Introduction to Global Health Lecture PDF

Discussion How might you define health, public health, and global health?  What is Public Health? “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” World Health Organization, 1948 “A...

Discussion How might you define health, public health, and global health?  What is Public Health? “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” World Health Organization, 1948 “A fundamental human right” Alma Ata, 1978 What is Public Health?  Public Health: An Evolving Concept “The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort for the sanitation of the environment, the control of communicable infections, the education of the individual in personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health ” Winslow, 1920  Public “ Health not dependent on medical care only, but on Health: An non-medical factors” Evolving Lalonde, 1974 Concept  Public “Both activities undertaken within the formal structure of Health: An government and the associated efforts of private and voluntary evolving organization and individuals” concept Institute of Medicine, 1988  “The practice of preventing Public disease and promoting good health within groups of Health: An people, from small communities to entire evolving countries” concept APHA, 2007  The promotion of hand washing The promotion of bicycle and motorcycle Selected helmets The promotion of knowledge about Examples HIV/AIDS Large-scale screening for diabetes and hypertension of Public Large-scale screening of the eyesight of schoolchildren Health Mass dosing of children against worms The operation of a supplementary feeding Activities program for poorly nourished young children  Discussion What are the key differences between the approach of medicine and the approach of public health?  Public health VS Medicine Health promotion and illness Treatment of disease prevention Deals with the community Deals with patients Commitment to equity and social Commitment to individual patient responsibility health Government are decision makers Patients are the decision makers for for accepting or rejecting public taking the treatment health experts recommendation  What is Global Health? Global health implies a global perspective on public health problems. Issues that people face in common (aging, climate change) Problems that require cooperative action – How countries can organize and manage their health systems to address the health problem  “Health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national What is boundaries and may best Global be addressed by cooperative actions.” Health? The U.S. Institute of Medicine  What is Global Health? “The application of the principles of public health to health problems and challenges that transcend national boundaries and to the complex array of global and local forces that affect them”  What is Global Health? “An area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people world- wide. Global health emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions, involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences, and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration; and is a synthesis of population based prevention with individual- level clinical care.”  Examples of Global Health Issues Health needs of the poor in poor countries Maternal Death Malnutrition among young children The burden of different communicable and non-communicable diseases worldwide – Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases – Antimicrobial resistance – Eradication of polio – TB, Malaria, HIV – The increasing cases of diabetes and heart disease globally The impact of the environment on health globally and the effects of natural disasters and conflicts Globalization Critical Global Health Concepts The determinants of The measurement of The importance of health health status culture to health The key risk factors for The demographic and The global burden of different health epidemiologic disease conditions transitions How key health issues Understand global The organization and affect different parts of health issues that are functions of health the world and the generally addressed systems world as a whole. through cooperation.  Organization of Data in your Book World Bank classification based on The six World Bank countries income and regions the income group to which they belong The Organization for The World Health Cooperation and Organization Regions Development (OECD)  World Bank The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects World Health Organization The World Health Organization founded on April 7, 1948 is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health Organization for Cooperation and Development (OECD) It an international organization that works to build better policies for better lives. Their goal is to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and well- being for all. World Bank Regions Africa referred East Asia and to as sub- Pacific Saharan Africa Latin America Europe and and the Central Asia Caribbean Middle East and North South Asia Africa  World Bank Classification based on Income Classification of countries in terms of their income and the income group to which they belong. These terms largely follow the definitions used by the World Bank Countries are divided into four income groups, based on their gross national income per person – $1,035 or less—low-income – $1,036 to $4,085—lower-middle-income – $4,086 to $12,615—upper-middle-income – $12,616 or above—high-income  World Health Organization Regions Africa The Americas South-East Asia Europe Eastern Mediterranean Western Pacific World Health Organization Regions List of OECD Countries Occupied Palestinian Territory The Millennium Development Goals The the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were formulated in 2000 at the United Nations Millennium Summit and were articulated in the Millennium Declaration. There are 8 MDGs and 15 core targets that relate to them. The countries that signed the declaration pledged to meet the MDGs by 2015. The MDGs are important for understanding global health issues because they are an explicit statement of the goals that many countries have set for an important part of their development efforts. All eight of the MDGs relate to health.  The Millennium Development Goals and Their Related Targets Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty – Target 1. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day – Target 2. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education – Target 3. Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women – Target 4. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015 Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality – Target 5. Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-5 mortality rate  The Millennium Development Goals and Their Related Targets Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health – Target 6. Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio Goal 6: Combat HIV/ AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases – Target 7. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS – Target 8. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability – Target 9. Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources – Target 10. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation – Target 11. Have achieved by 2020 a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers  The Millennium Development Goals and Their Related Targets Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development – Target 12. Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system – Target 13. Address the special needs of the least developed countries – Target 14. Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing states – Target 15. Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term Sustainable Development Goals The United Nations (UN) has set up a process to develop a new set of global development goals that will build on the MDGs and will be called Sustainable Development Goals. This work is being led by representatives from 70 countries, who share 30 seats on an “Open Working Group,” which the UN has established to guide the process. Sustainable Development Goals The Sustainable Development Goals or Global Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”. The SDGs were set up in 2015 by the United Nations General Assembly and are intended to be achieved by the year 2030.