Anatomy & Physiology BMS 101 Lecture on Anatomical Terms, Cartilage, and Bone (PDF)

Anatomy & physiology BMS 101 Anatomical terms- cartilage – bone Dr.Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Identify anatomical terms Describe anatomical...

Anatomy & physiology BMS 101 Anatomical terms- cartilage – bone Dr.Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Identify anatomical terms Describe anatomical position Describe the type, site of cartilage Classify the skeleton List functions of bones 2  Anatomical position 1. Standing erect. 2. Eyes looking forwards 3. Arms straight by the sides. 4. Palms facing forwards. 5. Thumb directed laterally. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  The body lies on its back The body lies on its face The body lies on its side (right or left) Lateral decuibtus Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Anterior = In frontAnatomical of = Terms posterior Anterior (dorsal) Nearer to the front of the (ventral) body Posterior = Behind = Nearer to the back of the body Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Terms of Position Superior (upper or cranial) = Nearer to the upper end of the body. Inferior (lower or caudal) = Nearer to the lower end of the body. Median = exactly in the middle line. Medial = nearer to the median plane. Lateral = away from the median plane. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Proximal = nearer to the root of the limb. Distal = away from the root of the limb. Superficial = towards the skin or the surface of the body. Deep = further away from the skin or the surface of the body. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Anatomical Planes (Median plane) It cuts the body It is the vertical plane which vertically into passes in the middle line of anterior & the body.it divides the body into 2 equal half right and left posterior parts. Paramedian plane: It is parallel to the median (horizontal plane) plane. It divides the body into right and left parts It runs horizontally cutting the body into superior & inferior parts. The Skeleton is formed of (206 bones) Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Classification of Skeleton 1- According to their position in the body: ❑ Axial skeleton bones in the midline of the body ❑ Appendicular skeleton bones of the limbs & their girdles Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Axial skeleton Axial skeleton formed of: 1. Skull and mandible 2. Ribs 3. Sternum 4. Vertebral column 5. Hyoid bone Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Skull: is the skeleton of the cranium and face and consists of 21 immovable bones which are joined to each other at sutures. Mandible: is the skeleton of the lower jaw and is the only movable bone in the head. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy ✓Ribs (12 pairs) ✓Sternum  Formed of Vertebral column 33 vertebrae 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae Cervical vert 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacral vertebrae fused Thoracic to form sacrum vert 2-4 coccygeal vertebrae fused to form coccyx Lumbar vert Sacral vert Coccygeal vert Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Appendicular Skeleton Shoulder girdle + Free upper limb pelvic girdle + Free Lower limb Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Bones of the upper limb 1.bones of the shoulder girdle is formed of scapula & clavicle 2- bone of the free limb Bone of the arm -Humerus Bone of the forearm - radius and ulna Bone of the hand – carpal – metacarpal and phalanges  Bones of the lower limb Bones of the lower limb consists of: 1-bones of pelvic girdle (hip bone) 2-bones of free limb Hip bone Bone of the thigh: femur Bones of the leg: a. Tibia: medially b. Fibula: laterally Femur Bones of the foot: a. Tarsus Fibula b. Metatarsus Tibia c. Phalanges Tarsal bones { Foot Metatarsals Phalanges Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 2-According to the process of ossification (Bone formation): A-Intra-membranous ossification: Occurs in some bones, e.g. clavicle, skull cap and mandible. The bones are developed directly from mesenchyme. B-Intra-cartilaginous ossification: It occurs in long bones, vertebrae, ribs and base of skull. The mesenchyme is changed at first into a cartilage model. Then the cartilage is changed into bone. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 3-According to Shape Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Types of bones according to shape 1) Long bones : (2 ends & a shaft) 🡪 femur, humerus The metacarpals, metatarsals, & phalanges are considered as small long bones as they have 2 ends & a shaft Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Structure of long bone Epiphysis : covered by hyaline cartilage Diaphysis: 1. Compact bone containing bone marrow 2. Covered e fibrous sheath periosteum 3. Epiphyseal plate of cartilage length Metaphysis: lies in the upper and lower part of the diaphysis Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Growth of long bone 1- in length epiphyseal plate of cartilage 2- in diameter periosteum Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  2)short bones 🡪 carpal & tarsal bones Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 3) flat bones bones of skull cap sternum scapula Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  4)Irregular bones 🡪 vertebrae/ hip bone Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  frontal 5) Pneumatic bones ( air filled spaces inside some skull bones) maxilla Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Pneumatic bones ( air filled) Pneumatic bones make skull lighter & add resonance to voice. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 6) Sesamoid bone develop inside the tendon of some muscles at the sites of friction) 🡪 patella Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Functions of the bones 1- it gives the body its shape. 2-enters in the formations of joints. 3-it gives attachment to muscles and ligaments. 4- it forms rigid support for movements and weight. 5- formation of blood elements. 6- the big store for calcium and phosphorus 7-Protects the organs, the skull protects the brain, and thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Thank You gu.edu.eg  Test yourself 1-The plane which divides the body into 2 equal halves right and left is: a-Median plane b-Coronal plane c-Paramedian plane d-Horizontal plane Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 2-The patella is a: a-Short bone. b-Long bone. c-Flat bone. d-Seasamoid bone. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 3-The following statement describes the anatomical position: a-The eyes are looking backwards. b-The upper limbs are hanging by the sides. c-The palms are facing backwards. d-The thumbs are directed medially. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 4-The anatomical term that means “away from the median plane” is: A-Lateral. B-Medial. C-Distal. D-Proximal. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy