BIO 175 Lecture Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

**BIO 175 (Cobb)** ================== **Lecture Exam 3 Study Guide** ============================== Each item listed in this Study Guide should be considered a Chapter- or Unit-level learning objective. The questions on the Exam will NOT look like the items listed here, but all Exam questions will...

**BIO 175 (Cobb)** ================== **Lecture Exam 3 Study Guide** ============================== Each item listed in this Study Guide should be considered a Chapter- or Unit-level learning objective. The questions on the Exam will NOT look like the items listed here, but all Exam questions will be based on these learning objectives. Many items are aligned to one or more of the Course Objectives listed in the Syllabus. The Course Objective to which each item is aligned is indicated in parentheses, *e.g.,* (CO 1). **[Chapter 6: Bones and Bone Structure]** ----------------------------------------------------- 1. **Identify** and **describe** *functions of the skeletal system.* 2. ***Describe** classification of bones by shape. **Identify** examples of each.* 3. ***Identify** and **describe** the structural components of long bones.* (CO 5) 4. ***Identify** and **describe** various bone markings. **Identify** examples of each.* (CO 5) 5. ***Describe** the composition and organization of bone tissue. (CO 5)* 6. ***Describe** and **compare** compact versus spongy bone* with regard to *tissue organization* and *physical properties,* including resistance to applied force*.* (CO 5) 7. ***Describe** and **compare** the composition and structure of periosteum versus endosteum.* (CO 5) 8. ***Identify, describe,** and **compare** the four types of cells found in bone. **Describe** the developmental relationships among each. (CO 5)* 9. ***Describe** and **compare** prenatal formation of bone via intramembranous versus endochondral ossification.* (CO 5) 10. ***Describe** growth at epiphyseal plates with regard to the four zones of epiphyseal cartilage.* (CO 5) 11. ***Describe** bone remodeling in terms of cell types involved and their respective roles in the process. (CO 5)* 12. ***Describe** the effects of exercise, or lack thereof, on bone.* (CO 5) 13. ***Identify** minerals and vitamins critical to bone health. **Describe** the roles of each.* (CO 5) 14. ***Describe** effects of growth hormone (GH), sex hormones, and thyroxine (T~4~) on bones. (CO 5)* 15. ***Identify** and **describe** disorders resulting from insufficient versus excess GH in childhood versus adulthood.* (CO 5) 16. ***Describe** the role of bone as a calcium reservoir. **Identify** examples of physiological processes that require the presence of calcium ions. (CO 2)* 17. ***Describe** the control of calcium balance via opposing effects of calcitonin versus parathyroid hormone (PTH). **Identify** which gland secretes each hormone. **Describe** effects of each on target organs and cell populations.* (CO 2, CO 5) 18. ***Identify** and **describe** pathologies affecting secretion of calcitonin or (PTH).* (CO 2, CO 5) 19. ***Describe** and **compare** traumatic versus pathologic fractures. **Identify** medical conditions in which pathologic fractures are common.* 20. ***Describe** naming of fractures according to whether bone ends are displaced, whether the fracture is complete, orientation of fracture to long axis of bone, and whether open or closed.* **Identify** *common types* of fractures. 21. ***Describe** the repair of a bone fracture.* (CO 2, CO 5) 22. ***Identify** and **describe** effects of age on bone. (CO 2, CO 5)* **[Chapter 9: Joints]** ----------------------------------- 23. ***Describe** classification of joints by joint structure, including type of tissue binding the joint, and range of motion.* **Identify** and **describe** *classes and examples of each.* 24. ***Identify and describe the essential components of synovial joints.*** 25. ***Identify and describe various accessory structures of synovial joints.*** 26. ***Describe classification of synovial joints into six major types based on structure and movement. Describe the types of motion allowed at each. Identify examples of each.*** 27. ***Identify and describe types of movements at synovial joints.*** 28. ***Identify and describe structures of the four major synovial joints: elbow, knee, shoulder, and hip.*** 29. ***Identify and describe structures of intervertebral joints.*** 30. ***Describe and compare rheumatoid arthritis versus osteoarthritis.* (CO 2)** 31. ***Identify and describe age-related changes in joints.* (CO 2)** **\ ** **BONUS POOL** -------------- Ten (10) of the 20 terms below will be included in the Bonus Section at the end of the Exam. One bonus point will be awarded for each correct definition, for a maximum of 5 bonus points. **Acetabulum** **Bursitis** **Canaliculi** **Dedifferentiation** **Epiphyseal line** **Hematopoiesis** **Hyperextension** **Hypertrophy** **Interosseous membrane** **Mesenchyme** **Metaphysis** **Nucleus pulposus** **Olecranon process** **Osteogenesis** **Osteopenia** **Piezoelectricity** **Scurvy** **Sprain** **Sutural ligament** **Trochlear notch**