Biology Chapter: Cells and DNA
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Questions and Answers

What must be included in the subject line of emails?

  • Your full name
  • The course code ANTHP 105 (correct)
  • Lecture date
  • Your student ID

    • When are reading questions due?

  • At the end of each unit
  • Two weeks after the last exam
  • The day before the last exam
  • By 11:59 pm on the day of the last exam (correct)

    • What is the main topic of Lecture 3?

  • Chemical Bonds in Living Organisms
  • The Evolution of Species
  • Introduction to Ecosystems
  • Genetic Variation and Chromosomal Inheritance (correct)

    • Which of the following correctly categorizes cell types?

    <p>Both cells are essential for life in different organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of today's objectives in the lecture?

    <p>Review cellular division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between somatic cells and gametes?

    <p>Somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes, while gametes contain 23 chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes at the same loci?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?

    <p>Adds nucleotide bases to the growing DNA strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components make up a nucleotide in DNA?

    <p>A sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which base pairs with adenine (A) in DNA?

    <p>Thymine (T)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of denaturation in DNA replication?

    <p>The unwinding and separation of the two DNA strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly identifies a characteristic of gametes?

    <p>They transmit genetic information and are haploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the triplet code in DNA?

    <p>It codes for amino acids in proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between somatic cells and gametes?

    <p>Somatic cells are involved in growth, while gametes are involved in reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does messenger RNA (mRNA) play in protein synthesis?

    <p>It serves as a template for translating the sequence of amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly defines a gene?

    <p>A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription in protein synthesis, which substance is created from DNA?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of proteins in biological organisms?

    <p>To perform various functions and maintain cellular structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the genetic variation occur in populations?

    <p>Through sexual reproduction and recombination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of chromosome number, how do gametes differ from somatic cells?

    <p>Gametes are haploid, containing 23 chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of meiosis?

    <p>Four unique daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes somatic mutations?

    <p>Occur in body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method contributes to genetic variation by creating new combinations of alleles?

    <p>Random assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs during meiosis that increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material?

    <p>Recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structure is associated with protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of gametes, what term describes cells that are haploid?

    <p>Gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation is a source of new genetic variation?

    <p>Germ-line mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitosis?

    <p>To regenerate cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Cell

    • Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms with no membrane-bound nucleus
    • Eukaryotes are organisms with a membrane-bound nucleus and more complex internal structures
    • Somatic cells are all body cells that are diploid
    • Gametes are reproductive cells that are haploid

    DNA Structure

    • DNA consists of two chains of nucleotides, each of which is composed of nitrogenous bases, sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group.
    • Nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).
    • Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G).

    DNA Replication

    • Replication is the process of copying DNA. It occurs in three stages:
      • Denaturation: the DNA double helix is unwound by helicase.
      • Annealing: primase lays down a short RNA primer for DNA polymerase to use.
      • Extension: DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the primer.

    Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis

    • A gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein.
    • Protein synthesis occurs in two steps:
      • Transcription: DNA is used as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA).
      • Translation: mRNA is used as a template to create a sequence of amino acids.

    Cellular Division

    • Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells.
    • Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four unique daughter cells.
    • Meiosis produces gametes.

    Mutations

    • Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence.
    • Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.
    • Mutations are a source of new genetic variation.

    Genetic Variation

    • Genetic variation is the differences in the genetic makeup of individuals. This is caused by:
      • Mutations: Changes in the DNA sequence.
      • Random assortment: A random combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes inherited by a child.
      • Recombination (crossing over): The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

    Key Terms

    • Homologous pairs
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • Somatic cell
    • Gamete
    • RNA
    • mRNA
    • Transcription
    • Translation
    • tRNA
    • Uracil
    • Thymine
    • Ribosome
    • Sexual reproduction
    • Asexual reproduction
    • Mutation
    • Somatic vs. germ-line mutation
    • Random assortment
    • Recombination (crossing over)

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts from biology, focusing on the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, DNA structure, and the processes of DNA replication. Test your understanding of somatic cells, gametes, and the basics of gene expression and protein synthesis.

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