Lecture 3 - Genetics, Simple Traits PDF

Reminders! Emails: Include a subject line that contains ANTHP 105 You do NOT need to tell me if you will be absent form lecture Lecture Questions: Due by the following class! I will begin enforcing this next Friday Reading Questions: Do the READINGS before each class f...

Reminders! Emails: Include a subject line that contains ANTHP 105 You do NOT need to tell me if you will be absent form lecture Lecture Questions: Due by the following class! I will begin enforcing this next Friday Reading Questions: Do the READINGS before each class for which they are assigned Do the QUESTIONS whenever you want (due by the 11:59 pm on the day of the last exam Dec 17th) The first reading question is worth 10 pts! Do it! Mentimeter questions Trouble accessing Miko & LeJune… Table of contents is broken on this link à Access units 2+ here à  Genetic Variation, Chromosomal Inheritance and Simple Traits Lecture 3 Today’s Objectives Finish reviewing the building blocks of life, including (slides from lecture 2) Cell types (eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic, somatic vs gamete) Define some of those terms on the DNA TERMS AND CONCEPTS TO KNOW Proteins slide from lecture 2 Discuss protein synthesis Review cellular division Learn how genetic variation is produced Today’s Objectives Finish reviewing the building blocks of life, including (slides from lecture 2) Cell types (eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic, somatic vs gamete) DNA Proteins Discuss protein synthesis Review cellular division Learn how genetic variation is produced The Cell Prokaryote Eukaryote 6 Eukaryotic Cell Contains DNA Contains mtDNA Animal Cell 7 What is a chromosome? Chromatin Loose form of DNA Chromosome Discrete structures; condensed DNA Supercoiling 8 Homologous Pairs of Chromosomes 9  Homologous Pairs of Chromosomes Homologs = same genes at same loci - Basically, identical pairs 10 Homologous pair… 11 Eukaryotic Cell Types Somatic All body cells Ancient Greek (soma) for ‘body’ Direct cell activity Diploid Contain 46 chromosomes Gametes 12 Eukaryotic Cell Types Somatic Gametes (Ancient Greek (gamos) for “marriage) Reproductive cells Males: sperm Females: egg Provides cytoplasm, including mitochondria (w/ mtDNA) Transmit genetic information Haploid Contain 23 chromosomes 13 DNA Structure (a discovery collective effort) James Watson & Francis Crick Maurice Wilkins Rosalind Franklin 14 Anatomy of DNA 15 Anatomy of DNA Made up of nucleotides = molecules consisting of a nitrogen base and a sugar + phosphate 16 Anatomy of DNA DNA = Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid 2 chains of nucleotides S = sugar (deoxyribose) P = phosphate group 17 Anatomy of DNA Cytosine (C) ≡ Guanine (G) Thymine (T) ≡ Adenine (A) 18 DNA Replication Occurs whenever a cell divides into 2 new cells Step 1 = Denaturation helicase Step 2 = Annealing primase Step 3 = Extension DNA polymerase 19 DNA Code Gene – a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein Proteins are made up of amino acids DNA instructions are a triplet of bases AGA TAC GCT AAT TCA Code is universal 20 Today’s Objectives Finish reviewing the building blocks of life, including (slides from lecture 2) Cell types (eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic, somatic vs gamete) DNA Proteins Discuss protein synthesis Review cellular division Learn how genetic variation is produced What is a gene? A sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in a protein DNA Code Gene – a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein Proteins are made up of amino acids DNA instructions are a triplet of bases AGA TAC GCT AAT TCA Code is universal Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis We say a gene is expressed when it is used as a template to build a protein Protein synthesis takes place outside the nucleus and requires ribonucleic acid (RNA) What makes RNA different from DNA?  Protein Synthesis Step 1 1. Transcription DNA is used as template to create messenger RNA (mRNA) 2. Translation  Step 1 Protein Synthesis 1. Transcription DNA is used as template to create messenger RNA (mRNA) Step 2 2. Translation Uses mRNA as a template to create a sequence of amino acids Transfer RNA (tRNA) assists in the assembly of proteins Proteins Functions Initiate and enhance chemical interactions Provide structure to cells Transport molecules from cell to cell Examples Hemoglobin Enzymes Hormones Regulatory proteins Today’s Objectives Finish reviewing the building blocks of life, including (slides from lecture 2) Cell types (eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic, somatic vs gamete) DNA Proteins Discuss protein synthesis Review cellular division Learn how genetic variation is produced Eukaryotic Cell Types Somatic All body cells Direct cell activity Diploid Contain 46 chromosomes Divide via mitosis Gametes Reproductive cells Males: sperm Females: egg Provides cytoplasm, including mitochondria (w/ mtDNA) Transmit genetic information across generations through sexual reproduction Haploid Contain 23 chromosomes Produced via meiosis 29 Lifecycle of a Somatic Cell (a.k.a. DNA replication) Lifecycle of a Somatic Cell (a.k.a. DNA replication) What is a chromosome? Chromatin Loose form of DNA Chromosome Discrete structures; condensed DNA  Somatic cells undergo mitosis 2 daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell Meiosis Produces 4 unique daughter cells These 4 unique daughter cells are the gametes Meiosis Produces 4 unique daughter cells These 4 unique daughter cells are the gametes Mitosis Meiosis Additional Resources for Mitosis and Meiosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQJ4DBkCn co https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzDMG7ke 69g Today’s Objectives Finish reviewing the building blocks of life, including (slides from lecture 2) Cell types (eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic, somatic vs gamete) DNA Proteins Discuss protein synthesis Review cellular division Learn how genetic variation is produced How is genetic variation produced?  Allele “A”: TGAGGACTCCTCT TT A a Allele “a”: TGAGGACACCTCT TT How is genetic variation produced? 1. Mutation  Mutations Somatic mutations vs. germ-line mutations Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral A source of new genetic variation How is genetic variation produced? 1. Mutation 2. Random assortment Random Assortment How is genetic variation produced? 1. Mutation 2. Random assortment 3. Recombination (crossing over) Meiosis Produces 4 unique daughter cells These 4 unique daughter cells are the gametes Meiosis Produces 4 unique daughter cells These 4 unique daughter cells are the gametes How is genetic variation produced? 1. Mutation Occurs through 2. Random assortment sexual reproduction 3. Recombination (crossing over) Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcGDUcGjcyk  Terms and Concepts to Know Homologous pair Meiosis Mitosis Somatic cell RNA Gamete mRNA Haploid Transcription Diploid Translation Mutation tRNA Somatic vs. germ-line Uracil vs. thymine mutation ribosome Random assortment Sexual vs. asexual Recombination reproduction (crossing over Before the next class Lecture Question 3 – During which phase of protein synthesis is DNA used as a template to make RNA? Readings - ANY ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS? ASK THEM HERE: I will answer at the start of the next class… 54