Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Martini) Chapter 6 Bones and Bone Structure PDF

Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Martini) Chapter 6 Bones and Bone Structure Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of following is a function of the skeletal system? A) body support B) calcium homeostasis C) protection of internal organs D) blood cell production E) All of the answers are...

Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Martini) Chapter 6 Bones and Bone Structure Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of following is a function of the skeletal system? A) body support B) calcium homeostasis C) protection of internal organs D) blood cell production E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 2) Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system? A) tendons B) bones C) ligaments D) cartilage E) other tissues that connect bones Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 3) The shaft of long bones is called the A) epiphysis. B) metaphysis. C) diaphysis. D) paraphysis. E) endophysis. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 4) A ________ is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley. A) tubercle B) trochanter C) trochlea D) tuberosity E) trabeculae Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 1 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 5) A small rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a A) tubercle. B) trochanter. C) trochlea. D) tuberosity. E) trabecula. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 6) A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a A) foramen. B) sinus. C) fossa. D) canal. E) meatus. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 7) The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is called a A) head. B) crown. C) capitulum. D) corona. E) bulb. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 8) A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves. A) sinus B) fossa C) meatus D) foramen E) cavernosa Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 2 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 9) The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones. A) 88 B) 115 C) 174 D) 206 E) 251 Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 10) Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape? A) patella B) frontal C) vertebra D) metatarsal E) ulna Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 11) The proximal and distal ends of a long bone are called the A) epiphyses. B) diaphyses. C) epiphyseal plates. D) metaphyses. E) periphyses. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 12) The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 3 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 13) A rib is an example of a ________ bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) sutural E) sesamoid Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 14) The patella is an example of a(n) ________ bone. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) flat Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 15) Small bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) tendon Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 16) ________ bones develop inside tendons, commonly near the knees, hands, and feet. A) Irregular B) Sesamoid C) Short D) Long E) Flat Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 4 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 17) The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 18) A ________ is a large rough proximal projection on a bone. A) ramus B) trochanter C) tuberosity D) tubercle E) condyle Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 19) A rounded passage or hole through a bone is called a A) ramus. B) foramen. C) linea. D) tubercle. E) facet. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 20) The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a A) crest. B) ridge. C) head. D) condyle. E) trochlea. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 5 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 21) A shallow depression on a bone is termed a A) fossa. B) sulcus. C) facet. D) fissure. E) line. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 22) The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the A) diaphysis. B) epiphysis. C) osseophysis. D) metaphysis. E) medullary cavity. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 23) Bones that are relatively long and slender, consisting of a shaft with two ends are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 24) Bones that have thin parallel surfaces are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 6 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 25) Bones that are boxy with approximately equal dimensions are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 26) Bones that have complex shapes are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 27) Bones that are small, round and tend to develop in tendons are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 28) Canaliculi are A) also known as Volkmann's channels. B) the same as Haversian canals. C) narrow passageways in the matrix connecting lacunae to blood supply. D) layers of bony matrix laid down in rings. E) have both a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 7 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 29) Which of the following is not true of osteocytes? A) Osteocytes maintain protein and mineral content of matrix. B) Osteocytes take part in repair of damaged bone. C) Osteocytes form cytoplasmic extensions within canaliculi. D) Osteocytes are located within lacunae. E) Osteocytes have 50 or more nuclei. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 30) Which of the following is true of osteoclasts? A) Osteoclasts maintain protein and mineral content of matrix. B) Osteoclasts are responsible for laying down osteoid. C) Osteoclasts form cytoplasmic extensions within canaliculi. D) Osteoclasts are located within lacunae. E) Osteoclasts secretes protein digesting enzymes and acids that dissolve matrix. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 31) Which of following is/are produced from the monocyte stem cells? A) osteoblasts B) osteoclasts C) osteocytes D) osteoprogenitor cells E) osteogenic cells Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 32) Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte? A) stem cell B) dissolves matrix C) mature bone cell D) secretes organic matrix E) immature bone cell Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 8 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 33) Bone is composed of ________ percent cells. A) 25 B) 10 C) 2 D) 15 E) 50 Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 34) Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called A) osteocytes. B) osteoprogenitor cells. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts. E) osteoid cells. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 35) ________ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts. A) Osteoclasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteomedullary cells D) Osteogenic cells E) Osteoid cells Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 36) Through the action of osteoclasts, A) new bone is formed. B) an organic framework is formed. C) bony matrix is dissolved. D) osteoid is calcified. E) fractured bones regenerate. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 9 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 37) The space occupied by an osteocyte is called A) Volkmann's canal. B) a lacuna. C) a trabecula. D) a Haversian canal. E) a canaliculus. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 38) Which of the following chemicals is not present in bone? A) calcium phosphate B) collagen fibers C) calcium carbonate D) chondroitin sulfate E) hydroxyapatite Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 39) ________ account(s) for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone. A) Water B) Calcium carbonate C) Collagen fibers D) Fluoride E) Calcium phosphate Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 40) ________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum. A) Osteocyte B) Osteoclast C) Osteoid D) Osteogenic E) Osteolytic Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 10 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 41) The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering. A) collagen-fiber B) protein-crystal C) mineral-crystal D) protein-protein E) hydroxyapatite-crystal Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 42) The most abundant cell type in bone is A) osteoclasts. B) osteoblasts. C) osteolytes. D) osteoprogenitor cells. E) osteocytes. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 43) The lacunae of osseous tissue contain A) blood cells. B) osteocytes. C) chondroblasts. D) bone marrow. E) capillaries. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 44) How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone? A) The bone would be less flexible. B) The bone would be stronger. C) The bone would be more brittle. D) The bone would be more flexible. E) The bone would be more compressible. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing 11 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 45) The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called A) central canals. B) lacunae. C) canaliculi. D) medullary cavities. E) foramina. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 46) In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of A) osteoid matrix. B) calcium carbonate. C) hydroxyapatite. D) calcitriol. E) proteolytic enzymes. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 47) Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are called ________ cells. A) osteopropagator B) osteoforming C) osteocreator D) osteotrophic E) osteogenic Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 48) Cells that free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels are called A) osteolytics. B) osteoclasts. C) osteoblasts. D) osteogenics. E) osteocytes. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 12 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 49) ________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints. A) A synovial membrane B) Elastic cartilage C) A serous membrane D) Articular cartilage E) Serous fluid Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 50) Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the A) osteolytic cells. B) osteoclasts. C) osteoblasts. D) osteocytes. E) osteogenic cells. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 51) Cells that secrete protein fibers in bone are called A) osteolytic cells. B) osteoclasts. C) osteoblasts. D) osteocytes. E) osteogenic cells. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 52) The organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone is called A) osteon. B) osteoid. C) hydroxyapatite. D) mesenchymal tissue. E) calcium phosphate. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 13 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 53) Layers of bony matrix at the outer and inner surfaces of bone and covered by the periosteum and the endosteum are A) concentric lamellae. B) osteons. C) Haversian systems. D) interstitial lamellae. E) circumferential lamellae. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 54) The layer of bone that is interwoven with tendons is the A) circumferential lamellae. B) periosteum. C) endosteum. D) concentric lamellae. E) perichondrium. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 55) Connective tissue fibers incorporated into bone tissue from ligaments are called A) elastic fibers. B) reticular fibers. C) perforating fibers. D) superficial fibers. E) calcified fibers. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 56) The central canal of an osteon contains A) bone marrow. B) osteocytes. C) concentric lamellae. D) blood vessels. E) lacunae. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 14 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 57) The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called A) osteons. B) trabeculae. C) concentric lamellae. D) interstitial lamellae. E) lacunae. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 58) The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone. A) spongy B) osteon C) compact D) lamellar E) irregular Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 59) The structural units of mature compact bone are called A) trabeculae. B) osteocytes. C) osteons. D) canaliculi. E) lamellae. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 60) Adipose tissue is stored within the A) medullary cavity. B) metaphysis. C) spongy bone. D) epiphysis. E) diaphysis. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 15 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 61) Which of the following is a characteristic of bone? A) The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. B) The matrix of the bone contains osteoclasts and chondroblasts. C) Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for muscle attachment. D) The matrix of bone is mostly collagen with very little calcium. E) For strength, compact bone is organized into a meshwork of matrix called trabeculae. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 62) In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are A) radial. B) anterior. C) parallel. D) proximal. E) diagonal. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 63) The femur can withstand ________ times the body's weight without breaking. A) 3 B) 5 to 10 C) 8 D) 10 to 15 E) 30 Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 64) ________ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone. A) Blue B) Yellow C) White D) Gray E) Red Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 16 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 65) The lining of the medullary cavity is called the A) endosteum. B) periosteum. C) epiosteum. D) mediosteum. E) paraosteum. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 66) ________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles. A) Short B) Irregular C) Spongy D) Compact E) Long Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 67) The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are A) circumferential lamellae. B) osteoid plates. C) trabeculae. D) concentric lamellae. E) epiphseal ridges. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 68) Which statement is true regarding calcium in bone matrix? A) Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite. B) Calcium is secreted by osteoblasts into the matrix. C) Once deposited, calcium cannot be removed from bone. D) Calcium provides flexibility to the bone matrix. E) Calcium is the organic part of the matrix. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 17 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 69) The trabeculae of spongy bone A) are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone. B) are organized along stress lines. C) are composed mostly of cartilage. D) will collapse under stress. E) are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following questions: 70) Which structure is called an osteon? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 18 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 71) Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 72) The structure labeled "3" is the result of which process? A) bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons B) surface growth of bone C) remodeling of compact bone D) remodeling of spongy bone E) osteoporosis Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 73) Identify the structures labeled "4." A) concentric lamellae B) circumferential lamellae C) interstitial lamellae D) trabeculae E) periosteum Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 74) What lines the structure labeled "7"? A) the endosteum B) blood vessels C) the central canal D) spongy bone E) trabeculae Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 19 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 75) Blood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as A) perforating canals. B) canaliculi. C) interstitial canals. D) concentric ducts. E) concentric canals. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 76) ________ fibers are stronger than steel when stretched. A) Calcium B) Mineral C) Elastic D) Carbon E) Collagen Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 77) The superficial membrane of a bone is called the A) endosteum. B) ectosteum. C) cortical membrane. D) periosteum. E) osteoid collar. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 78) The process by which osteoblasts add layers to circumferential lamellae is A) appositional growth. B) interstitial growth. C) intramembranous growth. D) endochondral ossification. E) epiphyseal ossification. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 20 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 79) During endochondral ossification these vessels invade the cartilage of the diaphysis. A) metaphyseal vessels B) nutrient arteries and veins C) periosteal vessels D) endosteal vessels E) diaphyseal artery and vein Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 80) During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced by bone. A) phosphorylation B) resorption C) ossification D) osteopropagation E) remodeling Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 81) A calcified skeletal muscle is an example of A) bone spurs. B) osteoporosis. C) heterotopic bone formation. D) osteodysplasia. E) osteomalacia. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 82) What type of tissue is replaced in the embryo during endochondral ossification? A) connective tissue membranes B) fibrocartilage C) mesenchymal tissue D) hyaline cartilage E) Wharton's jelly Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 21 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 83) The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage? A) elastic cartilage B) synovial cartilage C) hyaline cartilage D) fibrocartilage E) osseous cartilage Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 84) The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as A) hardening. B) ossification. C) calcification. D) osteogenesis. E) remodeling. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 85) Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification? A) roof of the skull B) carpal bones C) femur D) clavicle E) the roof of the skull and the clavicle Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 86) Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) A) fibrous connective-tissue model. B) cartilage model. C) membranous model. D) calcified model. E) osteoid model. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 22 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 87) The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification. What is the correct order for these events? 1. Enlarged chondrocytes die. 2. Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify. 4. Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage. 5. Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a superficial layer of bone. A) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 B) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 C) 1, 5, 3, 4, 2 D) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 88) Secondary ossification centers occur A) in the diaphysis. B) at the periosteum. C) in the epiphyses. D) in the metaphyses. E) in dermal bones. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 89) Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells. A) osteoclast B) osteolytic C) mesenchymal D) osteoblast E) osteocyte Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 90) Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false? A) It results in short, stubby fingers. B) It results from a mutation. C) It affects connective tissue structures. D) It affects epiphyseal cartilages. E) It may also cause cardiovascular problems. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 23 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 91) Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of A) concentric lamellae. B) cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis. C) growth of trabeculae. D) osteoblasts in the endosteum. E) cartilage cells in the diaphyseal side of the metaphysis. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 92) Intramembranous ossification A) produces flat bones, as in the bones of the roof of the skull. B) explains how a juvenile's bone can grow in length. C) occurs in the diaphysis of a long bone. D) occurs inside a bag of cartilage. E) occurs in all bones before birth. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 93) Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the A) proximal epiphysis. B) periosteum. C) metaphysis. D) distal epiphysis. E) diaphysis. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 94) Suppose that epiphyseal lines appear in a 10-year-old's long bones. Which of the following statements is, therefore, true? A) The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible. B) Administration of growth hormone will stimulate future bone growth in length. C) Osteoclasts will dissolve the metaphysis so length growth can continue until adulthood. D) More growth will occur during the teenage years as sex hormones stimulate rebuilding of growth plates. E) Intramembranous ossification will enable further growth in length. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 24 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 95) During appositional growth, A) bones grow longer. B) bones grow wider. C) cartilage replaces bone. D) the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis. E) compact bone replaces spongy bone. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 96) When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, A) puberty begins. B) interstitial bone growth begins. C) appositional bone growth begins. D) long bones have reached their adult length. E) the bone becomes more brittle. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 97) When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones A) grow longer. B) grow wider. C) become shorter. D) become more porous and weaker. E) become thicker. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 98) Accelerated closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by A) high levels of vitamin D. B) too much calcium in the diet. C) elevated levels of estrogen. D) too little thyroxine. E) an excess of growth hormone. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 25 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 99) When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates A) widen. B) become narrower. C) increase slowly. D) accelerate rapidly, but mostly in thickness. E) are hardly affected. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 100) The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification: 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. What is the correct order for these events? A) 4, 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 1, 3, 4 C) 4, 2, 1, 3 D) 2, 3, 1, 4 E) 3, 4, 2, 1 Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 26 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s): 101) Where does growth in length occur? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 27 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 102) What type of tissue occurs at #1? A) elastic tissue B) fibrocartilage C) bone D) hyaline cartilage E) marrow tissue Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 103) What process is shown at #6? A) primary ossification B) secondary ossification C) length growth D) width growth E) fracture repair Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 104) Identify the structure at #4. A) intramembranous bone B) spongy bone C) hyaline cartilage D) periosteum E) mesenchyme Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 105) Identify the structure labeled "2." A) epiphysis B) diaphysis C) metaphysis D) marrow cavity E) trabeculae Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 28 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 106) In normal adult bones, A) there is no turnover of minerals. B) a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year. C) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, once bone has been formed. D) osteoclasts continue to be active long after osteoblast activity ceases. E) exercise will have no effect on bone remodeling. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 107) The ongoing process of tearing down and rebuilding bone matrix is called A) restoration. B) osteolysis. C) resorption. D) ossification. E) remodeling. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 108) How do sex hormones affect bone growth? A) Testosterone stimulates osteoclast activity. B) They cause ossification to be faster than cartilage replacement. C) They stimulate the cleavage of hydroxyapetite. D) They cause osteoporosis. E) Estrogen causes slower epiphyseal closure. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 109) Which hormone increases calcium and phosphate ion absorption by the intestines? A) parathyroid hormone B) calcitriol C) thyroxine D) calcitonin E) estrogen Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 29 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 110) A lack of exercise could A) cause bones to become thicker. B) cause bones to store more calcium. C) result in porous and weak bones. D) cause bones to become longer. E) cause bones to lose their medullary cavity. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 111) When stress is applied to a bone, A) the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts. B) osteoclast activity increases and osteoblast activity decreases. C) the bone becomes thin and brittle and ultimately fractures. D) the bone compensates by becoming thinner in the region of stress. E) blood supply through the nutrient artery diminishes and thus remodeling proceeds at a much slower rate. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 112) Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in A) osteoporosis. B) osteopenia. C) rickets. D) gigantism. E) dwarfism. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 113) Factors that are necessary for proper bone formation include all of the following, except A) vitamin A. B) vitamin E. C) vitamin C. D) the hormone thyroxine. E) vitamin D. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 30 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 114) Where in the body does the production of precursors for the synthesis of calcitriol occur? A) bone B) kidneys C) small intestine D) liver E) skin Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 115) ________ hormones stimulate osteoblasts to produce bone matrix. A) Sex B) Growth C) Thyroid D) Parathyroid E) Pancreatic Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 116) RANKL or receptor activators of nuclear factor kB A) are receptors that bind directly to PTH. B) are found on the surface of osteoclasts. C) are molecules that cause osteoblasts to lay down bone. D) is a signal molecule that stimulates osteoclasts development. E) causes calcium to be excreted by the kidneys. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 117) Calcitonin does all of the following except A) increase bone deposition. B) inhibit osteoclasts. C) cause kidneys to excrete calcium. D) cause less calcitriol to be secreted. E) increase its level in pregnant women. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 31 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 118) If blood calcium levels drop below 8.5 mg/dL which hormone is likely to be activated? A) parathyroid hormone B) estrogen C) calcitonin D) calcitriol E) both calcitriol and parathyroid hormone Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 119) If blood calcium levels rise above 11mg/dL which hormone is likely to be activated? A) parathyroid hormone B) estrogen C) calcitonin D) calcitriol E) both calcitriol and parathyroid hormone Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 120) Of the total inorganic components in bone, calcium accounts for what percent? A) 17% B) 9.7% C) 39% D) 72% E) 0.72% Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 121) Of the total organic components in bone most of it is A) collagen. B) keratin. C) keratohyalin. D) elastin. E) actin. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 32 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 122) The most abundant mineral in the human body is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) phosphorus. D) calcium. E) hydrogen. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 123) Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone A) calcitonin. B) thyroid hormone. C) parathyroid hormone. D) growth hormone. E) testosterone. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 124) The hormone calcitonin functions to A) stimulate osteoclast activity. B) decrease the rate of calcium excretion. C) decrease the rate of calcium absorption. D) decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 125) Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways except A) stimulating osteoclast activity. B) increasing the rate of calcium absorption. C) decreasing the rate of calcium excretion. D) raising the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) inhibiting calcitonin secretion. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 33 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 126) A child with rickets often has A) oversized facial bones. B) long fingers. C) frequent bruises. D) bowed legs. E) inadequate muscle development. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 127) Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of A) potassium. B) iron. C) sulfate. D) calcium. E) sodium. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 128) Hundreds of years ago, explorers often died of scurvy. How can this bone-related disease be prevented? A) Supplement the diet with more calcium from meat. B) Increase levels of testosterone to stimulate bone repair. C) Supplement the diet with fresh fruit rich in vitamin C. D) Drink more water to promote bone remodeling and repair. E) Amputate fractured limbs to prevent the spread of scurvy. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 129) How is vitamin D (vitamin D3) related to calcium homeostasis in bone? A) Vitamin D provides a framework for calcium in the matrix. B) Vitamin D is regulated by osteoclast activity. C) Vitamin D is produced by osteoblasts during endochondral ossification. D) Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract. E) Vitamin D replaces calcium in the skeleton. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 34 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 130) The disease osteomalacia causes calcium loss from the skeleton, which would result in bones that are A) more resistant to compression. B) stronger and heavier. C) stronger and contain more spongy bone. D) weaker and more flexible. E) weaker and more brittle. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 131) Damage to a bone because of extreme load, sudden impact, or stresses applied from an unusual direction is called a A) dislocation. B) contortion. C) rupture. D) fragmentation. E) fracture. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 132) A(n) ________, or closed, fracture does not break the skin. A) plain B) internal C) simple D) contained E) common Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 133) An open or ________ fracture projects through the skin. A) external B) exposed C) complex D) compound E) complicated Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 35 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 134) A ________ fracture shatters the bone. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 135) A fracture of the bone across its long axis is called a ________ fracture. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 136) In a ________ fracture one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 137) A ________ fracture is produced by twisting stresses applied to the bone. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 36 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 138) A transverse fracture of the wrist that may be comminuted is called a ________ fracture. A) Pott's B) Long's C) tarsal D) common E) Colles Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 139) A fracture that affects the malleolus on both lower leg bones is called a ________ fracture. A) carpal B) Pott's C) Colles D) complex E) double-split Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 140) The fracture of vertebrae subjected to extreme vertical stress is called a ________ fracture. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 141) After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the A) epiphyseal plate. B) external callus. C) dense tuberosity. D) condyle. E) fracture facet. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 37 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 142) A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture. A) compression B) Pott's C) displaced D) greenstick E) Colles Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 143) While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott's fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall? A) hypertension B) tachycardia C) erythema D) hematoma E) cyanosis Answer: D Learning Outcome: 6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 144) What is the correct sequence of steps in bone repair? 1. Cartilage in the external callus is replaced by bone. 2. A hematoma occurs. 3. An internal callus forms at the site of injury. 4. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel the bone at the site of repair. A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 2, 1, 3, 4 C) 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 4, 2, 3, 1 E) 2, 3, 1, 4 Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 145) Osteoclast-activating factor does all of the following except that it A) is released in large amounts early in life. B) increases the number of osteoclasts. C) increases the activity of osteoclasts. D) produces a severe osteoporosis. E) is released by some cancer tumors. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 38 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 146) A condition in which bone becomes riddled with holes making them brittle and compromises normal function is called A) osteopenia. B) osteoporosis. C) osteomyelitis. D) osteitis. E) osteomalacia. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 147) The condition known as osteopenia A) affects mostly women. B) causes a gradual reduction in bone mass. C) is caused by too much vitamin D in the diet. D) is rarely seen as people age. E) only affects the femur. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 148) If osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts, bones will become A) denser. B) thicker. C) osteopenic. D) stronger. E) calcified. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 149) Why does osteoporosis affect more women than men? A) Women typically do not get enough calcium in their diet. B) Men do not remodel the skeleton as fast as women. C) Pregnancy causes deossification of bones in women and will lead to osteoporosis. D) Men exercise more than women and therefore have less osteoporosis. E) Women have a decrease in sex hormones after menopause. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 39 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 150) Aging has what effect on the skeletal system? A) progressive loss of processes and tuberosities B) fusion of joints, especially in the vertebral column C) loss of calcium and collagen fibers from matrix D) increase in the number of cranial foramina E) increase in adipose tissue in epiphyses Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 151) If a tumor secretes high levels of osteoclast-activating factor, which of the following would you expect to occur as a result of this condition? A) increases in blood levels of calcium B) bone fragility C) decreased bone density D) increased osteoclast activity E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 152) Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone might she prescribe for Mary? A) thyroid hormone B) growth hormone C) estrogen D) parathyroid hormone E) calcitonin Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 153) Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests nutritional therapy. What might she recommend for Mary? A) vitamin C B) vitamin D C) calcium supplements D) dairy products E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 40 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 154) The natural age-related loss of bone mass is called A) osteogenesis imperfecta. B) osteoporosis. C) osteomalacia. D) osteodysplasia. E) osteopenia. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering In-Text Figure Based Questions 1) Where is spongy bone found in long bones? Where is spongy bone found in flat bones? (Figure 6-3) A) diaphysis; between the compact bone layers B) epiphyses; between the compact bone layers C) metaphyses; between the compact bone layers D) between the compact bone layers; medullary cavity E) epiphyses; metaphyses Answer: B Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 2) Which three types of bone cells are developmentally related and what is their progression from the earliest to the latest stage? (Figure 6-5) A) osteoclasts to osteoblasts to osteocytes B) osteocytes to osteoblasts to osteoclasts C) osteogenic to osteoclasts to osteoblasts D) osteogenic to osteocytes to osteoblasts E) osteogenic to osteoblasts to osteocytes Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 41 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 3) What are the three ways in which lamellae are organized in compact bone? (Figure 6-7) A) horizontally around an osteon, vertically between osteons, and transversely around the entire bone B) concentrically around an osteon, vertically between osteons, and transversely around the entire bone C) vertically around an osteon, interstitially between osteons, and horizontally around the entire bone D) concentrically around an osteon, vertically between osteons, and parallel around the entire bone E) concentrically around an osteon, interstitially between osteons, and circumferentially around the entire bone Answer: E Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 4) Select the correct words for the following sentence: The (endosteum/periosteum) covers the superficial layer of compact bone and is made up of (the fibrous and cellular layers/osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes). (Figure 6-10) A) periosteum; fibrous and cellular layers B) endosteum; fibrous and cellular layers C) periosteum; osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes D) endosteum; osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes E) endosteum and periosteum; osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes Answer: A Learning Outcome: 6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 5) What gland responds when the blood calcium level is too low? (Figure 6-16a) A) thyroid gland B) adrenal gland C) parathyroid gland D) pituitary gland E) hypothalamus Answer: C Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 42 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Essay Questions 1) During the growth of a long bone, how is the epiphysis forced farther from the shaft? Answer: The chondrocytes of the epiphyseal cartilage enlarge and divide, increasing the thickness of the cartilage. On the shaft, the chondrocytes become ossified, "chasing" the expanding epiphyseal cartilage away from the shaft. Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 2) What is the difference between ossification and calcification? Answer: Ossification means specifically the conversion of connective tissue into bone tissue. Calcification means the depositing of calcium salts in any tissue, including bone. Learning Outcome: 6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 3) Todd is 13 and lives in an urban apartment. He spends most of his time watching TV and eating "junk" food. One afternoon, during recess, he falls on the playground and breaks his leg. Although he appears to be healthy, his leg takes longer to heal than expected. What might be the cause of the longer healing time? Answer: Assuming that there is no other disease process involved, Todd's problem is probably related to his poor diet. Good nutrition is important for promoting the healing process. Insufficient quantities of protein, vitamin C, vitamin A, and vitamin D would cause the normal healing process to occur at a much slower rate. Todd's inactivity may also contribute to his slower rate of healing. Learning Outcome: 6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 4) An elderly patient has a broken femur that is healing very slowly. A young resident suggests using a device that will create an electrical field in the area of the fracture to help speed the healing process. Why might this possibly help? Answer: Osteoblasts are attracted to electrical fields produced by bone crystals when they are stressed. This is one of the reasons that trabeculae of bones are organized along stress lines. If the same type of electrical field could be duplicated at the site of the fracture, osteoblasts may be stimulated to migrate to the area and increase the rate of bone production and thus healing of the fracture. Learning Outcome: 6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 43 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 5) Would you expect to see changes in blood levels of the hormones calcitonin and PTH as a result of vitamin D3 deficiency? Explain. Answer: A person deficient in vitamin D3 would not be able to absorb calcium effectively from the digestive tract, leading to a shortage of calcium in the blood. To maintain homeostasis, the decrease in blood calcium would trigger the release of PTH. The PTH, in turn, would stimulate osteoclasts to release enough calcium from the bone to maintain proper calcium levels in the blood. Levels of calcitonin would decrease, because release of this hormone is triggered by high blood calcium levels. Learning Outcome: 6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 6) What is osteopenia? Name and define two forms of osteopenia. Answer: Osteopenia is a general term for reduced bone mass. Osteoporosis and osteomalacia are forms. Osteoporosis is a condition of reduced bone density, bone weakness, and pain resulting from the loss of mineral from bone with advancing age. Osteomalacia is bone weakness caused by insufficient calcium deposits. It is known as rickets in the young. Learning Outcome: 6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 44 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.