Lecture 3 Fruits - Nahda University

 Names: Coriander; Coriandrum. Botanical Origin: is the dried ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum L. (Family Apiaceae). Macroscopical Examination: Color: brownish yellow Odor: aromatic odour. Taste: aromatic spicy. Shape: globular The Fruit o Macroscopicall...

 Names: Coriander; Coriandrum. Botanical Origin: is the dried ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum L. (Family Apiaceae). Macroscopical Examination: Color: brownish yellow Odor: aromatic odour. Taste: aromatic spicy. Shape: globular The Fruit o Macroscopically  Cremocarp, nearly globular.  Externally: glabrous marked with 10 inconspicuous wavy primary ridges, and 8 more prominent, straight secondary ridges.  Stylopod: and the remains of the sepals, concave on the commissural sides. o Microscopically  The pericarp shows no vittae in the dorsal, but only 2 on the commissural side of each mericarp, and an almost complete ring of sclerenchyma in the dorsal side, a large cœlospermous oily endosperm and a small, curved, apical embryo.  Cont. Microscopical Examination  Outer zone of mesocarp: degenerated vittae and longitudinally traversed by 10 vascular strands.  Middle zone of mesocarp, formed of a broad layer of sclerenchyma consisting of strongly lignified pitted wavy fibres in 2 bands crossing each other at right angles.  Inner zone of mesocarp, innermost layer of flattened hexagonal pitted lignified cells, usually adhering to the endocarp.  Mesocarp, on the commisural side, shows no sclerenchyma layer, but 2 large vittae.  Endocarp: differently oriented (parquetory). cœlospermous Active constituents: 1- Volatile oil (1% up to 1.8% according to origin), containing: D (+) linalool (55 -74%). Monoterpene hydrocarbons. 2 - Fats (up to 26%); fatty acids are oleic and proteins. 3 - Flavonoid glycosides (quercetin, isoquercetin and rutin), coumarins and phenolic acids.  Uses:  used as a spice than a medicine.  stomachic, spasmolytic, carminative and flavouring agent.  Ithas bactericidal and fungicidal properties.  It is added to purgative preparations of: Rhubarb, Frangula, Cascara and Senna to prevent the gripping effect that occurs when anthraquinone drugs are used.  The high percent of fats and protein make distillation residues suitable for animal feed. Adulterants: Bombay coriander Ammi visnaga Ammi majus  Ammi visnaga Ammi majus Names: Fructus Ammi Fructus Ammi majus, Ammi visnaga, Fruits de khella, majus, Bizrul khella Al- Toothpick fruit, Bizrul shetani. khellah Botanical origin: is the is the dried ripe fruits of dried ripe fruits of Ammi Ammi majus, Fam. visnaga, Fam. Apiaceae. Apiaceae. Morphology: ovate lanceolate shape Longer and narrower Simple carpophore Forked carpophore Violet tinge Absent Separated into mericarps Mainly cremocarps Taste: bitter and slightly pungent and slightly bitter pungent.  Ammi visnaga Ammi majus Micromorphology: T.S. diagram is Pentagon Irregular pentagon Epicarp: smooth cuticle, no Striated cuticle, papillae, no clusters papillosed, clusters and prisms Mesocarp 1- 4 Vittae showing radiating 4 Vittae showing radiating Cells + 2 in ventral side Cells + 2 in ventral side 2- Crescent shaped V.B. Crown shaped V.B. around a large lacuna no lacuna (empty vittae) Innermost layer of mesocarp: porous cells** Non-porous Lacuna Crescent shaped V.B Ammi visnaga Ammi majus  Lacuna Porous cells Ammi visnaga  Ammi visnaga Ammi majus Active constituents: 1-Furanocoumarin 1- Furanochromones: Khellin, visnagin bitter principles: and khellol (Psoralene) 2-Pyranocoumarins (Visnagans) -The most important named : Visnadin, samidin and is xanthotoxin dihydrosamidin. (ammoidin). 3-Traces only of the 2- Bitter principles, furanocoumarins: xanthotoxin imperatorin (ammoidin) and ammidin. (Ammidin) 0.8% and bergapten (majodin) 4-Flavonoids: quercetin and (0.3%). isorhamnetin. 3- Fixed oil and 5- Essential oil (0.02 - 0.03%) : protein. containing camphor, carvone, α- terpineol and linalool 6- Fixed oil and protein.  Ammi visnaga Ammi majus Uses: [Relax of smooth muscles] Psoralene stimulates It is used for the removal of pigment production in skin small bladder and kidney exposed to UV light. stones and renal colic by It is used externally, in the relaxing the muscles of the form of lotions made of ureter. alcoholic extracts of fruits Relaxes the coronary as well as ammoidin, for arteries, helps to improve treatment of vitiligo the blood supply to the heart (leukodermia), alopecia and muscle so eases angina. psoriasis. For bronchial asthma and is safe even to children. It acts as diuretic. Psoriasis Alopecia Vitilgo (Leucoderma)  Ammi visnaga Ammi majus Test for identity: Powder + 5ml H2O → heat → Powder + 5ml H2O → heat → then cool → +Solid KOH → then cool → rose red color (for khellin) + Solid KOH → Brown color Side effects: - May cause photodermatitis Nausea, vertigo, diahrrea in sensitive individuals - Prolonged use or an overdose may cause nausea, vertigo, constipation, lack of appetite, headache and sleeplessness. Contraindications: Pregnancy, photodermatitis photodermatitis Names: Capsicum, Fructus Capsici; Chillies, red pepper. Botanical origin: It is the dried ripe fruits of Capsicum annum variety minimum (Family Solanaceae).  Macroscopical characters  Odor: characteristic (Sternutatory) but not powerful.  Taste: extremely pungent taste (firely).  Colour: dull orange red, brownish-red.  The fruit morphology: is berry, oblong conical, somewhat flattened with 5 toothed-calyx & slender pedicel.  The pericarp is indistinguishable glabrous, shining somewhat shriveled, thin, leathery and more or less translucent.  The Seed: 10 to 20 in each fruit, flat subreniform (kidney-shaped), albuminous, with curved embryo; either loose or attached to a thin reddish, membranous dissepiment  Microscopical Characters  Dissepiment  numerous scattered reddish oily droplets of capsaicin, occasional idioblast of microsphenoidal crystals of calcium oxalate, and traversed by vascular bundles.  Endocarp thick wavy pitted lignified Schelerenchymatous islets.  Seeds  epidermis of seed coat with large sinuous lignified walled cells.  Active constituents 1 Phenolic pungent principles (named Capsaicinoids): Capsaicin (0.1 – 1%). 6,7- dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin. 2 Red coloring matter: capsanthin, carotenoid pigments. 3 Steroidal glycosides: (including capsicosides A,B,C, and D). 4 Fixed oils. 5 Fats , proteins ,vitamins A and C, and trace of volatile oil.  Chemical tests 1) Capsaicin + few drops of FeCl3  bluish-green colour 2) Capsaicin + H2SO4 + small piece of sucrose sugar  a violet color is developed after few hours. Important Note  The pungency of capsicum is not destroyed by treatment with alkalies (NaOH) (distinction from gingerol, the phenolic pungent principle of Ginger). Capsaicin is destroyed by boiling with potassium dichromate or KMnO4.  Uses and actions  Internally Pungent stomachic in dyspepsia and flatulence. Condiment.  Externally: It is used as a counter-irritant in different formulations (ointments, plasters, …. etc.) for pain control in case of rheumatism, lumbago, and after Herpes zoster infections. Contraindications  People with heartburn, gastritis or ulcers should use any capsicum -containing product cautiously as it may worsen their condition.  Application on injured skin → allergies to capsicum preparations. o Side effects - Capsaicin cream → allergic reaction. - Oral intake can cause burning in the mouth and throat, and can cause running nose.  Names: Colocynth, Colocynth Pulp; Bitter apple.  Botanical origin: is the d ried pithy pulp from unripe, but fully grown, fruits of Citrullus Colocynthis Fam. Cucurbitaceae. Description  Morphology:  Shape: globular  Odor: odorless  Taste: intensely persistent bitter Type: berry (peppo).  The pulp: broken pieces, yellowish-white in color, formed of the mesocarp+ endocarp fused with placenta.  Microscopical Characters  Epidermis of seed coat: with bar like thickening in the side view and beaded-like appearance in the surface view.  Sclereids of seed coat.  Pithy Pulp of Mesocarp and Placenta: Laticeferous vessels and large parenchyma cells with wide intercellular spaces and lignified porous pitted area (over each other and side by side).  Active constituents 1) Drastic purgative alkaloid. 2) Resin soluble in ether and chloroform which is a powerful purgative. 3) A crystalline alcohol, citrullol (not purgative). 4) Cucurbitacin glycoside E (α-elaterin) (not purgative but anti-tumor). 5) Flavonoids e.g. vitexin & isovitexin (anti- microbial). Chemical Test: Powder + 80% H2SO4 →Red color (due to latex)  Action and uses 1) Colocynth is one of the most powerful well- known purgatives acting as a hydragogue cathartic, causing gripping effect. 2) Gastro-intestinal stimulant or irritant (used in dyspepsia). 3) The cucurbitacins (tetracyclic triterpenoids) show antitumour activity. 4) The flavonoidal content found to have moderate antimicrobial activity. 5) In folk medicine it is used as antirheumatic.