Leprosy, Leptospirosis, and Amoebiasis PDF

LEPROSY LEPTOSPIROSIS AND AMOEBIASIS L E P R O S Y  LEPROSY Leprosy is a It primarily The disease affects the known for spreads through chronic skin, causing skin prolonged close i...

LEPROSY LEPTOSPIROSIS AND AMOEBIASIS L E P R O S Y  LEPROSY Leprosy is a It primarily The disease affects the known for spreads through chronic skin, causing skin prolonged close infectious peripheral lesions and contact with an disease nerves, nerve damage, untreated caused by mucosa of the leading to infected person, the numbness and primarily via bacterium upper muscle respiratory Mycobacteri respiratory weakness. droplets. um leprae. tract, and eyes.  CAUSATIVE AGENT Mycobacterium leprae -one of the two species of bacteria that cause Hansen's disease, a chronic but curable infectious disease that damages the peripheral nerves and targets the skin, eyes, nose, and muscles.  MODE OF TRANSMISSION Contact with untreated Infected individuals soil or surfaces Respiratory droplets from an infected person SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Leprosy primarily presents with skin lesions, numbness, and muscle weakness. Patients Has this ever happened to you? may notice A student nextchanges to you in class in hasskin been coughing and sneezing all color, loss day. You of sensation feel fine that day, but in affected areas, and deformities you also come down with a cold two days later. in hands and feet. Early What do you think is the reason detection is behind this?crucial for effective treatment.  Diagnositic treatments or procedures Skin Smear Test for Biopsy of skin lesions Blood tests for antibodies bacteria A small sample of skin is Blood tests (like the A sample from a skin taken for histological anti-PGL-I antibody lesion is examined examination to identify test) can help in under a microscope to Mycobacterium leprae. detect bacteria. diagnosing leprosy, though not widely used.  Treatments and management Eye Care Multidrug Therapy (MDT) focuses on preventing and treating eye complications caused by the disease, Combination of antibiotics which can lead to vision loss. Regular (dapsone, rifampicin, check-ups and appropriate clofazimine) treatments, like medications or surgeries, are essential to maintain eye health and prevent disability. Supportive Care Physical therapy for muscle Ongoing Management strength - Regular follow-ups - Monitoring for Relapse COMPLICATIONS Nerve Damage Renal Complications Skin Complications Reactions Eye Complications Infections Mental Health Musculoskeletal Issues Issues LEPTOSPIROSIS  LEPTOSPIROSIS An infectious disease often linked to contaminated water or soil, commonly associated with exposure to animals. CAUSATIVE AGENTS LEPTOSPIRA A bacteria which are thin, spiral-shaped organisms commonly found in water and soil.  MODE OF TRANSMISSION DIRECT TRANSMISSION INDIRECT TRANSMISSION Contaminated water Through skin and and soil mucous Membrane Ingestion Of Handling Infected contaminated food animals or water Diagnostic Treatments or Procedure To diagnose a leptospirosis infection, your healthcare provider will do an exam that includes: Asking you questions about your 1. symptoms and recent activities. Ordering serology tests to detect 2. antibodies against Leptospira. Serology Tests Performing PCR testing on blood or PCR Testing: 3. urine samples to identify Leptospira DNA. (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Conducting blood cultures to 4. attempt to grow Leptospira, although this is less common. Culture  Treatment and Management The treatment and management of leptospirosis include: Antibiotics: Administering doxycycline, azithromycin, or penicillin to combat the infection Supportive Care: Providing hydration and electrolyte management to maintain overall health. Hospitalization: Required for severe cases needing close monitoring and intensive care. Symptom Management: Using medications to relieve pain and reduce fever. Preventive Measures: Educating on avoiding exposure to contaminated water and potential vaccinations for at-risk groups.  COMPLICATIONS Respiratory Kidney Issues Liver Damage Damage Sepsis Meningitis Cardiovascular Problems AMOEBIASIS CAUSATIVE AGENT Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite. MODES OF TRANSMISSION ingestion of contaminated food or water with the cysts of Entamoeba histolytica, organ transplantation from an infected donor, fecal-oral transmission through poor hygiene. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNSTIC TREATMENTS OR PROCEDURES Stool examination for the presence of Entamoeba histolytica cysts or trophozoites Serological tests to detect antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica in the blood. TREATMENTS AND MANAGEMENTS Antimicrobial medications such as metronidazole. Supportive care, including hydration and nutrition, is vital.