LEISURE-REVIEWER (1).pdf

Recreational & Leisure (Reviewer)  In French, Renaissance means “Rebirth” Chapter #1: History  Renaissance – the revival of art and literature under the (Leisure: Ancient Heritage)...

Recreational & Leisure (Reviewer)  In French, Renaissance means “Rebirth” Chapter #1: History  Renaissance – the revival of art and literature under the (Leisure: Ancient Heritage) influence of classical models  Ever since prehistoric civilizations, leisure has been  14th century – Philosophy of Humanism and associated with class privilege and elitism Petrarch (poet and philosopher)  Horse racing, wrestling, martial arts etc. were popular  Arts, philosophies, sciences, astronomy, humanist among Egyptians, Assyrians and Babylonians philosophy are some of the leisure during renaissance  The main activities of society’s elite such as Nobility,  15th century – Modern Civilization of Western Military and Religious leaders were Alcohol and World Betting as their prominent activity.  “The Beauty of Humans and the Natural World” were key themes in ancient arts (Ancient Assyria and Babylon)  MEDICI family in Florence, was Italy’s most well-  The land known as the “fertile crescent” was ruled by known patron of the art. two great empires  16th century – Field of Education  Assyria to the north and Babylon to the south were  Jean Jacques Rousseau – a French philosopher and known as the fertile crescent between two great rivers, writer who create “Emile” a book about education that Tigris and Euphrates contains his ideas.  Topiary knot garden – a botanical garden and huge  Liberalization – that Renaissance brought about formal garden with geometric pattern encouraging a pleasure seeking aristocracy  Reformation – often called as “Protestant Reformation” (Ancient Egypt)  Protestant Reformation – a revolutionary movement  The Egyptian culture was Rich and Diversified  Huguenots – the followers of the protestant faith  Achieved an advanced knowledge in architecture,  Puritans – rebels from lower and middle class who astronomy, construction attempted to purify the church  Leisure activities: physical sports, hunting, catching  Asceticism – severe self-discipline and avoidance of all fish, target shooting, wrestling forms of indulgence. (Ancient Israelites) (Post-renaissance and Reformation)  Leisure activities: music, paintings, and dancing for  18th and 19th century – Industrial Revolution ritual purposes  Cities grow due to factories, displacing people from  The ancient Israelites performed music and dancing for rural areas, small towns and villages ritual purposes  The Arbitrary of Labor and Class, persisted under this  Sword and javelin for recreational and defensive century. purposes  21st century  Leisure activities: public baths, public houses (Ancient Greeks)  Television – after the world war II, TV has become the  Leisure activities: arts, learning and athletics, festivals, biggest leisure of that time music, poetry, theater.  Creation of recreation amenities in UK  Children enjoyed playing with toys, dolls, carts etc.  Growth of tourism and visitor attractions  Colosseums – open air theater (7000 people) for  Gardening – refers to planning and preservation of land gladiatorial fights area  Board of games – 1st creation of chess  Wrestling – a sport that involves two people that put  OTIUM (leisure) each other into an excruciating position  NEGOTIUM (business)  Water sports – a kind of sport that is done in water. (Ancient Romans) Chapter #2: Leisure and Recreation Defined  More systematic planners and builders than Greeks (Leisure as Time) such as baths, open-air theater, amphitheater  There are many variations within the broad framework  Leisure activities: gymnastic sports, wrestling rooms, of leisure defined as time. Some people define leisure philosopher conversation area as when someone is not working primarily for money.  Imperial games and baths, as well as gambling, taverns, However, this leaves a large portion of people's time to theaters and carnivals to all Roman society, be filled in various ways. The meaning of leisure is far  1215 – Magna Carta by the King of John of England too broad to be valid and is only interpreted in the which makes the life of the average people difficult context of doing 'work.' Several other authors refer to such as underprivileged would dance and engage in leisure as free time or unoccupied time. wrestling.  Jousting (Leisure as Activity)  Another traditional definition of leisure includes an (The Renaissance and Awakening to Leisure) activity or a "cluster of activities." According to the  Renaissance and Reformation  International Group of Social Sciences of Leisure novelty, stimulation, joy, playfulness, 'pleisure' (Dumazedier, 1960), leisure consists of a variety of experiences, and re-creative moments. occupations that an individual may engage in of his  POSITIVE OUTCOMES - Leisure should produce own free will, whether to rest or amuse himself, after some positive outcomes, such as accomplishment, completing his professional, family, and social physical, emotional, social, and psychological well- responsibilities being, and increased self-esteem. (Leisure as a State of Being) (If we want to provide 'pleisure' as a society, then the  The 'treasures of the mind' were the fruits of leisure that government in particular must have appropriate aims and contained the joy and delight of life in Ancient Greek objectives) society at least among the educated, privileged strata.  Services should be available to all and tailored to Aristotle defined leisure as a state of being free of the individual needs, allowing people to choose activities necessity of work and characterized by pursuing relatively easily activity for its own sake or end.  Priorities should be balanced to serve the most significant number of people and those in the greatest (Leisure as an All-embracing Holistic Concept) need.  The term holistic combines some of the meanings of leisure earlier views of leisure as an end (the classical (Discussion of Issues) view, which sees leisure as a celebration of life) or "the  Barking dogs means to an end" (leisure as recreation for renewed  Loud music work or as a form of social control or therapy) are now  Noisy motorcyclists  Jet skiers being merged in a holistic concept of leisure (Krau  Loud bar patrons 1982).  Late night party (Leisure as Recreation) (The Leisure Management Pyramid)  Another meaning of leisure is synonymous with recreation, it is simply a matter of semantics Leisure  To implement effective group recreational and leisure conjures up images of sloth, idleness, and decadence in programs, it is important to consider people’s desire many historically and today's societies.  It represents the uniting or binding of leisure, people’s needs and management  Recreation - The most widespread definition, and the The pyramid model depicted in this figure should be most acceptable to leisure services providers, is that envisioned as a transparent triangular pyramid, which has 3 recreation is activities people experience during leisure sides, or planes and a base: time.  Leisure plane  The term “recreation” comes from the Latin  Needs of people’s plane “recreatio,” which means “restoration of health”  Management plan (Torkildsen, 2005).  Organizational aims (located at the base of the pyramid) (3 Levels of Pyramid) Chapter #3: The Pleisure Principle  Basic level – the leisure manager would aim for a broad  PLEISURE - George Torkildsen coined this term in range of activities, service quality efficiency and 1992 to get to the heart of the leisure experience. excellent customer service. Quoted in his words as evidence of his efforts to go  Secondary level – manager would attempt to develop a beyond the immediate concerns of leisure managers and balanced program that would address some of the needs investigate the fundamental meaning of the products of the various people  Primary / Highest level – the manager will then be they manage. focused on the specific client and customer needs (Core Characteristics) Chapter #4: People’s Needs and Leisure  The foundation stones of leisure management are 3  Maslow’s Hierarch Needs Theory – is the most famous concepts: 'play, "recreation,' and 'leisure.' There are motivation theory several similarities and overlaps at the heart of the play, recreation, and leisure, so much so that we can use each (Crandall’s List of Motivations)  In the study of Doyal & Gough “A theory of human word to mean nearly the same thing at times. need.” Need is a broad term because it is used in our daily lives. 2 other words are connected to the word (Pleisure Principle to Leisure Management Action) “need” and these are “Drives and Motivation” (Murray)  THE RIGHT CONDITIONS - Leisure programs must  Need – something that people lack provide various options for different people. There must  Drives – concentrated on achieving something be both freedom of choice and the possibility of self-  Motivation – effects of needs initiation and spontaneity.  In a theory of human need, there are 2 categories of  SATISFACTION - For leisure to be fulfilling, some universal human needs: - Survival or health experiences must be present self-expression, challenge, - Autonomy or learning   Satisfier (objects, activities, and relationship)  Intermediate needs (food and water, housing, work)  5 categories of needs in Maslow’s Needs Theory: (The Influence of Management on Leisure Participation) physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem and (According to Torkildsen there are 3 primary factors self-actualization influencing engagement in leisure and recreation)  Needs theory – is based on the principle that there should be a hierarchy or ranking of people’s wants. (Influences on Leisure Participation)  Social needs – the concept of social need is inherent in  Personal and family influences (ex. Age, gender, the idea of social service marital status, personal obligations, resourcefulness)  Social and situational circumstantial (ex. Occupation, (Categories of Social Needs) income, disposable income, time available, duties and  Normative needs and leisure – these are value obligations) judgement made by experts in the recreation and  Opportunity factors (ex. Resources available, leisure industry such as requirements for open awareness, transport, marketing, programming) space.  Felt needs and leisure – felt needs are desires that Free time – often known as “leisure time” is defined as all the an individual has but not yet actively expressed activities that can be done after work hours have ended and are not these are determined by what a person believes required to be completed. they wish to do.  Expressed needs and leisure – are those activities Opportunities – can take many different shapes, including in which individuals actually participate. resources and services, political legislation etc.  Comparative needs and leisure – people and organization compare themselves with other Perception – describes how we perceive the world, how we see, people and organization hear, feel, smell and taste it.  Created needs and leisure – indicate that policymakers and professionals can create leisure Travel – is a requirement for involvement in recreational activities interests outside of the home.  False needs and leisure – it is possible to develop (How Individuals Experience Leisure) false needs that are not actually necessary 1. Pleasure – Relaxation – Fun  Changing needs and leisure – not all leisure  The role and impact of leisure and this sort of groupings activities can satisfy every leisure need at every of understanding are simply that people seek fun or stage in a person’s life because different people pleasurable experiences in their leisure. have varied leisure demands.  Pleasure – is the feeling of contentment (Needs, Demands and Leisure)  Extreme sports – which offer adventure, risk, excitement, and nearly ultimate, life-defying sensation  Leisure demands – are defined as people engaging in leisure activities to satisfy a variety of internal and  Barefoot water-skiing – one of the most challenging external needs and rewarding water sports now being practiced is  Demand – appears to be tangible, measurable, and even barefoot water-skiing predictable 2. Distraction / Keeping Idle Hands Busy Theory  Need – seems vague and operationally elusive  People are happiest/mentally healthy when they are busy and if they have too much time on their hands (Tillman 1974 listed some of the broader leisure needs of individuals within which recreational needs occur and these  When people are idle, and we are not occupied, the are) theory is stating that this can result in boredom  New experiences (ex. Adventure) 3. Personal Growth  Relaxation, Escape and Fantasy  Numerous aspects of life, including health, mortality,  Recognition and Identity marital success, educational etc. are directly impacted  Security (ex. Freedom from thirst, hunger or pain) by personality.  Dominance (to direct others or control someone’s environment) (Formation of Relationships)  Response and social interaction (relating and interacting  Build friendships – leisure provides a common ground with others) for relationship building and the development of shared  Mental activity (to perceive and understand) meanings  Creativity  Builds intimate relationships – leisure settings are  Service to others (need to be needed) common place to meet intimate partners  Physical activity and fitness  Build a sense of community – identification with others for serious collective purposes can create personal (Factors Influence Participations) (stated by Shikako-Thomas, growth. Majnemer, Law and Lach) (these are few elements that affect involvement in leisure activities) Chapter #5: The Recreational Guest  Age  Resort – a full-service lodging establishments that  Gender offers access to or provides a wide range of amenities  Activity restrictions and recreational facilities (Brey, 2011)  Family preferences and coping mechanisms  Motivation (Types of Guests in Resorts)  Available resources and supports in the environment  Friends and relatives: non-active visitors – the term “visiting friends and family travel” was first used by the  travel and tourism industry to describe trips taken  Cave exploring – traditionally known as spelunking, it primarily for family-related reasons is a recreational pastime of exploring wild cave system  Friends and relatives: active city visitors – there are the  Snorkeling – swimming on or through a body of water people who enter the place. It refers to people who have while wearing a diving mask, snorkel and fins visited any type of cultural institutions such as zoo,  Scuba diving – a type of underwater diving in which the museum etc. diver uses a self-contained breathing underwater  Family sightseers – seek out new vacation destinations apparatus that will entertain their children  Survival games (airsoft) – a sport in which players  Outdoor vacationers – these guests want clean air, rest, eliminate opponents by striking them quiet and scenery  Resort vacationers – are primarily interested in SOFT ADVENTURE watersports and good weather  Camping – is a form of outdoor recreation, where  Foreign vacationers – a foreign atmosphere offering an participants leave urban areas and spend outdoors exciting and enriching atmosphere  Biking – the sport of riding a bicycle, person engaged in cycling are referred to as cyclists Getaway / Family Travelers – it has focused on how leisure  Gentle hiking – a term used to describe a long, vigorous specifical vacations can build relationships, create memories and walk on trails or countryside increase family bonds.  Bird watching – also known as birding, is a type of wildlife observation in which birds are observed Adventurous / Educational Travelers – this segment is similar to  Sailing – the sport of managing a boat foreign vacationers. Adventurous travelers tend to engage in  Horseback riding – ability to ride, drive, steeplechase, cultural activities such as visiting museums, galleries, operas or vault with horses  Snow skiing – a competitive as well as recreational Gamblers / Fun Travelers – gambling promotes itself as a form of sport in which participants glide on snow using skis entertainment.  Water skiing – a surface water activity in which participant is pulled across a body of water (2 Types of Adventure Travel)  Canoeing – a paddle sport wherein you kneel or sit HARD ADVENTURE forward-facing in an open or closed-decked canoe  Backpacking – is a recreational activity that involves  Photo safari – an overland journey, typically undertaken hiking while carrying clothing, food and camping gear by tourists in Africa  Whitewater rafting – is a recreational outdoor activity  Wilderness tours – are excursions intro natural that involves navigating a river or other bodies of water environments that have not been significantly altered by on an inflatable raft civilized human activity.  Kayaking – the movement of kayak across the water. A boat in which the paddler faces forward, has their legs in front.  Hot air ballooning – the activity of flying hot air balloons, the exceptional quiet, lack of a sense of motion  Rock climbing – an activity in which participants climb up, down or across natural or artificial rock formation  Mountain climbing – one of the best outdoor activities available to those who enjoy being in high places, it is all about perseverance and challenge  Mountain biking / Off-road biking – the sport of riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrains  Hang gliding – an air sport in which a pilot flies a hang glider, a non-motorized foot-launch aircraft  Parasailing – sometimes called parascending, is a recreational kiting activity wherein a person is pulled behind a vehicle  Windsurfing – a surface water sport that combines surfing and sailing  Skydiving / Parachuting – the action sport of exiting an aircraft and returning to earth using gravity  Skateboarding – an action sport that entails riding and performing tricks on a specialized board  Snowboarding – a winter sport that involves descending a snow-covered slope while standing on a snowboard  Roller hockey – is a type of dry-surface hockey played with roller skates  Bungee jumping – an activity that involves jumping from a tall structure while attached to a large elastic cord  BASE jumping – an activity in which participants jump from fixed objects and break their fall with parachute  Zip lining – it allows the user to be propelled by gravity to move from the top to bottom or the end