Lecture 3 Lecture Notes Aggression 2 Slides Per Page PDF

7/08/2024 PSYU/X3399 Psychological Science: Putting Theory Into Practice LECTURE 3: HUMAN AGGRESSION Wayne Warburton 1 Macquarie...

7/08/2024 PSYU/X3399 Psychological Science: Putting Theory Into Practice LECTURE 3: HUMAN AGGRESSION Wayne Warburton 1 Macquarie copyright statement This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This licencematerial to use)is the intellectual property in this provided to you as a Macquarie University material. student for your individual researchLegal and and/or disciplinary actions study purposes only. Youmay beshare cannot taken thisif this material is shared without material publicly onlinethe University’s without permission. written permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 2 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 1  7/08/2024 3 Aggression Aggression is a part of everyday life (though rarely a pleasant one). It is found in homes, the sporting field, seats of power and corporate boardrooms …. The list is long. (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is And whether or not someone gets physically provided to you as a Macquarie University hurt, student for your individual aggressive research and behaviour comes with its study purposes only. Youown language cannot share this that gets the message across: material publicly online without I want permission. to hurt you. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 4 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 2  7/08/2024 Junior Rugby League in Australia: Aug. 2013 Story here 5 (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 6 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 3  7/08/2024 Integration of knowledge Aggression is something we have all seen in various forms and various settings. It underlies numerous social issues such as family violence, war and societal violence. There is also a huge research base across numerous psychology sub-disciplines, so it is a great issue to examine integratively. Today we will examine 14 psychology sub- disciplines and look at what they can tell us about aggressive behaviour 7 What is aggression? " any behaviour directed toward another individual that is carried out with the proximate (immediate) intent to cause harm.“ (Anderson & Bushman, 2002) To rule out consensual harm (e.g., dentistry, sado-masochistic sex) another (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is proviso provided to you as a Macquarie is usually added: University “The student for your individual target research and must be motivated to avoid the study purposes only. You behaviour.“ cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 8 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 4  7/08/2024 What is violence? Violence is aggression that has extreme harm as its goal (e.g. severe injury or death). All violence is aggression (but not all aggression is violence) See Tarabay and Warburton in The Conversation https://theconversation.com/anger-aggression-and- violence-it-matters-that-we-know-the-difference-82918 and on the ISRA website http://www.israsociety.com/blog/anger-aggression- and-violence-it-matters-that-we-know-the-difference 9 Forms and functions Forms Physical Verbal Relational Digital Direct/Indirect (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is Functions Reactive provided to you as a Macquarie University study purposes only. You student for your individual research and Proactive cannot share this Automatic material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 10 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 5  7/08/2024 Forms and functions Three dimensions capture most instances. the degree to which the aggressor’s goal is to harm the victim versus benefit the perpetrator the level of hostile or agitated emotion that is present, and the degree to which the aggressive act was thought-through (see Warburton & Anderson 2018 reading) 11 Sub-disciplines Will address in alphabetic order Animal behaviour Learning and behaviour Clinical psychology Neuro/biopsychology Cognition Organisational Developmental psychology psychology Perception (C) Wayne Warburton Emotion 2024.This material is Personality psychology provided to you as a Macquarie University Evolutionary Psychology of student for your individual psychologyand research relationships study purposes only. You cannot share this Health material publicly online withoutpsychology permission. Social psychology Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 12 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 6  7/08/2024 Animal Behaviour Gender differences (Archer, 1988) Many male animals more aggressive, more likely to attack, more likely to fight Lorenz, 1966; Elbesfeldt, 1979 The Hydraulic Hypothesis The energy model 13 John Archer ISRA 2024, (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is Munich provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 14 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 7  7/08/2024 Konrad Lorenz 15 (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 16 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 8  7/08/2024 17 Lorenz Aggression instinctual Not caused by the environment – rather it is ‘released’ or ‘unlocked’ in certain circumstances Instinctual aggression then ‘pushes out’ Needsmaterial (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This to beis‘released’ regularly or aggression provided to you as a Macquarie becomes pent up University student for your individual e.g., research and doves prevented from courting male study purposes only. You cannot share this and mating have an excess of ‘pent up’ material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is theenergy copyright owner of (or has licence 18 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 9  7/08/2024 Lorenz Basis for catharsis hypothesis (now disproven for aggression) Lack of empirical support both in humans and animals 19 Clinical psychology DSM-V Anti-social, Narcissistic, Borderline, Paranoid personality disorders Conduct Disorder in children Addiction, esp: alcohol, amphetamines, ice Paranoia, (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material delusions, is psychosis provided to you as a Macquarie University Sadism, masochism student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 20 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 10  7/08/2024 Clinical psychology DSM-V Intermittent explosive disorder Adjustment disorder with conduct disturbance Problems related to abuse or neglect Conflict management, anger management, counselling for aggression Therapeutic interventions for DV, anger, aggression, violence Integration of therapeutic approaches where issues are complex (e.g., DV) 21 Cognitive psychology Neural networks and information processing Leonard Berkowitz, Rowell Huesmann, Ken Dodge (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 22 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 11  7/08/2024 Len Berkowitz, ISRA conference. Sadly, Len passed away in January 2016 23 ISRA 2024,Munich Rowell Huesmann (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is 2nd from left provided to you as a Macquarie University Craig student for your individual research and Anderson, study purposes only. You cannot share this right material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 24 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 12  7/08/2024 Pathways in the brain When we experience something, a part of the brain is set aside to recognise it again. If other things happen at the same time, links are established. 25 Pathways in the brain If those things happen together again, the link becomes stronger. (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 26 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 13  7/08/2024 Pathways in the brain If those things happen together a lot, the pathway becomes much stronger AND activating one thing activates the other. 27 Neural networks (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 28 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 14  7/08/2024 Neural networks For example, the more aggression and violence we experience, the greater the number of nodes and the strength of the connections 29 Neural networks If the same sequence of events plays out often enough, either in real life, or vicariously through: - seeing it in real life - seeing it in the media - playing it on a video game (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is - etc.University provided to you as a Macquarie student for your individual research Then and it becomes like a script that plays out study purposes only. You the cannot share this same way whenever it is triggered material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 30 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 15  7/08/2024 Driving Feel Hurt Pleasure Frustration Blood Fear Rose Smell Anger Red Hide Gun Flower Shame Shoot Shout Swear Retaliate 31 Cognitive Neo-Association Theory Assumes that memories, emotions, thoughts and plans for action are linked together in the brain.in just this way See Berkowitz, 1990; 1993 (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 32 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 16  7/08/2024 Cognitive Neo-Association Theory When one part of this network is activated (e.g., the part of the brain that registers frustration), the linked parts (such as the parts that register anger, contain the concepts of various swear words, or store memories of other frustrations), also become activated. The parts that are most strongly activated are the parts that will have the greatest influence on that person’s eventual actions. 33 Cognitive Neo-Association Theory Unpleasant or threatening situations (e.g., frustration, provocation, perceived threats, loud noises etc.), arouse negative feelings These in turn stimulate various thoughts, memories and physiological responses associated with both fight tendencies and flight tendencies (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is tendencies  anger Fight University provided to you as a Macquarie student for your individual research and Flight tendencies study purposes only. You cannot share this  fear material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 34 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 17  7/08/2024 Cognitive Neo-Association Theory Depending on the nature of the situation and the prior experiences and personality of the person, one tendency will come to dominate the other. If anger/fight tendencies dominate, the types of thoughts, feelings and plans for action that are most strongly activated will usually increase the likelihood of an aggressive response. 35 Script Theory Researchers like Rowell Huesmann (1986, 1998) take this approach a step further and talk about aggressive episodes running like a movie script. When a situation is very familiar we tend to play things (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material out is in a similar way most times until the provided to you as a Macquarie response becomes automatic University student for your individualwhenever research andthat situation arises (domestic study purposes only. You cannot violencesharecan this occur in this way) material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 36 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 18  7/08/2024 Developmental Psychology Development of aggression over the lifespan Leonard Eron, Rowell Huesmann, Eric Dubow, Paul Boxer, Ken Dodge, Richard Tremblay. Farrington, Olweus, Kaj Bjorkvist 37 (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University isEric theDubow copyright (Editor of Developmental Psychology, at ISRA 2012 owner of (or has licence 38 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 19  7/08/2024 Kaj Bjorkvist Right side, ISRA 2024, Munich 39 Developmental Psychology Many large longitudinal studies, analyses of trajectories Peaks in toddler years Declines with age and conflict/relationship strategies (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is Physical provided to you as a Macquarie aggression replaced with forms that University have student for your individual fewer research andconsequences such as relational study purposes only. Youand indirect cannot aggression share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 40 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 20  7/08/2024 Developmental Psychology Some people are more habitually aggressive than others Constancy of trait aggression across lifespan May decline with age, but usually higher compared to peers Influence of parents, media, environment Gene-environment interactions Hostile attributional bias 41 Emotion Anger and aggression Ray Novaco, Eddie Harmon-Jones (UNSW), Brad Bushman, Sandra Paivio, Leslie Greenberg Shame and aggression Helen Block Lewis; June Tangney, Wayne (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This Warburton material is provided to you as a Macquarie University Humiliation and aggression student for your individual research and Jealousy and aggression (see evolution) study purposes only. You cannot share this Frustration-Aggression material publicly online without permission. hypothesis Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 42 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 21  7/08/2024 Ray Novaco ISRA 2006 43 (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University isISRA 2024 Munich: Brad Bushman the copyright owner of (or has licence 44 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 22  7/08/2024 Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis Dollard et al (1938): Built on Freud’s ideas about frustration in the pursuit of pleasure When blocked from attaining a goal frustration ensues. All frustration leads to aggression All instances of aggression can be traced back to frustration Clearly not always true (but often is) Reworked by Berkowitz 1989 45 Dollard (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 46 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 23  7/08/2024 Evolutionary psychology Aggression ‘hard wired’, instinctual Strong links with animal work Lorenz, Higley’s primate work Reproductive success, survival of the fittest Coopting resources of others Defending against attack Inflicting costs on same sex rivals Status and power hierarchies Deterring rivals Deterring infidelity (Buss & Shackleford, 1997) 47 Health psychology Particularly concerned with links between physical health and psychological phenomena Aggressive individuals are at increased risk of poor health, early mortality, mental health problems, and decreased life satisfaction. (e.g., material (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This Densonis et al 2008). provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research Injury, and recovery, trauma related to being a study purposes only. You victim cannot share this of aggression/violence material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 48 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 24  7/08/2024 Learning theories Hugely influential Explain both the acquisition and the maintenance of aggressive behaviour Aggression is often learned: Classical conditioning Instrumental learning Reward aggression, punish non-aggression (subtle or obvious) Can be vicarious (seen at home or on TV) Social learning 49 Albert Bandura (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. One of the greatest ever researchers in psychology, Albert Bandura Macquarie University is the sadly copyright passed away in July 2021 owner of (or has licence 50 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 25  7/08/2024 Social Learning Theory Albert Bandura’s (1973, 1983) social learning theory suggests that people acquire aggressive tendencies through direct experience (aggressive behaviour has brought them rewards in the past) or through observing and copying the behaviour of aggressive role models. Bobo doll experiments 51 Social Learning Theory Children in Bandura’s studies were exposed to social models who demonstrated either novel violent or non- violent behaviours toward the Bobo dolls. Children who viewed violent models subsequently displayed the novel forms of aggression (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material toward is the Bobo doll whereas provided to you as a Macquarie controlUniversity children rarely, if ever, did so. student for your individual research and study purposes only. You These results cannot share this revealed the occurrence of observational material publicly online without permission.learning in the absence of reinforcement Macquarie University is the copyright to the observers owner of (or has licence 52 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 26  7/08/2024 Social learning More likely to copy aggressive models: Who are respected or liked or high status Who are familiar or similar Who are rewarded for their behaviours If we have self-efficacy for aggression Imitation seems to be hard-wired from birth and to continue through the life span 53 Learning theories Underpin other approaches Neural networks include learned concepts and are developed through experience Information processing is about learned patterns of responding Scripts (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This for behaviour material is are learned provided to you as a Macquarie WhatUniversity we learn shapes development student for your individual research and study purposes only. You Genes affect cannot share this us depending on environment material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 54 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 27  7/08/2024 Neurological/biological approaches Genetics Recent large twins studies (Porsch et al 2016) from the Netherlands and UK suggest substantial heritability of trait aggression in children Epi-genetics: Gene-environment interactions Genetic susceptibility requires negative life events such as child maltreatment to express as aggressive behaviour A number of genetic markers tested but in a recent Italian meta-analysis, three stand out 55 Neurological/biological approaches All relate to dopaminergic genes Hyperdopaminergic functioning hypothesis The G allele in the COMT rs4680 gene in white populations and the A allele in a Chinese population BUTmaterial (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This in interaction is with negative environmental provided to you as a Macquarie University factors (i.e., exposure to student for your individual violence, research andserious life events, and maternal study purposes only. You cannot share smoking) prenatal this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 56 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 28  7/08/2024 Neurological/biological approaches Low activity alleles (2R, 3R) and especially the 3R allele, of the MAOA 30 bp uVNTR (Variable Number Tandem Repeat) gene In individuals exposed to early traumatic experiences Long alleles (6R to 11R), and especially the 7R allele, of the DRD4 48 bp VNTR gene. In tandem with aversive environmental factors: maternal insensitivity and hostility, prenatal maternal stress, poor parent-child relationships, and low socioeconomic status 57 Neurotransmitters linked with aggression Serotonin deficits linked to aggression Serotonin linked with impulse control; low serotonin poorer impulse control Hi GABA levels in rodents linked with aggression; little human data (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This Dopaminemateriallevels is with ADHD, impulsivity provided to you as a Macquarie University Impulsivity student for your individual research and then linked with aggression study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 58 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 29  7/08/2024 Hormones linked with aggression High testosterone linked to aggression Especially when also low cortisol, serotonin See Montoya et al 2012 Low cortisol, low oxytocin But some paradoxical effects with oxytocin Low oestrogen, progesterone Some evidence, findings mixed 59 Biological approaches Different brain structures Accelerator: Activation of Limbic System (‘old’ part of brain; rewards, instincts, survival) especially in Amygdala (emotion centre) Brake: Poor function or damage to the frontal lobes (impulse control, emotion management, self-control, consideration of consequences) (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is provided to you as a MacquarieStructural and functional deficits in University Orbitofrontal student for your individual research and cortex (mostly RH) study purposes only. You cannot share this Anterior Cingulate Cortex (Mostly RH) material publicly online without permission. Dorsolateral Prefrontal cortex (LH) Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 60 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 30  7/08/2024 Biological approaches Attentuation of the stress system; underarousal (Susman, 2006; Adrian Raine) Increased aggression is associated with: Lower resting heart rate (even at age 3!) Under-arousal of both the central nervous system and autonomic nervous system Lower electrodermal, cardiovascular, and cortical (i.e., EEG) arousal Low basal cortisol (stress hormone) levels 61 Organisational Psychology Bullying in the workplace Workplace aggression Indirect aggression Dominance and status (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 62 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 31  7/08/2024 Perception Role of what we see, hear, feel Cues for fight or flight mechanisms, peripheral vision Noise, heat and aggression Concerns about global warming and increasing aggression (e.g., Craig Anderson’s work). 63 Personality approaches Aggressive drive: Sigmund Freud every person has innate aggressive and sexual drives that provide much of the energy that pushes them forward in life*. Thanatos; death wish BUT: The more advanced the animal, the (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is more able it is to inhibit aggressive urges. provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and * see Freud, S. (1930). Civilisation and its discontents. study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 64 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 32  7/08/2024 Personality Trait aggression, Trait Anger, Trait Irritability Impulsivity Trait anger Emotional susceptibility Callous and unemotional traits Psychopathy Machiavellianism Narcissism, both overt and covert Shame proneness Rumination (low dissipation) 65 Personality Big 5 Low agreeableness (Straightforwardness, compliance, altruism) Low conscientiousness (deliberation) Highmaterial (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This neuroticism is (angry hostility) Low extraversion (warmth) provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot Big 6share (HEXACO) this Lee & Ashton (2004) Low Honesty/humility material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 66 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 33  7/08/2024 Relationship Psychology Indirect aggression and relational aggression DV Child abuse Power and dominance Jealousy Overlap with evolutionary psychology Relational schemas 67 Social Psychology Aggression elicited by the situation rather than the personality Cognitive dissonance theory Social cognition Schemas, scripts, knowledge structures Learned social behaviours (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is Triggers provided to you as a Macquarie University and cues Media student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot shareeffects this material publicly online without permission. priming Automaticity, Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 68 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 34  7/08/2024 Social Interaction Theory Tedeschi & Felson, 1994 Portrays aggression as a way of achieving desired goals. Very instrumental approach. These goals may include: obtaining something of value, getting revenge, or putting forward a desired image (such as being tough or competent). 69 The General Aggression Model Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman have put together a model that incorporates these last five theories into a General Aggression Model (GAM). Other approaches can also fit. In this theory, an episode of aggression firstly depends on the nature of the situation (the aspects (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material isof the situation that can trigger aggression) provided to you as a Macquarie Universityand what the person brings to it (the student for your individual beliefs, research and personality factors, memories study purposes only. Youetc. that cannot increase share this their readiness to aggress in thatpermission. material publicly online without situation). Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 70 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 35  7/08/2024 The General Aggression Model Whether or not someone responds to a situation with aggression depends firstly on the nature of the thoughts, feelings and physiological responses that are aroused, and then on how much that person thinks through their response 71 Person Variables Situation Variables Increase or decrease the Provide the stimulus readiness to aggress for aggressive responses Cognitions Accessible Affects Arousal Scripts, beliefs, Negative feelings: anger, Physiological (pulse,BP) attitudes, biases hostility, fear, shame stress,anxiety Immediate Reappraisal Thoughtful Appraisal Cont rolled evaluation Action Automatic, Instrumental spontaneous Yes response Aggressive Is the automatic Response (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This Resources material is response bot h Impulsive Enough time and important and Action provided to you as a Macquarie University Yes No cognitive capacity for undesirable ? Reactive controlled response? response student for your individual research andNo study purposes only. You cannot Figure shareof this 1: A schematic the General Aggression Model. This version was synthesised from the models and descriptions presented by Anderson & Bushman, 2002, and Anderson & Dill, 2000. material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 72 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 36  7/08/2024 GAM Inputs – Person Inputs Evolutionary factors and drives Biological factors; genetic predispositions Personality (including schemas etc.) Cognitive factors: Beliefs, Attitudes, Scripts Emotional tendencies; temperament Gender Perceptions Affect our readiness to respond to a situation with aggressiveness 73 GAM Inputs – Situational factors Aggressive Cues Provocation Frustration Pain Drugs (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is Triggers provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 74 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 37  7/08/2024 GAM Routes – Cognitions Activation of hostile thoughts, schemas, scripts, beliefs, attributions. For example, the activation of a hostile attributional bias Learning theory; Social learning theory Script theory Cognitive neo-association theory Social cognition 75 GAM Routes – Affects Mood and emotion Activation of feelings of anger, hostility, shame, humiliation etc. Expressive motor responses (evolved) Are automatic physiological reactions (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material that occuris in conjunction with specific provided to you as a Macquarie University usually involving changes to emotions, student for your individual research facialand expressions. study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 76 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 38  7/08/2024 GAM routes – Arousal Complicated - Some types of arousal reduce heart rate, sweating, BP etc. whilst others increase it. Under-researched. Energises and strengthens the tendency to act. Excitation transfer. 77 Outcomes – Immediate Appraisal Influenced strongly by present internal state Automatic, effortless, spontaneous, unaware. May lead to automatic response (drives, evolution, CNT, emotion, biological, clinical) If resources are sufficient (the person has enough time to make a considered response and the cognitive capacity is available) AND (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is If the University provided to you as a Macquarie immediate appraisal outcome (automatic student for your individual research andresponse) is both important and study purposes only. You unsatisfying, cannot share thisthen the person will engage in a material publicly online without more permission. effortful set of reappraisals. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 78 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 39  7/08/2024 GAM Outcomes – Re-appraisal Search for an alternative view of the situation. Can involve many cycles of considering past experiences, possible causes for the event, relevant memories, and delving deeper into the features of the current situation. Many alternatives might be considered and discarded Eventually the cycling process ceases and a course of thoughtful action takes place. 79 I cubed model Three ‘I’s Instigators (e.g., provocation) Impellers (trait aggression, other impelling in person factors) Inhibitors (self control, sober etc.) Aggression depends on the net effect of the risk (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This factors material is (impellers, instigators) and protective provided to you as a Macquarie factors (inhibitors). University student for your individual research Slotter, and E. J. (2011). I³ theory: Instigating, impelling, and E. B., & Finkel, study purposes only. You cannot inhibiting share factors this in aggression. In P. R. Shaver & M. Mikulincer (Eds.), Human aggression and violence: Causes, manifestations, and material publicly onlineconsequences without permission. (pp. 35–52). American Psychological Macquarie University isAssociation. the copyright https://doi.org/10.1037/12346-002 owner of (or has licence 80 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 40  7/08/2024 From: Denson, T. F., DeWall, C. N., & Finkel, E. J. (2012). Self-control and aggression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 20-25. 81 A final word All of these approaches overlap Social psychology, the dominant aggression research discipline, uses methods and ideas from almost all other sub-disciplines Integrated models try to incorporate as (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is many approaches as possible provided to you as a Macquarie University Complete student for your individual research andmodel simply not possible study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 82 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 41  7/08/2024 The End Photograph: Graham Weule 83 (C) Wayne Warburton 2024.This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 42