TFN Evolution of Nursing.pdf

- In 1860, Florence Nightinga...

- In 1860, Florence Nightingale defined nursing in her “Environmental Theory” as “the act of utilizing the patient’s environment to assist him in his recovery.” - In the 1950s, there is a consensus among nursing scholars that nursing needed to validate itself through the production of its own scientifically tested body of knowledge. Person Person (also referred to as Client or Human In 1952, Hildegard Peplau introduced her Beings) is the recipient of nursing care and may Theory of Interpersonal Relations that include individuals, patients, groups, families, emphasizes the nurse-client relationship as the and communities. foundation of nursing practice. Environment In 1955, Virginia Henderson conceptualized the Environment (or situation) is defined as the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy internal and external surroundings that affect individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 the client. It includes all positive or negative fundamental needs. Thus her Nursing Need conditions that affect the patient, the physical Theory was developed. environment, such as families, friends, and significant others, and the setting for where In 1960, Faye Abdellah published her work they go for their healthcare. “Typology of 21 Nursing Problems,” which shifted the focus of nursing from a disease- centered approach to a patient-centered Health approach. Health is defined as the degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences. It may In 1962, Ida Jean Orlando emphasized the have different meanings for each patient, the reciprocal relationship between patient and clinical setting, and the health care provider. nurse and viewed nursing’s professional function as finding out and meeting the Nursing patient’s immediate need for help. The nurse’s attributes, characteristics, and actions provide care on behalf of or in History of Nursing Theory  In 1968, Dorothy Johnson pioneered the conjunction with the client. There are numerous Behavioral System Model and upheld the definitions of nursing, though nursing scholars fostering of efficient and effective behavioral may have difficulty agreeing on its exact functioning in the patient to prevent illness. definition. The ultimate goal of nursing theories is to improve patient care. In 1970, Martha Rogers viewed nursing as both a science and an art as it provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is integral with the universe. In 1971, Dorothea Orem stated in her theory that nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs. Nursing Metaparadigm In 1971, Imogene King‘s Theory of Goal attainment stated that the nurse is considered part of the patient’s environment and the nurse- patient relationship is for meeting goals towards good health. In 1972, Betty Neuman, in her theory, states that many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability. Stress reduction is the goal of the system model of nursing practice. In 1979, Sr. Callista Roy viewed the individual as a set of interrelated systems that maintain the balance between these various stimuli. In 1979, Jean Watson developed the philosophy of caring, highlighted humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice. Nursing as a discipline holds a unique and crucial position within the healthcare field, distinguished by its holistic approach, emphasis on both science and compassion, and its role in advancing healthcare practices and improving patient outcomes. Here are the key aspects of the significance of nursing as a discipline: - Definition: Rationalism is the philosophical 1. **Comprehensive Patient Care** belief that reason and logic are the primary - **Holistic Approach**: Nursing as a discipline Nursing Metaparadigm of Different Nurse Theorists sources of knowledge, often emphasizing is centered on holistic care, which means deduction and theoretical frameworks over addressing the physical, emotional, social, and empirical observation. spiritual needs of patients. This comprehensive approach ensures that patients receive care - Impact on Nursing: that supports their overall well-being, not just the treatment of their symptoms or illnesses. - Development of Nursing Theories: In nursing, - **Person-Centered Care**: Nursing Rationalism has contributed to the emphasizes the importance of understanding development of nursing theories and models the patient as an individual, taking into account that guide practice. Theoretical frameworks like their personal experiences, values, and those developed by Florence Nightingale, preferences in the care process. Virginia Henderson, and Dorothea Orem reflect Rationalism rationalist influences. These frameworks 2. **Interdisciplinary Integration** provided a systematic way of thinking about - **Collaboration with Other Disciplines**: nursing care, emphasizing the use of reason and Nursing is inherently interdisciplinary, logic to understand patient needs and plan care. integrating knowledge from medicine, psychology, sociology, and other fields to -Standardization of Practices: Rationalism also provide comprehensive care. This integration supported the movement towards the allows nurses to collaborate effectively with standardization of nursing practices. Early other healthcare professionals, ensuring that nursing education was heavily influenced by care is coordinated and holistic. rationalist ideas, focusing on the development - **Bridging Gaps in Care**: Nurses often of a systematic body of knowledge and the serve as the bridge between various healthcare application of this knowledge through logical, disciplines, helping to coordinate care plans, reasoned processes. communicate between teams, and ensure continuity of care. - Definition: Empiricism is the philosophical belief that knowledge comes primarily from 3. **Research and Evidence-Based Practice** sensory experience and evidence gathered - **Advancement of Knowledge**: Nursing as through observation and experimentation. a discipline contributes to the advancement of healthcare knowledge through rigorous - Impact on Nursing: research. Nurse researchers explore various Evidence-Based Practice: Empiricism laid the aspects of health, illness, care delivery, and foundation for evidence-based practice in patient outcomes, generating evidence that nursing. Florence Nightingale’s emphasis on informs practice and policy. hygiene and data collection during the Crimean - **Application of Evidence**: Nurses are War is a prime example of an empirical trained to apply research findings in clinical approach to nursing care. Nightingale used practice, ensuring that patient care is grounded observational data to identify patterns and in the latest evidence. This focus on evidence- Empiricism improve health outcomes, which is a core based practice improves the quality and principle of empirical science. effectiveness of care. - Nursing Research: The empirical tradition has 4. **Education and Lifelong Learning** driven the development of nursing research - **Professional Education**: Nursing methodologies. The focus on observation, education emphasizes both theoretical measurement, and the collection of knowledge and practical skills, preparing nurses quantitative data has been central to building to meet the complex needs of patients. The the evidence base that underpins modern discipline of nursing continually evolves, with nursing practice. Empiricism emphasizes the ongoing education and professional importance of clinical trials, observational development being key components. studies, and other forms of empirical research - **Patient and Community Education**: As to inform nursing practice. part of their role, nurses educate patients, families, and communities about health, - Definition: The early twentieth century saw a wellness, and disease prevention, contributing shift towards more scientific and systematic to public health and empowering individuals to approaches to understanding the world, Introduction of Nursing Theories take control of their health. influenced by both rationalism and empiricism. This period was characterized by the rise of positivism, the formalization of scientific TFN 5. **Ethics and Professionalism** - **Ethical Framework**: Nursing as a methods, and the professionalization of various fields, including nursing. Evolution of Nursing discipline is grounded in a strong ethical framework that guides professional practice. This framework includes principles such as - Impact on Nursing: respect for patient autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, which are critical - Professionalization of Nursing: The early in making ethical decisions in patient care. twentieth century was a crucial period for the - **Professional Standards**: Nursing upholds professionalization of nursing. Nursing began to high professional standards, ensuring that be recognized as a distinct profession with its nurses are competent, compassionate, and own body of knowledge, ethics, and standards committed to lifelong learning. These standards of practice. The establishment of nursing are essential for maintaining trust and ensuring schools, the development of standardized quality care. Early Twentieth Century Views curricula, and the creation of licensing bodies all reflect this shift. 6. **Global Health Impact** Discipline - **Contributions to Global Health**: Nursing - Integration of Science into Nursing Education: as a discipline plays a vital role in addressing Nursing education increasingly incorporated global health challenges, such as infectious scientific principles, with a greater emphasis on diseases, chronic illnesses, and health anatomy, physiology, microbiology, and disparities. Nurses are involved in international pharmacology. This period marked the health initiatives, disaster response, and efforts integration of scientific knowledge into nursing to improve healthcare access in underserved practice, aligning the profession more closely History and Philosopy of Science regions. with the medical sciences. - **Cultural Competence**: Nursing education and practice emphasize cultural competence, - Positivism and Objectivity: The influence of ensuring that nurses are prepared to provide positivism, which emphasizes the use of care to diverse populations with sensitivity to objective, observable facts in scientific inquiry, cultural differences and respect for individual was evident in nursing's focus on measurable values. outcomes and the application of scientific methods to patient care. 7. **Leadership and Policy Influence** - **Leadership in Healthcare**: Nursing as a - Definition: Emergent views in the philosophy discipline prepares individuals to take on of science reflect a move away from strict leadership roles within healthcare organizations rationalism and empiricism towards more and systems. Nurse leaders influence healthcare holistic, complex, and integrative approaches. policy, advocate for patient care improvements, These views include systems thinking, and contribute to the development of postmodernism, constructivism, and the healthcare practices and standards. recognition of the importance of context, - **Shaping Health Policy**: Nurses, through values, and subjective experiences in their practice and research, provide valuable understanding phenomena. insights that inform health policies and practices. Their involvement in policy-making - Impact on Nursing: helps ensure that healthcare systems are responsive to the needs of patients and - Holistic and Patient-Centered Care: Emergent communities. views have influenced the shift towards holistic, patient-centered care in nursing. This approach 8. **Adaptability and Innovation** recognizes the complexity of human health and - **Responding to Change**: Nursing as a the need to consider the whole person—body, discipline is characterized by its adaptability, mind, and spirit—rather than just treating with nurses being able to respond to changing diseases or symptoms. Nursing models such as healthcare environments, technological Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring reflect advancements, and emerging health challenges. these emergent perspectives. - **Innovation in Care**: Nurses are innovators in healthcare, often leading efforts to develop - Interdisciplinary Collaboration: The rise of new care models, improve patient safety, and systems thinking and complexity theory has Emergent Views enhance the patient experience. encouraged greater interdisciplinary collaboration in healthcare. Nurses are 9. **Public Trust and Responsibility** increasingly seen as integral members of - **Trusted Profession**: Nursing is healthcare teams, contributing their unique consistently recognized as one of the most perspectives to complex patient care situations. trusted professions, reflecting the public's confidence in the ethical and professional - Cultural Competence and Ethics: Emergent standards of nurses. This trust places a views have also brought attention to the significant responsibility on the discipline to importance of cultural competence, ethics, and uphold the highest standards of care and the role of social determinants of health in conduct. nursing care. These perspectives emphasize the - **Responsibility to Society**: The discipline need to understand the broader context of of nursing carries a responsibility to contribute patients' lives and to tailor care to meet diverse to the well-being of society, not only through needs. direct patient care but also through public health initiatives, health education, and - Reflective Practice: Reflective practice, which advocacy for health equity. encourages nurses to critically analyze their own experiences and decisions, has gained 10. **Foundation for Future Practice** prominence as an essential component of - **Ongoing Evolution**: Nursing as a professional development. This approach aligns discipline is continually evolving, driven by with constructivist ideas, which value personal research, education, and practice experience and interpretation in the creation of advancements. This ongoing evolution ensures knowledge. that nursing remains relevant and effective in meeting the changing needs of patients and Rationalism and Empiricism laid the groundwork healthcare systems. for the development of nursing as a scientific - **Preparing Future Nurses**: Nursing discipline, emphasizing the importance of education and practice serve as the foundation theory and evidence-based practice. for preparing future generations of nurses, ensuring that they are equipped with the Early Twentieth Century Views helped knowledge, skills, and values needed to professionalize nursing, aligning it more closely continue advancing the discipline. with the scientific community and formalizing its educational standards. In summary, nursing as a discipline is significant for its comprehensive approach to patient care, its integration of multiple fields of knowledge, Emergent Views have expanded the scope of Summary of Evolution its commitment to research and evidence- nursing to include holistic care, interdisciplinary based practice, and its vital role in education, collaboration, cultural competence, and ethics, leadership, and global health. The reflective practice, enriching the discipline with discipline of nursing is essential to the a more nuanced understanding of health and advancement of healthcare and the promotion healing. Significance for the; of health and well-being across diverse populations and settings. The evolution of nursing reflects a dynamic interplay between these philosophical perspectives, each contributing to the The significance of nursing as a profession is development of nursing as a robust and profound, with far-reaching impacts on multifaceted discipline. individual patient care, public health, and the healthcare system as a whole. Here are the key reasons why nursing is a critical profession: 1. **Essential Role in Healthcare Delivery** - **Direct Patient Care**: Nurses are the backbone of healthcare delivery, providing essential care across various settings, including hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, schools, and community centers. They are involved in every aspect of patient care, from initial assessments to ongoing treatment and recovery. - **First Line of Defense**: Nurses are often the first healthcare professionals to detect changes in a patient’s condition, making timely interventions that can prevent complications and save lives. 2. **Patient Advocacy** - **Championing Patient Rights**: Nurses advocate for patients' rights, ensuring that their needs, preferences, and values are respected in all aspects of their care. This includes advocating for vulnerable populations and ensuring equitable access to care. - **Navigating Healthcare Systems**: Nurses help patients and families navigate complex healthcare systems, providing guidance and support in making informed decisions about their health. 3. **Leadership and Influence** - **Healthcare Leadership**: Nurses often take on leadership roles within healthcare organizations, influencing policies, procedures, and practices. They help shape the direction of healthcare delivery and improve patient outcomes. - **Policy Advocacy**: Nurses also play a crucial role in advocating for health policies that benefit patients and communities, contributing to the improvement of healthcare systems at local, national, and global levels. 4. **Education and Health Promotion** - **Patient Education**: Nurses educate patients and their families about managing health conditions, understanding treatment options, and adopting healthy lifestyles. This education is key to empowering individuals to take control of their health. - **Community Outreach**: Nurses engage in community health promotion, working to prevent disease, promote wellness, and reduce health disparities. Their efforts contribute to healthier populations and reduced healthcare costs. 5. **Research and Innovation** - **Evidence-Based Practice**: The nursing profession is rooted in evidence-based practice, with nurses conducting research and applying the latest scientific findings to improve patient care. This commitment to research ensures that nursing practice evolves with advancements in medical science. - **Innovation**: Nurses are innovators in healthcare, developing new approaches to patient care, improving healthcare delivery, and finding creative solutions to healthcare challenges. 6. **Ethics and Professionalism** - **Ethical Standards**: Nursing is guided by a Profession strong ethical framework that emphasizes compassion, respect, and integrity. Nurses are trusted professionals who adhere to high ethical standards, maintaining the trust and confidence of patients and the public. - **Professional Accountability**: Nurses are accountable for their practice, continually seeking to improve their skills and knowledge through ongoing education and professional development. 7. **Adaptability and Resilience** - **Response to Crisis**: The nursing profession is known for its adaptability and resilience, especially in times of crisis, such as pandemics, natural disasters, and other emergencies. Nurses are often at the forefront of response efforts, providing care and leadership in challenging situations. - **Versatile Roles**: Nurses work in diverse settings and roles, from bedside care to advanced practice, administration, education, and research. This versatility allows nurses to meet the evolving needs of the healthcare system. 8. **Global Impact**