lecture 4-Greek -Hellenistic - Roman.pdf

Higher Canadian Institute For Engineering at 6th of October ARC 111: ART& ARCHITECTURE Lecture 4 : Greek , Hellenistic & Roman Eras Dr:Rasha Ekladios Greek ERA ...

Higher Canadian Institute For Engineering at 6th of October ARC 111: ART& ARCHITECTURE Lecture 4 : Greek , Hellenistic & Roman Eras Dr:Rasha Ekladios Greek ERA  Greek ERA Ancient Greek art and culture have become cornerstones of modern western society. It remains present in popular culture and one can see its reiterations on film, art, architecture, and literature. However, throughout ancient Greek civilization art underwent several distinct changes in medium, style, use, and accessibility. Here, we examine these changes through time. The Geometric Period in Ancient Greece marked the end of this Dark Age, beginning with the re-emergence of ceramic painting during the Proto-Geometric Period (ca. 1050-900 Terracotta neck- B.C.). The Geometric Period is characterized by its use of amphora4th quarter geometric patterns and shapes in its iconography. of the 8th century Terracotta kraterca. B.C. 750–735 B.C. The focus of the art also shifted from the more fluid, amorphous shapes of the Mycenaean period and onto more recognizable depictions of the people and animals of the Athenian polis. The period can be split into three eras: Early Geometric, Middle Geometric, Late Geometric. Bronze man and centaurmid-8th century B.C. Bronze horse-8th century B.C.  Greek ERA Also It was a commemoration of important occasions, so we see that when the victory is great, it is celebrated by making a statue of him. In classic Greek the artist have to know the anatomy of human body and its view in moving, sitting and all human type of moving. Name: Athena Name: Parthenos.. Aphrodite. Location: The Location: Louvre Museum National - Paris Museum Date: (350-330) Athens. B.C. Date: (447-439) B.C.  Greek This period saw the introduction and expansion of many things that represent Ancient ERA Greece to modern viewers, and one could not look at the classical style without considering its architecture. There was an increase in monumental temple construction during the Classical Period, which included the completion of the Athenian Acropolis and Erechtheion alongside numerous temples in locations including Delphi, Olympia, and Corinth. Acropolis of Athens It is one of the most important landmarks of the Greek capital, Athens, and a universal symbol of classicism and civilization, and represents the largest artistic and architectural gathering left by the ancient Greeks. The Acropolis contains four main buildings: the Parthenon Temple, the Propylion Gate, the Temple of Athena, the Arechtheion Temple.  The Parthenon Greek ERA  The greatest and largest temple established by the Greeks among all the temples on the Acropolis.The Parthenon was constructed almost entirely of marble. There are eight columns on each of the two short sides, meaning the width of the building, while there are seventy marble columns along the temple. The central part of the temple is called CELLA, where the famous chryselephantine is located, which was built by Vedias.  Greek Propylaea Gate ERA  It is the main entrance to the Acropolis, located in the west of the hill. It was designed by the architect Mnesikles, and was built between 437 and 432 BC. It includes the main building and two side wings, and the main corridor was divided into three parts, and the walls of the north wing were decorated with many paintings, frescoes and decorations, especially around the ceiling.  Greek ERA Temple of Athena Nike It is the smallest temple on the Acropolis, located southwest of the entrance, on the main protection wall of the Acropolis, and was built in 420 BC by the architect Kallikrates. It consists of a row of four columns the width of the temple, and there is a wall on both sides and in the upper section of the eastern side of the walls depicting a gathering of deities, and scenes of battles on the other three and the other upper parts  Greek ERA The Erechtheion (or Erechtheum) Is an ancient Greek temple constructed on the acropolis of Athens between 421 and 406 BCE in the Golden Age of the city in order to house the ancient wooden cult statue of Athena and generally glorify the great city at the height of its power and influence.  Greek ERA Types of Column Styles  The Doric column is characterized by the absence of its base, so the hull of the column is based directly on the ground. The columns enjoy decorative formations, which are elements engraved with decorative shapes.  The Ionic Column was higher than the Doric Column, but it had a base under it and the column was based on it, and on the crown, there are spiral motifs.  The Corinthian column is like the Ionic, but it is surmounted by a more ornate capital, which had floral motifs. Hellenistic era  Hellenistic era  Hellenistic Period ca. 330-31 B.C.E  Considered the period between the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC) and the beginnings of the Roman Empire (146 BC)  The Hellenistic Period is a part of the Ancient Period for the European and Near Asian space. The use of this period is justified by the extent of the Hellenic culture in most of these areas, due to the Greek political presence especially in Asia after Alexander's conquests, but also to a new wave of Greek colonization Athena Battling Alkyoneos Pergamon, Turkey  ca 175 BCE. HELLENISTIC  Describes the battle between gods and t  he giants. The giants, as helpless tools, were dragged up the stairs to worship the gods. The gods’ victory over the giants offers a parallel to Alexander the Great’s defeat of the Persians. Deeply carved figures overlap and show mastery of depth, space, drama and musculature  Hellenistic era Seated Boxer  Bronze, c100 BCE. HELLENISTIC GREEK  Hellenistic sculptors often rendered the common theme of the male athlete in a new way. This boxer is not a victorious young athlete with a perfect face and body, but rather a heavily battered, defeated veteran whose upward gaze may have been directed at the man who had just beaten him. This boxer’s broken nose, distorted face, bleeding wounds and “cauliflower ears” add the sense of realism that the Hellenistic artists sought.  Hellenistic era Dying Gaul, Pergamon, Turkey ca. 230-220 BCE  The depiction of a variety of ethnic groups was a new concept in Greek art and one that would be pushed much further throughout the Hellenistic age. Again, this depiction is reflective of the drama seen on the stages of the Greek amphitheaters at this time. The dying Gaul winces in pain as blood pours from the large gash in his chest. The concept of pathos became increasingly popular toward the end of the history of Greek sculpture. The musculature was rendered in an exaggerated manner. Note the chest’s tautness and the left leg’s bulging veins ---- implying that the unseen hero who has struck down this noble and savage foe must have been an extraordinary man.  Hellenistic era Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens  The “Olympian” Zeus was honoured at the Temple of Olympian Zeus. The Olympieion, or Columns of the Olympian Zeus, is another name for it. It is a former monumental temple in the heart of Athens, Greece's capital. Peisistratos started construction on the Temple in the 6th century, but progress was halted for unexplained reasons. It was completed in 131 AD during the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian. 638 years after the project had begun  Hellenistic era The Corinthian order is considered the third order of Classical architecture. The order’s columns are slender and fluted and sit atop a base. The capital consists of a double layer of acanthus leaves and stylized plant tendrils that curl up towards the abacus in the shape of a scroll or volute  Hellenistic era The Temple of Apollo at Didyma The temple of Apollo was designed by the architects Paionios of Ephesus and Daphnis of Miletus. Its construction began in 313 BCE but was never completed, although work continued until the second century CE. This temple’s site is vast. Stone-carved Medusa head from the temple of Apollo at Didyma Roman era  The Romans originated in central Italy, influenced by other local Roman  era Italian cultures.The Roman republic absorbed many aspects of first Classical and then Hellenistic art. However, it never lost its distinctive character, especially notable in such fields as architecture, portraiture, and historical relief.  The history of Roman painting is essentially a history of wall paintings on plaster. Although ancient literary references inform us of Roman paintings on wood, ivory, and other materials, works that have survived are in the durable medium of fresco that was used to adorn the interiors of private homes in Roman cities and in the countryside.  The architectural legacy of Rome is especially widespread. Beyond the Roman traditional nature of the Roman temple, characterized by its high era podium with prominent entrance at one end only, Roman architecture is characterized by its ready adoption of Hellenistic planning and a daring use of new materials, such as brick and especially concrete leading to the stupendous structures. The Pantheon The best-preserved building from ancient Rome and was completed in c. 125 CE. Its magnificent concrete dome is a lasting testimony to the genius of Roman architects and as the building stands virtually intact it offers a unique opportunity for the modern visitor to step back 2,000 years and experience the glory that was Rome. The Colosseum The Colosseum is the main symbol of Rome. It is an imposing construction that, with almost 2,000 years of history, will bring you back in time to discover the way of life in the Roman Empire.  Roman era The Roman Forum, is a rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome. The Forum Romanum Forum Contents Existing (or reconstructed) ruins 1.1 Temples 1.2 Basilicas 1.3 Arches 1.4 Government buildings or official residences 1.5 Smaller monuments 1.6 Pools, springs 1.7 Roads, streets, staircases The Temple of Saturn in Rome Temple of Castor & Pollux Thank You