Lecture One - School of Biotechnology PDF

Lecture One School of Biotechnology Vocabulary  Enzyme vital proteins that speed up the chemical reactions taking place within cells. Gene The most basic unit of heredity. Genome The complete genetic blueprint of a living thing. Bioengineering A mandatory labeling claim to be used on many f...

Lecture One School of Biotechnology Vocabulary  Enzyme vital proteins that speed up the chemical reactions taking place within cells. Gene The most basic unit of heredity. Genome The complete genetic blueprint of a living thing. Bioengineering A mandatory labeling claim to be used on many foods and dietary supplements with at least one ingredient that has measurable DNA from another species Mutagen Substances such as radiation or chemicals that can create random changes in the genetic material  Species A group of living organisms that are capable of sharing genetic information through breeding Cell The lowest denomination of life thought to be Possible. Vitamins Various substances that are essential in minute quantities to the nutrition of animals and plants. Virus A noncellular biological entity that can reproduce only within a host cell.  Reading The Importance of Science and Technology Working Together Biotechnology is the use of living things, like cells or bacteria, to make products or solve problems. It is a mix of biology (the study of living things) and technology (the use of tools and machines). This field is important because it helps scientists and engineers create new medicines, improve food, and find ways to protect the environment. One example of biotechnology is using bacteria to clean oil spills in the ocean. Another is making vaccines to protect people from diseases. Biotechnology also helps farmers grow better crops that are resistant to insects or harsh weather. The reason biotechnology is so useful is that it combines two powerful fields: science and technology. Science helps us understand how living things work, and technology gives us the tools to make changes and solve problems. In the future, biotechnology might help us make cleaner energy or find cures for diseases we can't treat today. This makes it an exciting field for scientists, engineers, and everyone who wants to help the world. Choose the correct answer from (a,b,c and d):- 1- What is biotechnology? a) The study of machines b) The use of computers to study space c) The use of living things to make products or solve problems d) A type of farming 2- Which two fields does biotechnology combine? e) Medicine and cooking f) b) Biology and technology g) c) Art and science h) d) Engineering and sports 3- How can biotechnology help farmers? a) By giving them more land b) By making crops that grow without sunlight c) By making crops that resist insects and bad weather d) By helping farmers travel faster 4-What do scientists use in biotechnology to clean oil spills? a) Fish b) Bacteria c) Robots d) Trees 5-What is an example of biotechnology in medicine? a) Making new kinds of computers b) Creating new types of food c) Making vaccines to prevent diseases d) Building stronger hospitals 6-Why is biotechnology important? a) It helps us study history b) It combines science and technology to solve problems c) It teaches people to use computers d) It makes food taste better 7-What is one possible future use of biotechnology? a) Finding cures for diseases b) Building faster cars c) Creating new sports d) Making airplanes safer 8-What does biology help us understand in biotechnology? a) How machines work b) How living things work c) How to build roads d) How computers function 9-What can biotechnology create to protect people from diseases? a) Cars b) Houses c) Vaccines d) Clothes Grammar  The present simple The present simple tense is one of the most commonly used tenses in the language. It’s used to describe actions that are habitual, factual, or true. Formation of Present Simple Tense : 1- Affirmative Sentences : To form an affirmative sentence in Present Simple Tense, we use the base form of the verb for all the subjects except for the third person singular (he, she, it), where we add an -s or -es to the end of the verb. The following table shows the formation of affirmative sentences: Subject Verb I, you, we, they work he, she, it works Examples: - I work in a bank. - She works as a teacher. - We play football every Sunday. 2- Negative Sentences: To form a negative sentence in present simple tense, we use the auxiliary verb “do” or “does” along with “not” and the base form of the verb. The following table shows the formation of negative sentences: Subject Auxiliary Verb Verb I, you, we, they do not (don’t) work he, she, it does not (doesn’t) work Examples: - I don’t like coffee. - She doesn’t eat meat. - We don’t watch TV in the morning. 3- Interrogative Sentences To form an interrogative sentence in Present Simple Tense, we use the auxiliary verb “do” or “does” before the subject, and the base form of the verb. The following table shows the formation of interrogative sentences: Auxiliary Verb Subject Verb Do I, you, we, they work? Does he, she, it work? Examples: - Do you - Does she live in this city? - Do they like pizza? Time Adverbs in Present Simple Tense In English grammar, the Present Simple Tense is used to describe actions that are habitual or routine, or that occur regularly. Time adverbs are an essential part of the Present Simple Tense, as they help to indicate when an action occurs. Frequency Adverbs Frequency adverbs are used to describe how often an action occurs. They include words such as always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, and never. These adverbs are usually placed before the main verb in a sentence. For example: I always eat breakfast before work. She usually goes to bed early. He often plays video games on the weekends. They sometimes go to the park to play soccer. We rarely watch TV in the morning. You never forget to brush your teeth. Point of Time Adverbs Point of time adverbs are used to describe when an action occurs. They include words such as today, tomorrow, tonight, every. These adverbs are usually placed at the end of a sentence. For example: I go to the gym every Monday. She has a doctor’s appointment tomorrow. You will see her later. Usage of Present Simple Tense 1- Routine Activities: Present Simple Tense is used to describe routine activities that happen regularly or repeatedly. These activities can be daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly. For example: - I wake up at 6 am every day. - She goes to the gym three times a week. - They have dinner together every Friday. 2- Universal Truths Present Simple Tense is used to describe universal truths or facts that are always true. These are things that are generally accepted as true and do not change over time. For For example: - The Earth revolves around the Sun. - Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. - The human body needs oxygen to survive. 3- Habits Present Simple Tense is used to describe habits that are not necessarily routine but occur frequently. These habits may not have a set schedule but are still habitual. For example: - He always forgets his keys. - She never drinks coffee after 3 pm. - They often take walks in the park. 4- Feelings and Emotions Present Simple Tense is also used to describe feelings and emotions that are ongoing or continuous. These are feelings that are not necessarily tied to a specific moment in time but are part of a person’s character or personality. For example: - She loves chocolate. - He hates spiders. - They enjoy traveling.  The Present Continuous (progressive) Forming the present continuous: The form of the present continuous is the present tense of the verb to be + the verb base + ing. The present continuous (also called the present progressive) is a verb tense used to refer to a temporary action that is currently taking place. Affirmative Subject + to be + base + ing She is talking. Negative Subject + to be + not + base + ing She is not (isn't) talking Interrogative to be + subject + base + ing Is she talking? Examples: present continuous: Affirmative Negative Interrogative I am going I am not going Am I going? You are going You aren't going. Are you going? He, she, it is going He, she, it isn't going Is he, she, it going? We are going We aren't going Are we going? You are going You aren't going Are you going? They are going They aren't going Are they going?