Leisure & Recreation Through History PDF

**Lesson 1:** **Introduction to the Leisure and** **Recreation Industry** **Leisure: An Ancient Heritage** Ever since prehistoric civilizations, leisure has been associated with class privilege and elitism (Torkildsen,2005). Leisure is part of the routine of life in simple societies:day and nig...

**Lesson 1:** **Introduction to the Leisure and** **Recreation Industry** **Leisure: An Ancient Heritage** Ever since prehistoric civilizations, leisure has been associated with class privilege and elitism (Torkildsen,2005). Leisure is part of the routine of life in simple societies:day and night, the atmosphere, the solstices, and the produce. Horse racing, wrestling, martial arts, target shooting, dance, music, theater,scavenging, wars, and extravagant entertainment were popular among Egyptians, Assyrians, and Babylonians. Recreation and Leisure Management Early civilizations with properly specified work roles established élite classes and leisure had become affiliated with \'high culture,\' social position, and political standing. **Ancient Assyria and Babylon** The land known as the \"fertile crescent\" was ruled by two great empires, Assyria to the north and Babylon to the south were known as the \"fertile crescent\" between two great rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates. (National Geographic Society, 2022). These kingdoms ruled for approximately 26 centuries, beginning around 2900 B.C. until Alexander the Great\'s invasion in 330 B.C. There have been royal residences as well as parklands in ancient Assyria and Babylon, as well as zoological and botanical gardens and huge formal gardens with geometric patterns. (*Topiary Knot Garden)* **Ancient Egypt** The Egyptian culture was rich and diversified; it achieved an advanced knowledge of architecture, astronomy, construction, agriculture, and engineering. Civilization lasted from about 5000 B.C. Civilization lasted from about 5000 B. C. The ancient Egyptians\' leisure activities are well acknowledged. Men participate in physical sports activities like hunting, catching fish, target shooting, wrestling, boxing, and stick fencing. **Ancient Israelites** The ancient Israelites performed music and dancing for ritual purposes, social activities, and celebrations. Dances with a sacred or holy character were distinguished from those that resembled pagan ceremonies by the early Hebrews. **Leisure and the Ancient Greeks** *Chariot Racing* The city-states of ancient Greece, particularly Athens, reached a new intellectual and cultural development during the so-called Golden Age of Pericles Lasted from around 500 to 400 B.C. Athenian citizens participated in various athletic and cultural activities beginning in childhood. Children enjoyed playing with toys, dolls, carts, skip ropes, kites, and seesaws (Buhungiro, 2017). Several studies displayed that most of the games originated from ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Swimming, running, ball games, and board games were all developed by 641AD (Buhungiro, 2017). **The Athenian philosophers** The Athenian philosophers, such as Socrates, were firm believers in the unity of mind and body and the interdependence of all human qualities and abilities (Mishra, 2015) Plato believed that education should be compulsory (Mondal, 2012) and that children should be provided with natural forms of entertainment: education should begin with the proper direction of children\'s sports. **Colosseums** Colosseums can be defined as those huge, open-air theaters that can seat as few as 7,000 people (Wabash College, nd). The Colosseum hosted gladiatorial fights among men and wild beasts, and lion executions of Christians, and it was occasionally crowded for a land war (Wabash College, nd). Tournaments were another popular activity for the knights. **Parliamentarians** In the seventeenth century, defended the charter and revised it throughout the years, as a declaration of fundamental civic rights. As part of these, underprivileged people would dance and engage in wrestling. In addition, their kind of football was notoriously brutal. The \'pitch\' where the men from the two villages played may have included trees and water. Due to the lack of regulation, many people suffered from shattered bones and other injuries. **The Renaissance and Awakening to Leisure** The Renaissance and Reformation occurred at about the same time in history. In French, \"renaissance\" translates to \"rebirth.\" Art, science, and culture \"came back to life\" during the Renaissance The Middle Ages saw a \"rebirth\" of interest in ancient antiquities and learning after classical philosophy was mostly disregarded or forgotten (Jarus & Szalay, 2022). **14th Century** During this period, the Renaissance of classical learning, art, and architecture included the philosophy of \"humanism\" and the dignity of \"man\" promoted by Petrarch, a poet and philosopher. - Romeo & Juliet - macbeth visit the weird sisters **15th Century** Represents the beginning of the shift from the world of the Middle Ages to the modern civilization of the Western world extended to northern Europe and thrived until the middle of the sixteenth century. The Medici Family - michaelangelo's pieta - mona lisa **16th Century** During these periods, members of the aristocracy assumed the role of art patrons. As a result, the works of many of the period\'s most famous painters can be seen exhibited in museums and galleries all over the globe. Jean- Jacques Rousseau **The Reformation and the Work Ethic** The 16th century Reformation, often termed the \"Protestant Reformation\" to differentiate it from the Catholic \"Reformation,\" was a pan-European movement that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and, by extension, the Christian society as a whole **Post-Renaissance and Reformation** The Reformation initially hindered the Renaissance cultural movement, but it continued to thrive. During the 17th and 18th centuries, parks and gardens became popular among nobles for leisure activities like hunting and fishing. - Berlin\'s Tiergarten - Kensington Gardens in London **Effects of the Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution: Spinning Room** The Industrial Revolution, which took place in the 18th and 19th centuries, led to significant social changes. Factories caused rapid urban growth as people moved from rural areas and small towns to cities. **20th Century** -In the early 20th century, there was a big increase in leisure activities. *First World War* cinemas and spectator sports emerged *Second World War* television became the biggest leisure attraction of all time - Gardening - Water Sports - Wrestling **Lesson 2:** **Leisure and Recreation defined** Leisure- concept of free time and experience Recreation - specific activities during leisure time **What is leisure?** - **As Time** - **As Activity** - **As state of being** - **As an All-embracing Holistic Concept** *(Classical view, Fuctional View, Holistic Concept)* - **As Recreation** 1. - Some define it as time when you\'re not working to earn money. - \"Free time\" or \"unoccupied time\". - Shivers (1981) says that leisure is simply \"free time\"---it doesn\'t matter what you choose to do with it. Whether you use it for relaxing, being creative, or just doing nothing, it's all considered leisure. What matters is that this time is not dedicated to work or obligations. 2. - Cluster of activities you do during your free time - Dumazedier\'s Perspective (1960): Activities are things you do because you want to, and and they can serve several purposes: ➡rest and relaxation ➡ amusement ➡ learning & community engagement 3. - The mental and emotional state. The focus is on personal freedom, choice, and sense of inner peace. - According to Ancient Greek perspective (Aristotle): It was highly valued as a state of mind and way of life. Being free from the necessity of work, not for external rewards or obligations. - Neulinger's View (1974): leisure is a mental state of perceived freedom and engagement without external pressures or constraints. It means you are doing something of your own free will, without feeling restricted or compelled by external demands. 4. - *Classical View* - seen as a celebration of life (pursuit of joy & fulfillment). - *Functional View* - the means to an end ( rejuvenation, social control, therapy). - *Holistic concept* (Kraus, 1982) - merges these ideas, recognizing that leisure serves multiple purposes. It recognizes that your leisure activities can enrich your life and also serve practical purposes, like improving your well-being or helping you connect with others. 5. - Activities people experience during leisure time. - Historically, there has been a view that leisure, or recreation, can sometimes be seen negatively---like idleness or wasting time. - Recognized as a natural and important part of life. Recreational activities reveal a lot about individuals and societies, offering insights into their values, interests, and overall character. **Recreation** Refers to activities people experience in during leisure time for enjoyment and relaxation. Thus, needs to provide satisfaction in some manner. Kraus defined recreation as "*a fusion of play and leisure"* The term "recreation" comes from the Latin recreatio, which means ["restoration of health"] - (Torkildsen, 2005) Recreational activities and experiences must have a positive and meaningful goals, because these are what people look for when visiting resorts and other establishments. - Swimming and water sports - Spa and wellness - Outdoor adventures - Fitness Activities - Entertainment Social Activities - Sports and Cultural Experiences Recreation is any activity pursued during leisure, either an individual or collective, that is free and pleasurable, having its primary appeal, not compelled by a deferred reward further itself or by any immediate necessity - Neumeyer, 1858 Recreation is regarded as a life-enhancing experience that results from freely chosen activities. Several definitions are as follows: 1.Heightened or reduced sensitivity to senses. 2.Time feels slower or speeds up. 3.Excitement 4.Escape 5.New experiences 6.Challenges 7.Self-esteem 8.New insights 9.Social Connection and shared experiences **Lesson 3: The 'pleisure' principle** **'Pleisure'** experience at the heart of the play, recreation, and leisure experience (Torkildsen, 2005) Pleisure Principle's to Leisure Management Actions: 1.The right conditions 2.Satisfaction 3.Positive outcomes **The Role of Pleisure in Profit and Society** Government Objectives for Pleisure - Accessibility - Balanced Priorities *Note: "People-centered" approach to public leisure services.* **Discussion of Issues in Leisure** - Noise Pollution - Controversial Activities - Social Reactions **The Leisure management pyramid**  **Lesson 4 : People' s Needs and Leisure** *Do universal needs exist?* In our industry, it is essential to know the guests\' needs in leisure. Through this, the industry can offer services and products that can help to achieve the satisfaction of the guests. Universal needs our products, services, and anything that is a must for every human to have. [Crandall\' s List of Motivations] In Doyal & Gough\'s study \"A theory of human need\", need is a broad term because it is used in our daily lives. This universality will differentiate needs from preferences or wants. Two other words are connected to the word \"need\" and these are \"drives and motivation\" (Murray, 1938). **Need- s**omething that people lack (Morgan & King, 1966). **Drives -**concentrated on achieving something (Young, 1961). **Motivation -**effects of needs (Murray, 1938). Psychologists argue that human needs are motivated by psychological homeostasis, which is a balanced body system for survival and function. However, social needs like achievement, self- fulfillment, anda cceptance are not included in homeostasis. Shivers used psychological homeostasis as the basis for recreation. Freudian Theory focuses on sexual and aggressive forces in humans, focusing on their behavior and development stage. Doyal and Gough separate needs, motivation, and drives due to differences in preferences and cultures. Human needs are not valid to know because they can cause harm. Leisure managers must cater to people\'s preferences, as they cannot offer health-focused programs if people are not interested in them. **"A Theory of Human Need"** 1.Survival of Health 2.Autonomy or Learning **Universal satisfier characteristics** 1. **Food and water** -appropriate nutritional intake 2. **Housing** -adequate shelter, adequate basic services, adequate space per person 3. **Work** -non-hazardous work environment 4. **Physical environment** -non-hazardous environment 5. **Health care** -provision of appropriate care, access to appropriate care 6. **Childhood needs** -security in childhood, child development 7. **Support groups** -presence of significant others, primary support group 8. **Economic security** -economic security 9. **Physical secunity** -a safe citizenry, a safe state 10. **Education** -access to cultural skills 11. **Birth control and child-bearing** \- safe birth control, safe child- bearing adapted from Doyal and Gough, 1991 **Maslow\'s Hierarchy of Need** *Is leisure an individual and societal need?* Leisure is essential for individuals, much like basic needs such as food and shelter, and what is fulfilling for an individual is often beneficial for the community as well. **Social Needs** Jonathan Bradshaw\' s book on social policy explores the classification of social needs which is fundamental to the concept of social services. Th history of social services involves recognizing these needs and organizing society t address them. **Categories of Social Needs** 1. The use of normative needs, such as requirements for open space determined by experts in the recreation and leisure industry, may be expressed in numerical terms but could be challenged and may not be valid for the entire population. 2. 3. 4. People and organizations often compare themselves with others to identify flaws or out of curiosity. This approach can improve services, facilities, resources, and programs, but must be used carefully, as what works in one situation may not work in another 5. \"Created needs\" refer to leisure interests that policymakers and professionals can establish. These are programs, services, or activities entirely defined by an organization and accepted by participants without prior interest or awareness. This approach benefits both the participants and the organization by shaping leisure interests. 6. It is possible to develop false needs that are not actually necessary. The development of specific types of \" needs\" that benefit society as a whole is encouraged by society. 7. Not all leisure activities can satisfy every leisure need at every stage in a person' s life because different people hate varied leisure demands. ( Tinsley et al., 1977 ). Therefore, People can choose certain leisure activities to fulfill their requirements, however, needs vary throughout life ( Iso- Ahola, 1980 ). 8. Leisure demands are defined as people engaging in leisure activities to satisfy a variety of internal and external needs, as well as to foster knowledge exploration, social connection, self- awareness, and the satisfaction of their bodily and mental needs ( Zhang & Gao, 2001 ) Tillman ( 1974 ) listed some of the broader leisure needs of individuals within which recreational needs occur and these may include the pursuit of: - New experiences, ex. Adventure - Relaxation, escape, and fantasy - Recognition and identity - Security ( f reedom f rom thirst, hunger, or pain) - Dominance ( to direct others or to control one\' s environment) - Response and socialinteraction ( relating and interacting with others) - Mental activity ( to perceiand understand) - Creativity - Service to others ( need to be needed) - Physical activity and fitness **What Factors Influence Participation** Recreation policy planning involves complex interplay of variables like age, gender, activity restrictions, family preferences, motivation, and available resources, affecting participation in leisure activities Torkildsen (2005) says that the decision to participate in a specific leisure activity is dependent on several interrelated criteria, just like the following: - The individual factor includes personality, skills, talents, life stage, and interests. - The circumstances and scenario that people are in, including their social class, their job, their income, and their ability to work and have free time. - The facilities, resources, programs, and administration that are available to the individual as opportunities and support services's **The Influence of Management on Leisure Participation** Leisure management aims to meet individual and community leisure needs, improving quality of life worldwide. Zimmermann and Tower (2017) Successful management fosters community connections, focusing on community aspects that program types can best serve. **Influences on Leisure Participation** Personal and Family Influences - Age - Stage in the life cycle Gender - Marital Status - Dependents and ages Will and purpose of life - Personal obligations - Resourcefulness - Leisure perception - Interests and Preoccupation - Skills and ability-physical, social, and intellectual - Personality and confidence - Culture born into - Upbringing and Background **Social and Situational Circumstantial** - Occupation - Income - Disposable income - Material wealth and goods - Car ownership and mobility - Time available - Duties and obligations - Duties and obligations - Home and social environment - Friends and peer groups - Social roles and contacts - Environment factors - Mass leisure factors - Education and attainment - Population factors **Opportunity Factors** - Resources available - Facilities: type and quality - Awareness - Perception of opportunities - Recreation services - Distribution of facilities - Access and location - Choice of activity - Transport - Cost: before, during, after - Management: policy and support - Marketing - Programming - Organization and Leadership Social accessibility - Political policies **Personal and Family Influences** - Personal and family influences - Social and situational circumstances - Opportunities **Social and Situational Circumstances** Leisure time, activities post- work hours, is prevalent in industrialized societies, influenced by income, social class, education, mobility, and social climate. Higher income groups participate more frequently, with attitudes and values affecting access to leisure activities. **Opportunity and Leisure Participation** Leisure activities are influenced by resources, political legislation, management styles, community leadership, and accessibility. Perception, travel, and location also impact participation. Awareness and accessibility increase usage, while amusement and perception contribute to increased usage. Torkildsen (2005) says that requirements assessment should permit extensive public input and consultation. It is hypothesized that such a strategy will: - Provide an increase in individual and community input and involvement in planning and decision- making. - Provide the planner with a better understanding of the community and individuals within it. - Provide information as to the activities in which people are involved, the Activities in which they would like to be involved, and how these can be Planned and provided for within an overall leisure delivery system. - Provide supportive facts and ideas on which to base decisions in the planning process. **How Individuals Experience Leisure** Leisure and human need are complex concepts, with experience being a key driving force behind engagement in leisure activities. Contemporary Western civilization is turning into an "experience society," with experiences superseding conventional social structures and goods(Jacobs, 2002). People need cultural identity, social fulfillment, and regeneration from recreation and leisure, making their role increasingly important (WLRA, 1975). A. Pleasure is the feeling of contentment that arises when one's needs are met and expectations are met. It is not just pleasurable, but also accompanied by increased competence and growth (SEP, 2005). Pleasure has been linked to hedonism, which combines the goodness and allure of pleasure with the badness and averseness of pain to explain human value and motivation. Pleasure and pain are the only characteristics that determine what is good and bad in humans and are relevantly similar to animal life (Chaplin, 1985) **Extreme sports-** Extreme sports, characterized by adventure, risk, and excitement, represent the experience culture, with over 40 sports across air, land, and ocean, and an increasing number of new, challenging activities. (Tomlinson, 2001). **Barefoot water-skiing** is a challenging and rewarding water sport that requires a higher speed than standard water skiing. Boats specifically designed for barefoot skiing are the best. Other extreme sports include ballooning, bungee jumping, caving, free-diving, swimming, mountain-boarding, white water rafting, and wake boarding. Extreme sports enthusiasts are willing to travel, leading to sports tourism and a market for new lifestyles, sportswear, and new foods and beverages. This has expanded the variety of locations and changed vacation resorts. B. Busy individuals are happier and mentally healthy, while unoccupied time can lead to boredom and destructive activities. Leisure activities provide a sense of purpose and structure, affecting how people perceive time organization(Hutchinson, 2003). However, no study has examined how different leisure activities affect this perception, and whether it varies between employed and unemployed individuals. The relationship between leisure time, schedule, and mental health is unique for unemployed individuals and out of the labor force (OLF) individuals (Paul, 2009). C. Personality is directly impacted by various aspects of life, including health, mortality, marital success, educational and professional accomplishment, income, and job happiness. Understanding patterns of development and mechanisms of personality change is crucial, as personality can change. Leisure activities, which are enjoyable and personally meaningful, provide psychological benefits and can lead to personal growth. **Search for Identity** Leisure offers opportunities for self- improvement, creativity, and adventure, providing individuals with the freedom to be or become their best selves. It is increasingly recognized as an opportunity for self-development, not just a time to relax or a soft alternative. Understanding leisure behavior requires understanding the search for identity, which is a holistic process. Spiritual and meditative activities, such as exercise and meditation, promote harmony between body, mind, and spirit, providing fulfillment for individuals and others **A Spiritual Experience in Leisure** - Challenging tasks like mountain climbing can lead to spiritual fulfillment and sensations. - Outdoor adventure tourism participants in Borneo experienced spiritual growth. - These experiences involved overcoming physical, emotional, and mental challenges. - Participants faced isolation, primitive facilities, and potential wildlife attacks. - Persevering through these challenges increased their confidence, self-worth, capabilities, and perspectives. **Formation of Relationships** 1. **Builds friendships** - Leisure fosters relationship building and shared meanings, as seen in group tours on islands. - People remember each other and the shared meanings they formed, even if it's just a day. Leisure also helps meet and maintain friends 2. **Builds intimate relationships** - Leisure settings facilitate intimate relationships by fostering shared experiences, allowing individuals to meet potential partners, maintain intimacy, and enjoy romantic getaways, fostering connectedness and connection 3. **Build a sense of community** - Leisure fosters personal growth and social connections, forming clubs, groups, and early interest in community- building in children through early identification with others. **Lesson 5:** **THE RECREATIONAL GUEST** **The Recreational Guest** - Brey (2011) defines a full-service lodging establishment as one that offers a wide range of amenities and recreational facilities. - These establishments emphasize leisure and serve as the main provider of the guest experience. - Resorts frequently offer services for business or gatherings. - Resorts are typically situated in areas suitable for vacations. **Types of Guest** 1.Friends and Relatives: Non-active Visitors 2.Friends and Relatives: Active City Visitors 3.Family Sightseers 4.Outdoor Vacationers 5.Resort Vacationers 6.For Foreign Vacationers **Getaway/Family Travelers** - More recent research on the benefits of family travel has focused on how leisure, specific vacations, can build relationships, create memories, and increase family bonds (Kozak & Duman 2012; West & Merriam 2009; Byrnes 2001; Newman 1996) - **Adventurous or Educational Travelers** - Travel and education have been connected for centuries. - Ritchie (2003) traced the origin of educational travel to the Grand Tour of the 17th to 19th centuries, where young upper- class British men traveled across Europe for education. - Brodsky-Porges (1981) detailed the link between learning and the Grand Tour, quoting ancient Chinese and Western philosophers who highlighted the benefits of learning from travel. **Gamblers/Fun Travelers** - Gambling promotes itself as a form of entertainment. Indeed, when compared to with some other types of entertainment, casinos rank high in attendance figures. (Oddo, 1997). Gambling has become a major part of the entertainment industry. (Siegel, 1996). - **GUEST ACTIVITIES** - Guests can be classified based on the activities they participate in at the resort. - Those involved in various guest activities are often associated with adventure travel. - According to the Adventure Travel Association (US), adventure travel includes tourist activities involving physical activity, cultural exchange, and interaction with nature. - This type of tourism involves exploration or travel with perceived risk and may require special skills and physical exertion. **TWO TYPES OF ADVENTURE TRAVEL:** - **HARD ADVENTURES** - **SOFT ADVENTURES** **ADVENTURE TRAVEL-** - Is a type of tourism, involving exploration or travel with a certain degree of risk (real or perceived), and which may require special skills and physical exertion. - Is the opportunity to explore your favorite destinations while discovering new skills, passions, and lifelong friends. It is physically, mentally, and emotionally challenging in the best way possible. **HARD ADVENTURES** - Are often high risk, involving lots of preparation, commitment and skills. **[HARD ADVENTURES: ]** - **BACKPACKING -** is a recreational activity that involves hiking while carrying clothing, food and camping gear in a pack on one's back. - **WHITEWATER RAFTING** - is a recreational outdoor activity that involves navigating a river or other bodies of water on an inflatable raft. This is frequently done on white water or various degrees of rough water to thrill and excite the raft passenger - **KAYAKING**- it is the movement of a kayak across water. it is distinguished from canoeing by the sitting position of the paddler and the number of blades on the paddle. - **HOT AIR BALLOONING** - is the recreational and competitive adventure sport of flying hot air balloons - **ROCK CLIMBING**- An activity in which participants climb up, down or across natural or artificial rock formations on walls. It's goal is to avoid falling and reach the summit of a formation or the endpoint of a typically predefined route. - **MOUNTAIN CLIMBING**- Is one of the best outdoor activities available to those who enjoy being in high places. Climbing is done on ice or rock; it requires the person to carry ropes, picks, carabineers, and other such equipment. - **MOUNTAIN BIKING/OFF-ROAD BIKING-** Is the sport of riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrain, using specially designed bicycles. Designed mountain bikes are similar to other types of bikes, but they have unique features to improve durability and performance in rough terrain. - **HANG GLIDING-** is an air sport in which a pilot flies a hang glider, which is a small, non-motorized foot-launch aircraft. The pilot is strapped into a harness that is suspended from the airframe and controls the aircraft by shifting body weight - **PARASAILING-** Sometimes called parascending or parakiting, is a recreational kiting activity wherein a person is pulled behind a vehicle (often a boat) while tied to a specially made canopy wing, known as a parasail wing, that looks like a parachute - **WINDSURFING-** Is a surface water sport that combines surfing and sailing elements. It is made up of a board that is usually 2 to 3 meters long and has a volume of 60 to 250 liters that is powered by wind on sail. - **SKYDIVING/PARACHUTING-** Is the action sport of exiting an aircraft and returning to Earth using gravity, then slowing down during the final part of the descent with the aid of a parachute - **SKATEBOARDING**- - Is an action sport that entails riding and performing ticks on a specially designed Maplewood board with polyurethane coating for smoother slides and increased durability. - **SNOWBOARDING-**Is a winter sport that involves descending a snow- covered sloped while standing on a snowboard attached to the rider's feet. - **ROLLER HOCKEY-** Is a type of dry-surface hockey played with roller skates. The term "roller hockey" is frequently used interchangeably depending on the of skates used. - **BUNGEE JUMPING-** An activity that involves jumping from a tall structure while attached to a large elastic cord. - **BASE JUMPING-** Acronym BASE stands for the four categories of fixed objects in which one can jump, Build, Antenna, (referring to radio towers) Span, (Bridges) and Earth (cliffs). Base jumping is an activity in which participants jump from fixed objects and break their fall with a parachute. - **ZIP LININ**G- It allows the user to be propelled by gravity to move from the top to the bottom or the end of the inclined cable by holding, or attaching to the freely moving pulley. - **CAVE EXPLORING-** is a recreational pastime of exploring wild cave systems which are generally non- commercial. - **SNORKELING-** is swimming on or through a body of water while wearing a diving mask, snorkel, and usually fins. - **SCUBA DIVING -** is a type of underwater diving in which the diver uses a self-contained breathing underwater apparatus (scuba). Scuba diving is actually diving deep down a body of water. - **SURVIVAL GAMES (AIRSOFT)-** A sport in which players eliminate opponents by striking them with spherical non-metallic pellets fired from replica firearms known as airsoft guns. **SOFT ADVENTURES** - the type of adventure tourism that requires little or no experience and is low risk. **[SOFT ADVENTURES]** - **CAMPING**- is a form of outdoor recreation. The participants (also known as campers) leave urban areas, their home region, or civilization and spend one or more nights outdoors, usually ata campsite, to enjoy nature. Camping can be done in a tent, caravan, motorhome, a primitive structure, a sporting camp, or with no shelter at all. - **BIKING-** The sport ofriding a bicycle. People engaged in cycling are referred to as "cyclist\" or \"bikers\" This sport includes riding unicycles, tricycles, quadricycles and other human-powered vehicles in addition to two wheeled bicycles. - **GENTLE HIKING-** Is a term used to describe a long, vigorous walk on trails or the countryside. While walking\"refers to a short walks or urban walks. Walking is used to describe all types of walking in the UKand the Republic of Ireland, whether it is a walk in the park or alpne trekking. Hiking is also known as rambling, hillwalking, and fellwalking in the UK. Tramping is a long, strenuous walk or hike in New Zealand. In the Philippines it is simply called hiking. - - **BIRD WATCHING-** Also known as birding, is a type o fwildlife observation in which birds are observed as a recreational activity. it can be done using the naked eye, a visual enhancement device such as a telescope, binoculars, or by listening to bird sounds. - **SAILING-** it is called as the sport of managing a boat. - **HORSEBACK RIDING-** The ability to ride, drive, steeplechase or vault with horses.This broad definition encompasses the use of horses for practical work, transportation, recreation, artistic or cultural exercises, and competitive sport. - **SNOW SKIING**- Is a competitive, as well as a recreational sport in which participants glide on a snow using skis. International ski federation and International Olympic committee recognize a wide range of competitive skiing events. - **WATER SKIING-** Is a surface water activity in which a participant is pulled across a body of water by a boator a cable ski system while skimming the surface with two or one (salom) ski. Three individuals, a personal flotation device, one or two skis, a tow boat with tow rope, a suitable area on a smooth stretch of water, and this equipment are needed for the sport. The skier must also have sufficient upper and lower body strength, muscular endurance, and good balance. Skiing is a fun sport that can be enjoyed by people of all skill levels and ages. - **CANOEING** -Is a paddle sport wherein you kneel or sit forward-facing in an open or closed-decked canoe and nove the canoe using only a single paddle with one blade. The paddle used is one of the primary distinctions between kayaking and canoeing - **PHOTO SAFARI-** A photo safari is an overland journey, typically undertaken by tourists in Africa. Originally a big game hunt, safari now refers to trips to observe and photograph wildlife, as well as hiking and sightseeing. - **WILDERNESS TOURS-** Are excursions into natural environments that have not been significanthy altered by civilized human activity. A guest must be familiar with survival skills (such as building shelters, making fires, navigating and administering first aid) as well as ecology and history of the area.