Infectious Skin Infections PDF

INFECTIOUS SKIN INFECTIONS DISEASES PATHOGEN M.O.T PATIENT CARE Chicken Pox Varicella-Zoster Virus Direct conta...

INFECTIOUS SKIN INFECTIONS DISEASES PATHOGEN M.O.T PATIENT CARE Chicken Pox Varicella-Zoster Virus Direct contact Airborne and contact - An acute, generalized viral infection, with DNA virus; Family Droplet contact precaution until lesions fever and skin rash. Herpesviridae Airborne dry and crust. - Vesicle also forms in mucous membrane. Shingles Varicella-Zoster Virus Direct contact Airborne and contact - A reactivation of the VCV, often due to DNA virus; Family Droplet contact precaution until lesions immunosuppression. Herpesviridae Airborne dry and crust. - Inflammation of sensory ganglia of cutaneous sensory nerves, producing fluid-filled blisters, pain, and paresthesia. German Measles Rubella Virus (RNA Direct contact Droplet precaution until 7 - Mild, febrile viral disease, accompanied virus; Family Droplet contact days of the onset of rash. with skin rash. Togaviridae) - May cause congenital rubella syndrome in fetus if acquired during the 1st trimester. - Can lead to intrauterine death, spontaneous abortion, or congenital malformations of major organ system. Measles Rubeola Virus (RNA Direct contact Airborne precaution until - Acute, highly communicable viral disease virus; Family Droplet contact 4 days after onset of rash. with fever, conjunctivitis, cough, Paramyxoviridae) photosensitivity, Koplik spots in the mouth, and red blotchy skin rash. - Complications include bronchitis, pneumonia, otitis media, and encephalitis. Monkey Pox Monkeypox Virus Animal bite; Airborne precautions - A rare viral disease that causes fever, (Group Contact with infected until monkey is headache, muscle aches, backache, orthopoxviruses) animal’s blood; confirmed (excluding lymphadenitis, malaise (fatigue), and rash. Body fluids or rash; smallpox). - Milder disease than smallpox. Person-person Contact precautions until transmission does occur lesions become crusted. Warts At least 70 types of Direct contact; - Consists of many varieties of skin and Human papilloma Genital warts are mucous lesions including common warts viruses (Class: Genus sexually transmitted (verrucae vulgaris), venereal warts, and Papillomavirus; plantar warts. Family Papovaviridae; - Most are harmless, but some can become DNA virus) cancerous Acne Propionibacterium Not transmissible - Common condition in which pores (Gram-positive bacilli) become clogged with dried sebum, flaked skin, and bacteria. - This leads to formation of blackheads, and white heads (acne pimples) Anthrax “Wool sorter's Disease” B. Anthracis Entry of endospores Standard precaution; - Can affect skin (cutaneous anthrax), lungs (encapsulated, spore- through breaks in skin, Contact precaution for (inhalation/pulmonary anthrax), or forming, Gram (+) inhalation of pores, or cutaneous anthrax gastrointestinal tract (GIT anthrax) bacillus ingestion of bacteria in depending on the portal of entry. contaminated meat. Leprosy “Hansen Disease” Mycobacterium leprae Prolonged close contact; Standard precaution - Lepromatous – numerous nodules in skin Entrance through and possible involvement of the nasal respiratory system or mucosa and eyes. broken skin - Tuberculoid – few skin lesions occur. - Occurs primarily in warm, wet areas of the tropics and subtropics. - The bacteria are present in nasal discharges and is shed from cutaneous lesions. Dermatophytosis “Ringworm” (tinea) Dermatophytes: Direct/Indirect contact Standard precaution - Can cause limited irritation, scaling, and Microsporum, redness or itching, swelling, blister, and Epidermophyton, severe scaling. Trichophyton  STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTIONS DISEASES PATHOGEN M.O.T PATIENT CARE Folliculitis Staphylococcus Direct contact; Standard precaution - Inflammation of a hair follicle (the aureus Nosocomial Contact precaution sac that contains a hair shaft). Furuncles Staphylococcus Direct contact; Standard precaution - “boil”, localized pyogenic infection aureus Nosocomial Contact precaution of the skin, usually resulting from folliculitis. Carbuncles Staphylococcus Direct contact; Standard precaution - a deep–seated pyogenic infection, aureus Nosocomial Contact precaution usually arising from a coalescence of furuncles. Abscesses Staphylococcus Direct contact; Standard precaution - A collection of pus that has built up aureus Nosocomial Contact precaution within the tissue of the body. Scalded Skin Syndrome Staphylococcus Direct contact; Standard precaution “Ritter’s Disease” or “SSSS” aureus Nosocomial; Contact precaution Draining lesions or purulent - Serious skin infection; causes skin discharge are the most common to shed. source of epidemic spread. + Majority of the skin lesions are localized, discrete and uncomplicated STREPTOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTIONS DISEASES PATHOGEN M.O.T PATIENT CARE Impetigo Streptococcus pyogenes Direct contact Standard precaution - Pus-filled blisters (pustules) may (Group A Beta-Hemolytic Droplet contact Contact precaution appear anywhere on the body. Streptococcus) Scarlet Fever Streptococcus pyogenes Direct contact Contact precaution - “scarlatina” includes a widespread (Group A Beta-Hemolytic Droplet contact Droplet precaution pink-red rash, most obvious on the Streptococcus) abdomen. Erysipelas Direct contact Standard precaution Streptococcus pyogenes - Acute cellulitis with fever, Droplet contact (Group A Beta-Hemolytic constitutional symptoms, and hot, Streptococcus) tender, red eruptions (St. Anthony Fire). Necrotizing Fasciitis Streptococcus pyogenes Direct contact Standard precaution - Inflammation of the fascia caused (Group A Beta-Hemolytic Droplet contact Contact precaution by the flesh-eating bacteria. Streptococcus) BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF THE EAR DISEASES PATHOGEN M.O.T PATIENT CARE Otitis Externa “Swimmer’s Ear” Common: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas Contaminated - Most common during summer aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, and swimming pool swimming season; trapped water Staphylococcus aureus waters inserted in the external ear canal can lead to the ear canal to wet, softened skin which is Fungi: Aspergillus spp. susceptible to bacterial/fungal infection. Otitis Media Common: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Communicable - Often develop as a complication Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella of the common cold. catarrhalis Less Common: Streptococcus pyogenes and S. aureus; Viral includes measles virus, parainfluenza, RSV  EYE INFECTIONS DISEASES PATHOGEN M.O.T PATIENT CARE Adenoviral Conjunctivitis Adenovirus (Herpes Direct contact with eye secretions Contact precaution Simplex & Varicella- Zoster) Keratoconjunctivitis Adenovirus (Herpes Direct contact with eye secretions Contact precaution Simplex & Varicella- Zoster) Bacterial Conjunctivitis Haemophilus influenzae Human-to-human transmission Use standard “Pinkeye” subsp, aegyptius and precautions for Streptococcus hospitalized patients - Highly contagious; irritation pneumoniae and reddening of conjunctiva, edema of eyelids, mucopurulent discharge, and sensitivity to light. Chlamydial Conjunctivitis Chlamydia trachomatis Transmissions occurs via contact with Use standard (Inclusion Conjunctivitis, genital discharges of infected people, precautions for contaminated fingers to eye, infection hospitalized patients. Paratrachoma) in newborns via an infected birth canal, or non-chlorinated swimming pools. Trachoma (Chlamydia C. trachomatis Transmission occurs via direct contact Use standard Keratoconjunctivitis) with infectious ocular or nasal precautions for secretions or contaminated article; hospitalized patients. - Highly contagious, acute, or Flies serves as mechanical vectors chronic conjunctival inflammation, resulting in scarring of cornea and conjunctiva, deformation of eyelids, and blindness. Gonococcal Conjunctivitis Neisseria gonorrheae Transmission occurs via contact with Use standard (Gonorrheal Ophthalmia infected birth canal during delivery. precautions for hospitalized patients. Neonatorum) - Associated with an acute redness and swelling of conjunctiva and purulent discharge. INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES PATHOGEN M.O.T PATIENT CARE Common Cold (Acute Viral Coronaviruses, Direct contact with eye Droplet precaution Rhinitis) Parainfluenza viruses, secretions Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Adenoviruses, Enteroviruses Influenza (Flu) Influenza A, B, C (Family Airborne & Direct Droplet precaution Orthomyxovirus) contact Influenza A is associated with pandemics Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) H5N1 strain of avian Bird-to-Human Droplet precaution influenza virus Severe Acute Respiratory SARS-CoV Respiratory droplets Standard, Airborne, Droplet, & Syndrome (SARS) Contact precaution Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Streptococcus pyogenes Direct contact; Droplet precautions for children; Throat) Aerosol droplets Standard precaution for others. - Acute bacterial infection of the throat with soreness, chills, fever, headache, and a beefy red throat, enlarged tonsils and cervical lymph nodes. Diphtheria Corynebacterium Airborne, Droplet, Direct Droplet precautions = pt. with - Acute, bacterial disease; Sore diphtheriae contact, & contaminated pharyngeal diphtheria. throat, swollen tonsils, lymph fomites nodes, and neck; major killer of Contact precaution = pt. with children where epidemic occurs. cutaneous diphtheria. Whooping Cough “Pertussis” Bordatella pertussis Droplet contact Droplet precaution until 5 days - Highly contagious bacterial after initiation of effective childhood infection. therapy. Tuberculosis (TB) Mycobacterium Infected humans are the Airborne precaution = pt. with - Acute/chronic mycobacterial tuberculosis primary reservoirs; pulmonary or laryngeal disease. infection of L.R.T. with malaise, rarely, infected Standard precaution = pt. with fever, night sweats, weight loss, mammals can be extrapulmonary or meningeal and productive cough. reservoirs. TB, no draining lesions. Contact precaution = draining lesions. Mycoplasma Pneumonia (Primary Mycoplasma Droplet inhalation & Droplet precaution Atypical Pneumonia) pneumoniae Direct contact with an infected person - Gradual onset with headache, malaise, dry cough, sore throat, and less often, chess discomfort; common in 5-35 years of age. INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE ORAL REGION DISEASE PATHOGEN M.O.T PATIENT CARE Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis “Vincent’s Fusobacterium Non-contagious Standard precaution angina” “Trench mouth” nucleatum & - Painful and bleeding gum tissues, and swollen Treponema vincentii lymph nodes beneath the jaw. GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTION DISEASES PATHOGEN M.O.T PATIENT CARE Viral Gastroenteritis (Viral Enteritis, Enteric adenoviruses, Fecal-oral route Standard precaution Viral Diarrhea) Astroviruses, Contact precaution Caliciviruses, & for incontinent pt Rotaviruses with rotavirus. Type A hepatitis HAV, a nonenveloped, Fecal-oral transmission; “HAV infection” linear ssRNA virus in Person-to-person; “Infectious hepatitis” the genus Hepatovirus, Infected food handlers; Fecally “Epidemic hepatitis” family Picornaviridae contaminated foods and water - Abrupt onset; mild illness lasting 1-2 weeks to a severe. Type B hepatitis HBV, an enveloped, Sexual/household contact with “HBV infection” circular dsDNA virus in an infected person; “Serum hepatitis” the genus Mother-to-infant before or - Gradual onset; inapparent cases to Orthohepadnavirus, during birth; fulminating, fatal cases. family Hepadnaviridae; Needlesticks the only DNA virus that causes hepatitis Type C hepatitis HCV, an enveloped, Primarily parenterally “HCV infection” linear ssRNA virus in transmitted; rarely sexually “non-A & non-B hepatitis” the genus Hepacivirus, transmitted - Gradual onset; 50%-80% of pt develop family Flaviviridae a chronic infection Type D hepatitis HDV or delta virus, an Exposure to infected blood and “Delta hepatitis” enveloped, circular body fluids; - Abrupt onset; may progress to a chronic ssRNA viral satellite (a Contaminated needles; and severe disease defective RNA virus) in Sexual transmission; the genus Delta virus Coinfection with HBV is necessary Type E hepatitis HEV, a spherical, Fecal-oral transmission; - Similar to type A hepatitis; no evidence nonenveloped, ssRNA Fecally contaminated drinking of a chronic form. virus in the genus water; Calicivirus, family Person-to-person Caliciviridae Type G hepatitis HGV, a linear ssRNA Parenteral transmission - Can cause chronic hepatitis. virus in the genus Hepacivirus, family Flaviviridae Bacterial Gastritis Helicobacter pylori Oral-oral or Fecal-oral Standard precaution - Upper abdominal pain with nausea or transmission; ingestion heartburn; Gastric Ulcers Helicobacter pylori Oral-oral or Fecal-oral Standard precaution - Cause swelling of the tissues leading transmission; ingestion into small intestine, which prevents the food from easily passing out of the stomach. Campylobacter Enteritis Campylobacter jejuni & Ingestion of contaminated Standard and - Acute bacterial enteric disease; C. coli food; Contact precaution asymptomatic to severe; lasting 2-5 Contact with infected animal or days; stools may contain occult blood. contaminated cutting boards Cholera Vibrio cholerae Fecal-oral route; Standard and - Acute, bacterial diarrheal disease with Contact with feces or vomitus Contact precautions profuse watery stools, occasional of infected people; vomiting, and rapid dehydration Ingestion of contaminated food and water (raw seafood); Mechanical transmission by flies Salmonellosis Salmonella enterica, Ingestion of contaminated Standard and - Gastroenteritis with sudden onset of family food; Contact precautions headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, Enterobacteriaceae Fecal-oral transmission nausea, and sometimes vomiting; dehydration may be severe - May develop into Septicemia or localized infection Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever) Salmonella typhi Fecal-oral route; Standard and - Systemic bacterial disease with fever, “typhoid bacillus” Contact precautions severe headache, malaise, anorexia, a rash on the trunk, nonproductive cough, and constipation. Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery) Shigella dysenteriae, S. Direct/Indirect fecal-oral Standard and - Acute, bacterial infection of the lining of flexneri, S. boydii, S. transmission Contact precaution the small and large intestine, producing soneii diarrhea (20 bowel movements/day) with blood, mucus, and pus. Clostridium difficile-Associated C. difficile Hospitalized pt colonized by C. Contact precaution Diseases difficile - Major cause of conditions known as antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) and pseudomembranous colitis (PMC), occurs in pt following antibiotic therapy. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) E. coli Fecal-oral route Standard and Diarrhea Contact precaution - Consists of a hemorrhagic, watery diarrhea with abdominal cramping. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) Diarrhea E. coli Fecal-oral route Standard and “Traveller’s Diarrhea” Contact precaution - Watery diarrhea with or without mucus or blood, vomiting, and abdominal cramping; dehydration and low-grade fever may occur.  INFECTIONS OF THE G.U TRACT DISEASES PATHOGEN M.O.T PATIENT CARE Anogenital Herpes (Genital Herpes) Usually caused by HSV-2, Direct/Sexual contact Standard and Contact occasionally caused by precaution HSV-1 Genital Warts (Genital Papillomatosis, HPVs of the Papovaviridae Direct contact; usually Condyloma Acuminatum) family of DNA viruses sexually transmitted - Small cauliflower-like appearance Genital Chlamydial Infections, Genital C. trachomatis Direct sexual contact or Standard precaution Chlamydiosis Mother-to-neonate during birth Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae Direct/Sexual contact, Standard precaution Adult-to-child, Mother-to-neonate during birth Syphilis T. pallidum Direct contact with lesions - Treponemal disease that occurs in 4 stages Diseases of the SKIN Diseases of the MOUTH Dermatitis – inflammation of the skin. Dental caries - dental plaque. Folliculitis – inflammation of a hair follicle (the Gingivitis - inflammation of gingiva or gums. sac that contains a hair shaft). Sty (stye) – inflammation of a sebaceous gland Periodontitis - serious gum infection that damages the soft tissue around teeth. that opens into a follicle of eyelash. Furuncle (boil) – localized pyogenic infection of the skin, usually resulting from folliculitis. Diseases of G.U. System Cystitis - inflammation of urinary bladder. Carbuncle – a deep–seated pyogenic infection, usually arising from a coalescence of furuncles. Nephritis - inflammation of kidneys. Urethritis - inflammation of urethra. Types of Surface Lesions: Ureteritis - inflammation of ureters. o Macule – neither raised nor depressed, Prostatitis - inflammation of the prostate gland. such as the lesion of measles.  Papule – firm and raised, such as the Bartholinitis - inflammation of Bartholin's duct. lesion of insect bite. + Vesicle – a blister or small fluid-filled sac, Cervicitis - inflammation of cervix. such as is seen in chicken pox and shingles. Endometritis - inflammation of the uterine endometrium. − Pustule – a pus-filled surface lesion. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - inflammation of the fallopian tube. Diseases of the EYES Conjunctivitis - infection or inflammation of Vaginitis - inflammation of vagina. conjunctiva. Keratitis - infection or inflammation of cornea. Keratoconjunctivitis - infection or inflammation of both cornea and conjunctiva.