Lecture ES-451 Field Studies 2024 PDF

ES-451 Field Studies https://carleton.ca/geography/environmental-studies/ Dr. Swatantra Pratap Singh Environmental Science and Engineering Department [email protected] Office: 4th Floor, Faculty Lab-11, CESE-DESE new building ...

ES-451 Field Studies https://carleton.ca/geography/environmental-studies/ Dr. Swatantra Pratap Singh Environmental Science and Engineering Department [email protected] Office: 4th Floor, Faculty Lab-11, CESE-DESE new building  ES 451 Course Content and Structure ❖ Socio-economic-environmental survey ❖ Primary productivity (15 days experiments) Sr. Activity Marks Weightage ❖ Biodiversity index (SGNP Visit) No. ❖ STP Visit 1. Survey 15 ❖ Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility Visit 70% ❖ Catalyst Industry: Air and water control technology 2. Productivity 15 3. Biodiversity 15 4. Trip 1 – STP 15 5. Trip 2 – Waste Management 15 Modality Facility ❑ 1 interactions 6. Trip 3 – Hindustan Platinum 15 ❑ Report submission (As per instructions) Industry (03.11.2023) ❑ Aattendance (TA): Trip and experiments 7. End Sem Exam 30 30% 3  ES 451 Course Content and Structure Date Planned Activity Lecture and discussion on both modules/ ❖ Socio-economic-environmental survey parallelly start Primary ❖ Primary productivity (15 days experiments) productivity on the ❖ Biodiversity index weekend Surveying ❖ STP Visit 27.09.2024 ❖ Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility Visit 04.10.2024 Primary productivity ❖ Catalyst Industry: Air and water control technology 11.10.2024 STP visit Mumbai Waste 18.10.2024 Management Taloja visit 25.10.2024 Hindustan Platinum visit 08.11.2024 Biodiversity in SGNP Written Exam (2 h) 09.11.2024 80% Attendance or DX 3 What is an ecosystem? ❑ An ecosystem includes all of the living things (plants, animals and organisms) in a given area, interacting with each other, and also with their non-living environments (weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere). ❑ Ecosystems are the foundations of the Biosphere and they determine the health of the entire earth system ❑ This very complex, wonderful interaction of living things and their environment, has been the foundations of energy flow and recycle of carbon, and nitrogen http://eschooltoday.com/ecosystems/what-is-an-ecosystem.html 4 Components of an ecosystem https://www.pmfias.com/environment-ecosystem-components-ecosystem/ 5 Concepts in an ecosystem: food web ❑ An autotroph or producer: ❑ Produces complex organic compounds (such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) ❑ Using energy from light (photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis) ❑ Heterotroph: ❑ Cannot produce its own food, relying instead on the intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter ❑ Herbivore: Animals anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material ❑ Carnivore: meat eaters, an organism that derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of animal tissue, whether through predation or 6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FoodWebSimple.jp scavenging. g Concepts in an ecosystem ❑ Energy transfer: Energy is transferred along food chains from one level to the next. Some of the energy is used up in growth, reproduction repair, movement and other ways, and not made available to the next level ❑ Shorter food chains retain more energy than longer chains. http://apbioecologyproject.weebly.com/uploads/4/9/7/2/49723057/1416103_orig.png 7 Concepts in an ecosystem Pyramid of energy ❑ An energy pyramid is a presentation of the trophic levels in an ecosystem. ❑ Roughly 10% of the energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. ❑ There must be higher amounts of biomass at the bottom of the pyramid to support the energy and biomass requirements of the higher trophic levels https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ecological_Pyramid.svg/1200px-Ecological_Pyramid.svg.png 8 Concepts in an ecosystem ❑ Secondary production of an ecosystem is the amount of chemical energy in food converted to new biomass during a given period of time ❖ When a caterpillar feeds on a leaf, only about one-sixth of the leaf’s energy is used for secondary production ❖ An organism’s production efficiency is the fraction of energy stored in food that is not used for respiration Production Net secondary production × 100% efficiency = Assimilation of primary production ❑ Birds and mammals have efficiencies in the range of ~1−3% because of the high cost of endothermy ❑ Fishes have production efficiencies of around ~10% ❑ Insects and microorganisms have efficiencies of ~40% or more 9  Ecological efficiency Why only 10 % transfer? Energy from lower trophic level Energy not used Gross energy intake Digested energy excreted energy Assimilated energy Resting energy Activity Growth Reproduction Maintenance or respiration Production  Primary productivity Objective: To estimate the Net primary productivity, Respiration Rate, and Gross primary productivity of some plant species. ❑ Gross primary productivity, or GPP: The amount of chemical energy, typically expressed as carbon biomass, that primary producers create in a given length of time. Some fraction of this fixed energy is used by primary producers for cellular respiration and maintenance of existing tissues (i.e., "growth respiration" and "maintenance respiration"). The remaining fixed energy (i.e., mass of photosynthate) is referred to as Net Primary Production (NPP). ❑ NPP = GPP - respiration [by plants] ❑ Respiration rate: Breakdown of complex food molecules to give energy. It occurs in all living cells. Heterotrophs rely on respiration as their only source of ATP, whereas plants can make ATP via photosynthesis.. Primary productivity  Photosynthesis ❑ Light-dependent reaction: Energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into stored chemical energy, in the form of the electron carrier molecule NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Organelle phosphate) and the energy currency molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ❑ The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes in the granum (stack of thylakoids), within the chloroplast ❑ Light-independent reactions or Calvin cycle: the energized electrons from the light-dependent reactions provide the energy to form carbohydrates from carbon dioxide molecules. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/overview-of-photosynthesis/ 13  Concepts in an ecosystem Calvin cycle ❖ Three major steps 1. Carbon fixation 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration ❖ Carbon fixation: 3 molecules of carbon dioxide molecule combines with a five-carbon acceptor molecule, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). This step makes a six-carbon compound that splits into two molecules of a three-carbon compound, 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBP https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/photosynthesis-in-plants/the-calvin-cycle-reactions/a/calvin-cycle carboxylase/oxygenase, or rubisco 14  Concepts in an ecosystem Calvin cycle ❖ Reduction: ❖ In the second stage, ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA molecules into molecules of a three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). ❖ This stage gets its name because NADPH donates electrons to, or reduces, a three-carbon intermediate to make G3P ❖ Regeneration: ❖ Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled to regenerate the RuBP acceptor. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/photosynthesis-in-plants/the-calvin-cycle-reactions/a/calvin-cycle ❖ Regeneration requires ATP and involves a complex network of reactions 15  Materials Objective: To estimate the Net primary productivity, Respiration Rate, and Gross primary productivity of some plant species in an identified area. ❑ Pot (could be in square or rectangular shape) ❑ Seeds ❑ Soil ❑ Oven for Drying (any other tool to dry the biomass) ❑ Weighing machine (kitchen or shop machine can be used) ❑ Petri dish (or plate) ❑ Water ❑ Light source (natural or artificial) ❑ Spoon/ spatula  Methodology 1. Take 12 pots. Fill them with soil and put them into a proper place (suitable for photosynthesis). 2. After that, add 15 seeds(of your choice), and proper water into each pot and leave them for five days. 3. After five days, remove the plants from 4 pots, wash them, and weigh them after drying. 4. Leave all other pots (8) as it is for ten days. 5. From the eight remaining pots, cover four pots with aluminium foil to prevent photosynthesis. 6. Keep the other 4 pots untouched. The initial biomass will be calculated by weighing the biomass produced by these four pots. 7. After 15 days, remove all the biomass, and weigh after subsequent washing and drying. 8. Record the data and pictures and calculate GPP, NPP, and respiration rate using the below formulas.  4th day of plantation of Barley seeds 1st day of plantation of Barley seeds 7th day of plantation of Barley seeds  Calculations ❑ NPP = Biomass in after 15 days- Biomass in five days /No. of days (Initial-Final ❑ Respiration rate = Uncovered Biomass (15 days) – Covered Biomass (15 days) ❑ GPP = NPP + R ❑ Note:- Calculate all the parameters per unit area of the pot. Dried Biomass after 5 days  Reading Assignment ❑ Efficiency of photosynthesis ❑ Photophosphorylation concept. ❑ Difference between cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation. ❑ Which wavelength is favoured for photosynthesis and why? Biodiversity ❑ Report: 2 parts https://www.slideshare.net/RahulNikam21/presentation-of-biodiversity ❑ Biodiversity importance ❑ A summery of the local biodiversity for all the major species ❑ Identify major threats ❑ Possible solution ❑ Take proper images for your report (not form internet) ❑ Biodiversity index and their importance ❑ Counting of plant species ❑ Calculation of Simpson and Shannon Indexes 23  Important question ❑ Why is biodiversity important? ❑ Invasive species! ❑ Biodiversity hotspots! ❑ Richness and Evenness of the species! ❑ Importance of rare species in ecosystem! ❑ Methods for conservation of biodiversity! Biodiversity ❑ Biodiversity refers to the variety of life-forms, commonly https://www.slideshare.net/RahulNikam21/presentation-of-biodiversity expressed as the number of species in an area, or the number of genetic types in an area. ❑ Biodiversity helps maintain the sustainability and ecological functioning of ecosystems ❑ It also serves as a source of adaptations to changing environmental conditions ❑ Biodiversity includes: ❑ Genetic diversity: variety in the genetic makeup among individuals within a species or a population ❑ Species diversity: variety among the species found in different habitats ❑ Ecological diversity: variety of different ecosystems found in an area or on the Earth 25 Biodiversity ❑ Genetic diversity: No two individuals belonging to the same species are exactly similar. https://www.slideshare.net/lhenparungao/biodiversity-definition-leve https://sciencing.com/examples-genetic-diversity-16445 ls-and-threats.html ❑ Species diversity: It is the biodiversity observed within a community. It stands for the number and distribution of species. The number of species in a region varies widely depending upon the varied environmental conditions. 26 https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-species-diversity-definition-importance-examples.html Biodiversity ❑ Ecological diversity: ❑ It defines the diversity observed among the ecosystems in a particular region. ❑ Different ecosystems like mangroves, rainforests, deserts, etc., show a great variety of life forms residing in them 27 Importance of biodiversity ❑ Economic benefits to humans Food : crops, livestock, forestry, and fish Medication: ❑ Wild plant species. For example, quinine (Used to treat malaria) comes from the bark of the Amazonian tree Cinchona tree ❑ According the National Cancer Institute of the USA, over 70 % of the promising anti-cancer drugs come from plants in the tropical rainforests ❑ It is estimated that of the 250,000 known plant species, only 5,000 have been researched for possible medical applications Industry: ❑ Plants: fibres for clothing, woods, oils,, perfumes, fragrances, dyes, paper, waxes, rubber, latexes, resins, poisons and cork ❑ Animals: Wool, silk, fur, leather, lubricants, waxes. Animals may also be used as a mode of transportation Tourism & recreation: ❑ Economical wealth for many areas, such as many parks and forests, where wild nature and animals are a source of beauty and joy for many people. Ecotourism in particular, is a growing outdoor recreational activity 28 Importance of biodiversity ❖ Ecological stability ❑ Healthy ecosystems can better withstand and recover from a variety of disasters How? 29 Biodiversity index ❑ A quantitative measure that reflects how many different types (such as species) there are in a dataset (a community), and simultaneously takes into account how evenly the basic entities (such as individuals) are distributed among those types. ❑ Dominance Indices: ❑ Dominance indices are weighted toward the abundance of the commonest species. A widely used dominance index is Simpson’s diversity index. It takes into account both richness and evenness. Where, n = the total number of individuals of each species, N = the total number of organisms of all species ❑ Information-Statistic Indices: ❑ Information-statistic indices can take into account rare species in a community. 30 Biodiversity index ❑ Richness and species evenness? ❑ Rare species? ❑ The number of species per sample is a measure of richness. The more species present in a sample, the 'richer' the sample. ❑ Evenness is a measure of the relative abundance of the different species making up the richness of an area. 31 Biodiversity index Species Number pi pi^2 pi* ln pi A 50 0.442 0.196 -0.361 B 30 0.265 0.070 -0.352 C 10 0.088 0.008 -0.215 D 9 0.080 0.006 -0.202 E 7 0.062 0.004 -0.172 F 6 0.053 0.003 -0.156 where, pi is the proportion of individuals found in the ith G 1 0.009 0.000 -0.042 species and In denotes natural logarithm 113 0.71 1.50 Simpson's Shannon's Species Number pi pi^2 pi* ln pi A 50 0.446 0.199 -0.360 B 30 0.268 0.072 -0.353 C 10 0.089 0.008 -0.216 D 9 0.080 0.006 -0.203 E 7 0.063 0.004 -0.173 F 6 0.054 0.003 -0.157 G 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 112 0.71 1.46 Simpson's Shannon's ❑ The disadvantage of Simpson’s index is that it is heavily weighed toward the most abundant species, as are in all dominance indices 32 Threat to biodiversity ❑ Habitat destruction (Deforestation) ❑ Habitat fragmentation or Habitat loss ❑ Pollution ❑ Over exploitation ❑ Diseases ❑ Poaching of wild life ❑ Introduction of exotic or invasive species 33 Threat to biodiversity: example ❑ Introduction of exotic or invasive species ❑ Species compete to survive ❑ Intentionally: Fish ❑ Invasive species appear to have specific traits or ❑ Accidental: during transport of accidental specific combinations of traits that allow them to scape outcompete native species. ❖ Asian Carp ❑ Native To: Eastern Russia and China ❑ Introduced To: North America and Europe ❑ Have big appetites and reproduce quickly. ❑ They take food and habitat away from native fish and have been known to prey on the eggs of other fish species. 34 https://www.earthrangers.com/wildwire/top-10/ten-of-the-worlds-most-invasive-species/  Biodiversity hotspots ❑ Any region with very high biodiversity endangered with destruction may be called as biodiversity hotspot. ❑ To qualify as a Biodiversity Hotspot, a region must meet two strict criteria: ❑ It must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (> 0.5% of the world’s total) as endemics, ❑ It has to have lost at least 70% of its original habitat. ❖ Endemism: ❑ Ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation, country or other defined zone, or habitat type; ❑ Organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere ❑ Vascular plants : Land plants that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant 35 Biodiversity hotspots 35 Hotspots https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot#/media/File:Biodiversity_Hotspots.svg 36 Conservation of biodiversity Biodiversity Conservation In-situ Conservation Ex-situ Conservation Protected Area Seed Bank ❑ Field Gene Bank National Park ❑ Cryopreservation Sanctuary 1. Botanical Gardens 2. Zoological Parks Biosphere Reserve 3. Aquariums Home Gardens Terrestrial Marine ❑ Sacred Plants 37 Conservation of biodiversity ❑ National parks and wildlife sanctuaries are one in the same but the difference is that no human activities(except tourism) are allowed in national parks , and a few human activities are allowed in wildlife sanctuaries. ❑ Biosphere reserve is a label given by UNESCO for natural heritage sites in order to protect them from resource exploitation and to gain scientific knowledge. 38 Biodiversity ❑ Report: 2 parts https://www.slideshare.net/RahulNikam21/presentation-of-biodiversity ❑ Biodiversity importance ❑ A summery of the local biodiversity for all the major species ❑ Identify major threats ❑ Possible solution ❑ Take proper images for your report (not from internet) ❑ Biodiversity index and their importance ❑ Counting of plant species ❑ Calculation of Simpson and Shannon Indexes 39  Materials ❑ Measuring Tape ❑ GPS ❑ Camera (for clicking pictures)  Methodology ❑ Identify 3-4 locations in your area (a garden, local park, national park, IIT campus, etc.). After selecting the locations, record their coordinates from Google Maps. ❑ Split the locations into small grids (Grid Size, depend on area). Measure the area of each grid and record the data. ❑ Identify the variety of plants at each location and marked as species 1, 2, 3, etc. Count the number of plant species at each location and record the obtained data.  Calculations Shannon’s Index ❑ Calculate "pi" by dividing the number of plants of single species divided by the total number of plants observed. ❑ The next step is to calculate the Log pi ❑ Multiply Log pi and pi ❑ Take summation of Log pi and pi, and multiply the obtained number with -1  Shannon’s Index Simpson Index- ❑ Calculate pi as done for Shannon's Index. ❑ In the next step, calculate pi^2 ❑ Calculate the summation of pi^2 and use formula = 1- {sum[(pi^2)]} to calculate the Simpson index. Simpson Index Biodiversity index ❑ Which location has highest biodiversity? ❑ Calculate Simpson’s and Shannon’s index? Location-1 Location-2 Location-3 45  Important question ❑ Why biodiversity is important? ❑ Invasive species ❑ Biodiversity hotspots ❑ Richness and Evenness of the species ❑ Importance of rare species in ecosystem ❑ Methods for conservation of biodiversity  Important question ❑ Why biodiversity is important? ❑ Invasive species ❑ Biodiversity hotspots ❑ Richness and Evenness of the species ❑ Importance of rare species in ecosystem ❑ Methods for conservation of biodiversity  Objectives of the field trip ❑ To reinforce experiential, contextual and relational learning ❑ To expose the students to the different lifestyles, places and era ❑ To deepen the social, historical and geographical knowledge ❑ To gather on-site knowledge and industrial exposure to different waste (solid/liquid) processing facilities ❑ To enhance the collective, theoretical and practical knowledge of treatment plants Thank You  Primary productivity ❑ GPP = rate of increase of body weight of organic matter or rate of organic matter synthesized by producers+ rate of respiration and other damages. ❑ NPP = GPP - plant respiration and losses to the soil (fine root turnover, exudation) and heterotroph http://astarbiology.com/edexcel/4-5-10-gross-primary-productivity-net-primary-productivity-and-plant-respiration/ Examples of ecosystem Tropical Rain forest ecosystem Tropical Rain Forest? ❑ Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season ❑ All months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest#/media/File:Koppen_World_Map_Af.png ❑ High biodiversity compared to other ecosystems. In the topical rainforests of Borneo, scientists have documented more than 15,000 plant species ❑ Biologists estimate that tropical rainforests contain about 50% of the world’s terrestrial plant and animal species, yet they encompass only about 6% of the world’s land area http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Rz2Y_s3rZko/TT48FkAO-I/AAAAAAAAAK4/4wlw9GqUWpM/s1600/Rainfore st+Scene+%2526+Animals.jpg 51  Examples of Ecosystem Fresh Water Ecosystem Marine Ecosystem https://www.pinterest.com/pin/288511919851553177 https://cdn.thinglink.me/api/image/622143932586786818/1240/10/scaletowidth 52 Biodiversity index ❑ Which location has highest biodiversity? ❑ Calculate Simpson’s and Shannon’s index? Species Location-1 Location-2 Location-3 A (nA) 200 550 950 B (nB) 250 420 50 C (nC) 250 20 0 D (nD) 150 8 0 E (nE) 150 2 0 Total (N) 1000 1000 1000 Simpson’s ?? ?? ?? Shannon’s ?? ?? ?? 53