21 of RA 9165, as amended;  Ensure the security, confidentiality and integrity of the recordings;  Redact sensitive information, images and other personal identifiers from the recordings, such as in cases involving minors, sexual offenses, or domestic violence. Submit all redacted and unredacted file/s to the court;  Ensure that no tampering is done during the downloading process. Consequently, allow the subjects of the recordings or their counsels to witness the downloading of the recordings from the BWCs/ARDs prior to safekeeping;  Preserve the metadata contained in the BWC/ARD recordings;  Limit viewing access of the footage to:  Any person who is a subject of the recording or his/her counsel;  The parent, guardian, or counsel of any minor who is a subject of the recording;  The spouse, next of kin, or legally authorized designee of a deceased subject of the recording, or his/her counsel; and  PNP personnel whose camera captured the recording belongs;  Provide a copy of the recording to the persons enumerated in items f) (1) to (3) above should the person subject of the recording consented to its use in a court proceeding, and if the request is done within five days from data downloading. Affidavit of Search and Submission of Recordings to Court  1. Upon filing of the Return, all recordings from the BWCs/ARDs used during the execution of the SW shall be stored in an external media storage device and simultaneously deposited in a sealed package with the issuing court.  2. In case of redaction of personal identifiers in the recordings, both the redacted and unredacted files shall be submitted to the court. Affidavit of Search and Submission of Recordings to Court  3. The Return shall be accompanied by affidavits of the searching team members whose BWCs/ARDs were used to capture the recordings, and shall state the following:  The date, time, and place of the recording;  The manner by which the recording was taken and stored, and when applicable, the fact of unavailability of BWCs and that a resort to ARDs was necessary, and the circumstances detailing the non-activation, interruption, or sudden termination of the recording;  The fact that persons of the recording were notified of the use of BWCs/ARDs;  The date, time, place and other circumstances surrounding the first instance of retrieval or download of the recording from the cameras;  The names and positions of the persons who had possession of and access to the recordings, including details of such access, from the time of their taking until their deposit with the court;  The fact of redaction of personal identifiers appearing in the recording whenever applicable, the special circumstances justifying such redaction, and the details redacted;  Whenever applicable, a certification that both unredacted and redacted files containing the recordings are submitted to the court;  The names and positions of the officers who will be delivering the recordings to the court;  Reasonable ground in case of noncompliance with any of the requirements on the use of BWCs/ARDs, including all acts undertaken showing genuine and sufficient efforts exerted to ensure compliance thereof. Affidavit of Search and Submission of Recordings to Court  4. In case of death, physical disability, resignation, or separation/ dismissal of the PNP personnel from the service whose BWCs/ ARDs were used in the execution of the warrant, any member of the arresting/searching team shall make the affidavit.  5. When death results from the execution of search warrant, an incident report detailing the search, the reasons why such death occurred, the result of related inquest proceedings, if any – including possibly those against the PNP personnel causing the death – together with other relevant documents, shall likewise be submitted. Valid Search and Seizures Without Search Warrant  Search Made Incidental to a Valid Arrest  A person lawfully arrested may be searched for dangerous weapons or anything which may be used, or which may constitute proof in the commission of an offense, without a search warrant (The Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 126 sec. 13). The warrantless search and seizure as an incident to a lawful arrest may extend beyond the person of the arrested to include the premises or surroundings under his/her immediate control.  Search of Moving Vehicles  If the police officers who will conduct the search have reasonable or probable cause to believe, before the search, that either the motorist is a law offender or they will find the instrumentality or evidence pertaining to a crime in the vehicle to be searched, the vehicle may be stopped and subjected to an extensive search.  Seizure Of Evidence in Plain View  Any object in the plain view is subject to seizure and may be introduced as evidence.  Requirements under the Plain View Doctrine are:  The police officer must have prior justification for an intrusion or, otherwise, must be in a position from which he/she can view a particular area;  The discovery of the evidence in plain view is unintentional; and  It is immediately apparent to the police officer that the item he/she observes may be evidence of a crime, contraband, or is a valid subject of seizure.  When there is a Waiver of Right or there is Consented Search  To constitute a waiver of this constitutional right, it must appear, first, that the right exists; second, that the person involved had knowledge, either actual or constructive, of the existence of such right; that said person had an actual intention to relinquish the right (“G.R. No. L-45950”, 1938).  Searches Under Stop and Frisk Rule  The police officer has the right to stop a citizen, interrogate him/her, and pat him/her for weapons whenever he/she has genuine reason to believe, based on experiences and the particular circumstances that a criminal activity may be a foot.  Emergency and Exigent Circumstances  A search warrant could be validly dispensed with in cases of exigent and emergency situation, and the police officers have reasonable grounds to believe that a crime is being committed, and they have no opportunity to apply for a search warrant from the courts because the latter were closed.  CRIME MAPPING  Crime mapping is used by analysts in law enforcement agencies to map, visualize, and analyze crime incident patterns. It is a key component of crime analysis and the CompStat (Computer Statistics) policing strategy. Mapping crime, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), allows crime analysts to identify crime hot spots, along with other trends and patterns.  What is GIS  GIS could be the acronym for ‘geographic information system’ and ‘geographic information science’. Geographic information science’ is now abbreviated as GIScience – the conceptualization of gathering, managing, and analyzing data in a ‘geographic information system’.  The location-based information in the GIS industry is called spatial data. It could be an address, coordinates containing latitude and longitude, or complex 3D geometry.  There are 2 kinds of information that can be displayed or presented using GIS – raster and vector.  Raster images are made up of tiny pixels, making them resolution dependent and best used for creating photos.  Vector graphics are digital art that is rendered by a computer using a mathematical formula.  GIS is a computer (automated) system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze,  manage, and display all types of data related to positions (location) on Earth’s surface.  GIS is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates many types of data. It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information into visualizations using maps and 3D scenes. With this unique capability, GIS reveals  deeper insights into data, such as patterns, relationships, and situations helping users make smarter decisions. How GIS works  GIS technology applies geographic science with tools for understanding and collaboration. It helps people reach a common goal: to gain 'actionable intelligence' from all types of data. Actionable intelligence simply means information gleaned from sources that enables decision makers (either political leaders or police/military commanders) to take appropriate and timely action when faced with a security threat like an imminent terrorist attack.  Add the Internet, and GIS offers a consistent and cost-effective means for the sharing and analysis of geographic data among government agencies, private industry, non-profit organizations, and the general public.  GIS can use any data that includes location. The location can be expressed in many different ways, such as latitude and longitude, address, or ZIP code.  Many different types of information can be compared and contrasted using GIS. The system can include data about people, such as population, income, or education level. It can include information about the landscape, such as the location of streams, different kinds of vegetation, and different kinds of soil. It can include information about the sites of factories, farms, and schools, or storm drains, roads, and electric power lines.  With GIS technology, people can compare the locations of different things in order to discover how they relate to each other. Using GIS, a single map could include sites that produce pollution, such as factories, and sites that are sensitive to pollution, such as wetlands and rivers. Such a map would help people determine where water supplies are most at risk. GIS Components  Hardware is perhaps the simplest part of a GIS to explain. The hardware part of GIS refers to powerful computers, printers, output devices, such as monitors, input devices, and large amounts of disk space to store the, typically, large GIS data sets. A typical GIS computer workstation, has a powerful CPU, large amounts of RAM, large monitors, fast network connectivity, and large amounts of disk space.  The software part of the GIS refers to the many free and commercial software packages that allow a GIS user to perform GIS functions such as the manipulation, storage, query, and analysis of spatial and non-spatial information.  The data part of a GIS, refers to any and all spatial and non-spatial information stored in a digital format on the computer. A GIS can ingest any type of data in many different types of formats. The ability for a GIS to consume such a wide range of data can often produce the effect of “data overload”.  The methods part of a GIS, refers to the formulas, statistics, analysis, and algorithms that are used to turn data into information, so that humans can turn that information into knowledge through interpretation.  The people segment refers to anyone that uses a GIS. This includes the general public that may be using a printed map, or a digital globe, all the way up to skilled GIS professionals, that build new functionality and push the limits of what is possible in a GIS.  network refers to both the computer, and social network. Both of these networks assist in the dissemination of data. Where the dissemination of data is through transferring of data sets or collaboration, sharing the data from a GIS is a very common and useful operation. Additionally, these networks allow for the display of information in the form of web maps, web applications, or even paper maps using our social network. Uses of GIS  Geospatial data can be analyzed to determine:  the location of features and relationships to other features;  where the most and/or least of some feature exists;  the density of features in a given space;  what is happening inside an area of interest (AOI);  what is happening nearby some feature or phenomenon, and  how a specific area has changed over time (and in what way). History of Crime Mapping  Research into computer-based crime mapping started in 1986, when the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) funded a project in the Chicago Police Department to explore crime mapping as an adjunct to community policing. That project was carried out by the CPD in conjunction with the Chicago Alliance for Neighborhood Safety, the University of Illinois at Chicago, and Northwestern University, reported on in the book, Mapping Crime in Its Community Setting: Event Geography Analysis. The success of this project prompted NIJ to initiate the Drug Market Analysis Program (with the appropriate acronym D-MAP) in five cities, and the techniques these efforts developed led to the spread of crime mapping throughout the US and elsewhere, including the New York City Police Department's CompStat.  Predictive Policing Through Crime Mapping  The use of predictive policing is a much more cost-effective approach to policing than past policies. This is because predictive policing not only looks at where a crime is likely to occur but also when the crime is likely to occur. These patterns can help police identify what time of day it is necessary to flood an area with officers, rather than flooding the area twenty-four hours a day. Types of Crime Analysis  Tactical Crime Analysis: This type of crime analysis looks at the short-term in order to stop what is currently taking place, for example, a crime spree. It is used to identify one perpetrator with many targets or one target with many perpetrators and provide an immediate response.  Strategic Crime Analysis: This type of crime analysis looks at the long-term and ongoing issues. Its focus is often on identifying areas with high crime rates and problem-solving ways to decrease the overall crime rates.  Administrative Crime Analysis This type of crime analysis looks at the administration and deployment of police and resources and asks the question, “Are there enough police officers at the right time and place?” and then works to make the answ