Occupational Safety and Environmental Safety for the Food Industry Lecture 2 PDF

Occupational Safety and Environmental Safety for the Food Industry Jennifer Campbell Lecture 2 © Innopharma  Module Overview This module aims to provide the student with comprehension of Health and Safety in the food industry, including the nature of hazards & their control, biosafety, ris...

Occupational Safety and Environmental Safety for the Food Industry Jennifer Campbell Lecture 2 © Innopharma  Module Overview This module aims to provide the student with comprehension of Health and Safety in the food industry, including the nature of hazards & their control, biosafety, risk assessment, waste management, with emphasis on legal requirements. 5 ECTS Module Breakdown 70% Final Exam – 2 hours 30% Continuous Assessment – MCQ – 9th November Lectures 5x Evenings 1x Saturday Contact Details: [email protected] © Innopharma 2  Module Learning Outcomes LO 1: Discuss the role and responsibilities of employees, employers and regulatory agencies under national and international legal frameworks. LO 2: Explain the types of information contained in a safety statement & discuss the steps in its preparation. LO 3: List the different types of hazards, there routes of exposure, personal protection equipment, along with describe the term safety data sheet and explain the information it contains. LO 4: Discuss both the causes and categories of biohazards and contaminants, the importance of cleaning, and review the different methods of sterilisation. LO 5: Explain the waste management hierarchy, along with discuss the role and function of regulatory agencies. LO 6: Describe how waste material is classified and explain the different methods of treating/disposing of gaseous, liquid and solid waste. © Innopharma  Lecture 2 Chemical Hazards Classification Labels Safety Data Sheets Routes of Exposure Noise Hazards Controlling Exposure to Hazards Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) © Innopharma  Introduction to Chemical Safety © Innopharma  Introduction Chemicals are used by us everyday in the home & workplace They are hazardous and can be dangerous if used incorrectly Hazardous chemicals can cause: o Fires o Explosions o Damage to health o Damage to the environment © Innopharma  Chemical Safety in the Workplace Under Safety, Health and Welfare at Work [Chemical Agents] Regulations 2001; Safety Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005, the employer is obliged by law to perform: A risk assessment to identify potentially hazardous chemicals that present a risk to the health and safety of employees or others. The assessment must take into account the full life- cycle of the chemical from it’s arrival on site from delivery to disposal. © Innopharma  Chemical Safety in the Workplace Number of resources available to the employer. Allows: o Determine whether a chemical is hazardous o Assistance in preparing the risk assessment (Hazard Risk Assessment and Control Document) © Innopharma  Where to find info on hazardous chemicals… 1. Manufacturers / Suppliers Required by law to: o Conduct a hazard assessment of their products o Must determine whether or not chemicals are hazardous Once classified or allocated a category of danger and one or more hazard and phrases Information must be made available in the form of labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDS). © Innopharma  Where to find info on hazardous chemicals… 2. Government Agencies © Innopharma  Where to find info on hazardous chemicals… 3. Online Search/ Online Databases © Innopharma Important to ensure the sources are: Reliable Up-to-date Relevant © Innopharma  Classification of Hazards © Innopharma  CHIP - Chemicals (Hazards Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulation CLP - Classification Labelling and Packaging © Innopharma  Video for more information... © Innopharma  Classification of Hazardous Chemicals 1.Physio-Chemical Effects 2.Health Effects 3.Danger to the Environment © Innopharma  Physio-Chemical Effects Boiling Point: The temperature at which a substance can change from a liquid to a gas. Melting Point: The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid. Explosive E: Chemicals that explode. © Innopharma  Physio-Chemical Effects Flash point: o The temperature at which the vapour that is above a liquid can ignite in air. o Flash point of petrol is 43°C below zero (Meaning that even on the coldest day petrol can still ignite very easily) o Many common organic liquids also have flash points below room temperature e.g. acetone (-18°C) © Innopharma  Physio-Chemical Effects Flammable: o A chemical that causes fire or supports combustion o Most common fire hazard in a lab is: ▪ A flammable liquid ▪ The vapour produced from such a liquid. o A flammable liquid is one that requires an ignition source o It has a flash point equal to or greater than 21°C and less than or equal to 55°C © Innopharma  Physio-Chemical Effects Highly Flammable, F: o A highly flammable solid is one that ignites after brief contact with a flame. o Flash point less than 21°C Extremely Flammable, F+: o Does not require an ignition source. o Flammable when in contact with air at ambient temp & pressure o Flash point less than 0°C & boiling point of 35°C or less © Innopharma  Physio-Chemical Effects Oxidising, O: o A chemical that yields oxygen readily and then this supports combustion o Liable to promote fire and/or explosion and should not be transported or stored with flammable liquids o Examples: Chlorates, Peroxides, Nitrates © Innopharma  Health Effects Harmful Xn: Chemicals that may cause damage to health. Irritant Xi: Chemicals that may cause inflammation to the skin or other mucous membranes (eyes, nose) Corrosive C: Chemicals that cause visible destruction of, or irreversible alteration to living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact © Innopharma  Health Effects Sensitising Xn or Xi: Development overtime of an allergic reaction to a chemical. The response may initially be mild but once sensitised, even minimal exposure can cause a severe allergic response e.g. rash/asthma Very Toxic T+ or Toxic T: Chemicals that are at very low levels (T+) or low levels (T) cause damage to health. © Innopharma  Health Effects Carcinogenic Chemicals that may cause cancer or increase its incidence Category 1: Substances known to be carcinogenic to humans Category 2: Substances that may result in the development of cancer Both categories 1 & 2 carry the "Toxic" symbol and the Hazard ‘H’ Phrase H350 (may cause cancer) or H351 (Suspected of causing cancer) for Cat 2. © Innopharma  Health Effects Carcinogenic Chemicals that may cause cancer or increase its incidence Category 1: Substances known to be carcinogenic to humans Category 2: Substances that may result in the development of cancer Category 3: Substances with possible carcinogenic effects but for which adequate information is not available Categories 3 carries the "Harmful" symbol and Hazard Phrase H351 (Suspected of causing cancer) © Innopharma © Innopharma © Innopharma 28 © Innopharma  Mutagens & Carcinogens Carcinogens are agents that cause Mutagen cancer An agent that causes a A mutagen is not the same as a genetic impairment/ carcinogen mutation that results in the alteration of the DNA While many mutagens are sequence carcinogens as well, many others are not Carcinogen The Ames test is a widely used test An agent that directly to screen chemicals used in food increases the incidence of and medications for mutagenic cancer/ causes cancer potential © Innopharma © Innopharma  Health Effects Toxic for Reproduction: Possible effects are loss of fertility in both men and women or harm to the developing baby. Teratogen: A substance that can cause birth defects Mutagenic: Chemicals that are capable of causing genetic changes (called mutations); mutagenic substances may also be carcinogenic © Innopharma © Innopharma  Dangerous to the Environment These are chemicals that may present an immediate or long-term danger to the environment © Innopharma  Short Quiz! © Innopharma  Hazard and Precautionary Phrases © Innopharma  Hazard & Precautionary Statements Previously known as risk and safety phrases (R/S) under the older European system H/P Statements implemented under the GHS and the CLP Regulation H/P phrase consists of a hazard part and precaution part, each followed by a number(s) Each number corresponds to a phrase – H phrase and P phrase These are mandatory for chemical SDS © Innopharma Hazard Statement (H-statement) Describe the nature and degree of the hazard posed by a chemical. Consist of the letter H followed by three digits Example: H209 = Explosive H222 = Extremely flammable material H331 = Toxic if inhaled © Innopharma © Innopharma 39 Precautionary Statement (P-statement) Provide information on measures to minimise or prevent adverse effects from exposure to hazardous substances Consist of the letter P followed by three digits Categorised into prevention, response, storage, disposal Example: P262 = Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing P280 = Wear protective gloves/ protective clothing... P260 = Do not breathe dust/ fume/ gas/ mist/ vapours/ spray © Innopharma © Innopharma 41  Hazard & Precautionary Statements The supplier assigns a hazardous chemical a classification or category of danger and the associated H/P statements Information is made available in the form of labels and SDS. H/P statements offer more detailed and comprehensive information about hazards and safety measures, aligning with modern scientific understanding and international standards. R/S statements were less detailed and not as comprehensively integrated into a global system. R/S statements varied more and had less standardization across countries. H/P statements are part of a globally harmonized system, ensuring consistency in classification and labelling worldwide. © Innopharma  Hazard Symbol H-Statements P-Statements © Innopharma  Chemical Labelling © Innopharma  What the labels tell you This is the primary/ initial source of warning for employees when handling hazardous chemical substance. The label will give basic information, which alerts the user to the dangers and precautions. It gives details of the supplier for further advise. © Innopharma  What the labels should tell you All labels should have the following: oClassification/ Category of danger e.g. toxic oH-Statements oP-Statements oHazard Symbol ▪ Will help to identify the category and properties of hazardous compounds. ▪ Alert you to the main dangers posed by the chemical. © Innopharma  Safety Data Sheets (SDS) © Innopharma  What are they? Detailed documents with essential information on the properties of chemical substances and mixtures. Crucial for ensuring safe: o Handling o Storage o Disposal Help prevent accidents/ incidents © Innopharma  MSDS Vs. SDS Term MSDS updated to SDS to align with the GHS o Standardise safety information worldwide o Improve communication and safety in the global trade and handling of chemicals MSDS SDS No standardised format, number Strict 16-section format of sections could vary (8-12) Consistent content Variation in details and clarity Harmonised system for hazard Variation in hazard classification classification Non-standardised signal words Standardised pictograms and and pictograms signal words (Danger or Warning) © Innopharma © Innopharma 50  16 Sections on an SDS What type of information do you think is included? © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 1. Identification: o Product identifier (name), manufacturer/ distributor information, emergency contact © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 2. Hazard(s) Identification: o Classification of the chemical, label elements, signal word, hazard statements. © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 3. Composition/ Information on Ingredients: o This section gives information on the ingredients of the substance. o Important for mixtures of ingredients one or more of which is potentially hazardous. © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 4. First Aid Measures: o Symptoms/effects o Required treatment © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 5. Fire Fighting Measures: o Recommendations for fire fighting materials that are compatible with the material in question. o Also outlines unusual fire and explosion hazards. © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 6. Accidental Release Measures: o Emergency procedures, protective equipment, containment methods and cleanup. o Steps to be taking in the event of a leak or spill to minimise exposure to personnel and the environment. © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 7. Handling and Storage: o Directions for safe handling and storage © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 8. Exposure Controls/ Personal Protection: o Occupational exposure limits, protective measures. o Describes the recommended engineering controls and personal protection to be used when working with the substance. © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 9. Physical and Chemical Properties: o Characteristics of the substance, such as appearance, boiling point, melting point, flammability etc. © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 10. Stability and Reactivity o Covers the stability of the material and conditions to be avoided. o Identifies other materials with which the substance is incompatible (important for safe use and storage) © Innopharma © Innopharma 62  SDS 16 Sections 11. Toxicological Information: o Health effects, symptoms, toxicity levels. o Information including research data on the toxic effects of the material e.g. Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) data. o Describes toxicity resulting from different forms of exposure. © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 12. Ecological Information: o Environmental impact, persistance and degradability. © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 13. Disposal Considerations: o Describes methods and precautions for safe disposal. © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 14. Transport Information: o Includes packing, marking, and labeling requirements for hazardous chemical shipments. o Information for safe transport. © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 15. Regulatory Information: o Information on any special regulations or controls regarding the substance. © Innopharma  SDS 16 Sections 16. Other Information: o Includes date of preparation or last revision. o Other information that may be relevant to the use, handling, transport or storage or the substance. © Innopharma  Effects of Chemicals on the Boby © Innopharma  Effects of Chemicals on the Boby Hazards / Toxic effects are due to: Its physical/chemical effects or Its potential to cause harm to health. It must come into contact with the body at a sufficiently high concentration (dose) and for a sufficiently long period of time. Thus, the health effect of a chemical involves considerations of: 1. The properties of the chemical 2. The route of exposure 3. The dose and ….. 4. The duration of exposure. © Innopharma  Routes of Exposure © Innopharma  1. Inhalation Breathing gases, dusts, smoke, mists or vapours into the respiratory tract Transported into the lungs and cause local damage. Others e.g. organic solvents can enter the bloodstream through the lungs and exert their effects elsewhere in the body. © Innopharma  2. Absorption Skin o May result in a local reaction such as irritation, itching, blistering or burns. o Other chemicals may be absorbed into the bloodstream and cause toxic effects on other parts of the body. © Innopharma  2. Absorption Eyes o Most vulnerable. o Corrosive substances can cause damage very quickly. o The result may be tearing, irritation of the cornea, inflammation, or blindness. o Can also allow easy absorption of toxic vapours, which can cause permanent eye damage. o Exposure: Working with aerosols or reactive substances without eye protection. o This increases the chances of serious eye damage. © Innopharma © Innopharma  3. Injection Injection effectively bypasses the protection provided by intact skin. o It provides direct access to the bloodstream. o Possible mishaps with: syringe needles or through accidents with pipettes, broken glassware or other sharp objects that have been contaminated with toxic substances. © Innopharma  4. Trans-placental route Absorption substances cross the placenta from the maternal bloodstream. This can affect on the unborn child. © Innopharma  5. Ingestion o Eating, drinking or smoking while using hazardous products increases the chance of swallowing hazardous materials. o Failure to thorougly clean hands increases the possibility of exposure through ingestion. o In the workplace, there are certain guidelines or regulations to limit exposure to hazardous substances. o These are referred to as exposure limits. © Innopharma  Exposure Limits Most exposure standards are based on the inhalation route (airborne concentrations of the chemical agent). Normally expressed in terms of parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per cubic metre (mg/m3) concentration in air. Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL): The average concentration of a chemical agent to which a worker may be exposed to for a normal eight hour workday without suffering adverse effects on their health. Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): The concentration of a chemical agent to which an average worker may be exposed for a short period of time (usually 15 minutes), without suffering harmful health effects. © Innopharma  Exposure Limits o Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) o A value of concentration based on the results of animal experiments. o An LD50 value is the amount of a solid or liquid material that it takes to kill 50% of test animals in a single dose. o The dose may be administered orally (by mouth), or by injection into various parts of the body. o The LD50 value is usually reported [in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of body weight of the test animal] along with the administration route. © Innopharma  Exposure Limits It also relates to gases, dusts, vapours and mists. Definition: It is the concentration in air required to kill 50% of the test subjects when administered as a single exposure. This value gives you an idea of the relative toxicity of the material. Typical units for LC50 values are parts per million (ppm) of material in air. © Innopharma  Response of the body to over-exposure of hazardous chemicals Acute exposure: Short-term exposure, lasting for minutes, hours. The effects develops either immediately or a short time after the exposure e.g. Chemicals in close contact with the skin can cause dermatitis (a rash). © Innopharma  Response of the body to over-exposure of hazardous chemicals Chronic exposure: Long-term or prolonged exposure, lasting for months or years. Effect: o Develops from long-term exposure. o Most difficult to avoid because damage may not become evident for many years. o E.g. the acute effect of excess alcohol consumption is intoxication, while the chronic effect is cirrhosis of the liver. © Innopharma  Response of the body to over-exposure of hazardous chemicals Local: Local Effects occur at the site of exposure. E.g. Corrosive material such as strong acids and bases can be irritants in dilute form but cause severe burns when concentrated. Systemic: Occurs at a site remote from the point of contact following absorption and distribution around the body. © Innopharma  Response of the body to over-exposure of hazardous chemicals Reversible Effects: The body can repair the damage naturally Irreversible Effects: The damage is permanent and cannot be repaired by the body © Innopharma  First Aid Treatment © Innopharma  First Aid Treatment Inhalation: ◦ Remove to fresh air. ◦ Wear protective clothing and breathing apparatus if necessary. ◦ Restore or support breathing. ◦ Make victim comfortable by sitting or laying them down. ◦ Do not allow them to walk or exert themselves. ◦ Contact supervisor and medical personnel immediately © Innopharma  First Aid Treatment Ingestion: ◦ Do not feed anything by mouth to an unconscious or convulsive...individual ◦ Do not induce vomiting. ◦ Restore or support breathing. ◦ If person is conscious, wash out their mouth with water. ◦ Contact supervisor and medical personnel immediately. © Innopharma  First Aid Treatment Skin Contact: ◦ Remove contaminated clothing immediately (unless stuck to...the skin) ◦ Rinse the affected area for several minutes in running water. ◦ Soap may be used depending on the chemical. ◦ Contact supervisor and medical personnel immediately © Innopharma  First Aid Treatment Eye Contact: ◦ Immediately flush with copious volumes of water. ◦ Separate the eyelids with fingers to ensure the water is washing the..eyes. ◦ Careful that the rinsing's do not enter the unaffected eye. ◦ Care and speed is essential to prevent permanent eye injury. ◦ Contact supervisor and medical personnel immediately © Innopharma © Innopharma  Noise © Innopharma  Noise as a Hazard and Noise control Legislation: Control of Noise at Work Regulations 1996. Superseded by the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Control of Noise at Work) Regulations 2006. This is intended to protect against risks to health and safety from exposure to noise and risk of hearing damage. It is the duty of every employer to reduce the risks resulting from exposure to noise to the lowest level ‘reasonably practicable’. Employer’s are obliged to carry out a noise assessment to assess noise risks and decide on an action plan for controlling noise levels. © Innopharma  Noise as a Hazard & Noise Control Noise is measured in decibels (dB) An ‘A weighting’ written as dB (A) measures average noise levels in the audible range for humans. An ‘C weighting’ written as dB (C) measures peak noises e.g. explosive noises. These measures are important in relation to: o exposure limits and o action values. Some examples given in next slide. © Innopharma © Innopharma 95 © Innopharma  Exposure Limits Values Exposure Limit Values: The maximum noise levels to which workers can be exposed. These are set at: 87 dB(A) for daily or weekly personal noise exposure. 140 dB(C) for peak sound pressure. Immediate corrective actions if exceeded. © Innopharma  Exposure Action Values Exposure Action Values: These values trigger specific actions to reduce noise exposure. They are set at: Lower action values: 80 dB(A) (but less than 85 dB(A)) for daily or weekly personal noise exposure and 135 dB(C) for peak sound pressure. Action Required: o Must reduce noise exposure where possible. o Must ensure employees receive adequate information concerning the potential risks of noise exposure to their hearing. o Must make HPE available free of charge and provide training to use. o Employees are entitled to request ear protection and a hearing (audiometric) test at the expense of the employer. © Innopharma  Exposure Action Values Exposure Action Values: These values trigger specific actions to reduce noise exposure. They are set at: Upper action values: 85 dB(A) for daily or weekly personal noise exposure and 137 dB(C) for peak sound pressure. Action Required: Employer must identify the reason for the excess noise level. o Identify the controls necessary to eliminate or reduce noise exposure** using recognised noise control solutions. o Mandatory warning signs must be displayed, and hearing protectors must be available and must be worn. o A hearing check, including audiometric screening test, must be made available to employees. © Innopharma  Exposure Action Values Risks should be reduced to as low as possible by: oEngineering means oAdmin controls oUse of hearing PPE © Innopharma © Innopharma 101  Hearing Protective Equipment © Innopharma  Hearing Protective Equipment © Innopharma  Hearing Protective Equipment Last resort! Only used after all efforts to eliminate or reduce the source of the noise have been exhausted. Employer must inform the employee of the steps taken to reduce the noise. Employers must supply HPE to employees and provide training in their use. This equipment should be adequate to reduce the noise exposure to less than 87dB(A) © Innopharma  Hearing Protective Equipment Employers must designate high noise level areas (or hearing protection zones). It must be clearly marked ‘Ear protection Zone’ and suitable signs posted to indicate that hearing protection is mandatory in that area. Employees are obliged to wear the HPPE provided. Employees regularly exposed to noise levels at or above the second action value must be included in a health surveillance programme. © Innopharma  Exposure limit which must not be exceeded: Daily or weekly exposure of 87dB(A) © Innopharma  Controlling Exposure to Hazards © Innopharma  Elimination or substitution of a more toxic material for a less toxic one Isolate people from the hazard Work practices and Administrative controls. Changing the way of working Individual protection from the hazard © Innopharma 108  Engineering Controls Achieved by isolation or enclosure of the process or operation from workers i.e. a physical barrier separating the worker from the toxic chemical. Another alternative could be local exhaust ventilation o This is the removal of contaminated air directly at source. o So use fume hoods to remove dusts/fumes at source. © Innopharma  Work Practice and Administrative Controls Introducing changes to the process to minimise contact with hazards or Rotating job assignments and work schedules. This will minimise the number of employees exposed to the hazard or the duration of exposure is reduced. If exposure cannot be adequately controlled by any of the above measures, then PPE should be employed. So use of PPE is a last resort. © Innopharma Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) © Innopharma  Personal Protective Equipment © Innopharma  Personal Protective Equipment Limitations of PPE: Does not reduce or eliminate the hazard Only protects the wearer, and does not protect anyone else in the vicinity of the hazardous chemical/noise. Could be unreliable, and if it fails, the individual is left unprotected. Gives false sense of security about level of protection. More than one type of PPE will be required as people are different sizes and may have sensitivities. © Innopharma  Employers Duties Ensure that suitable PPE is provided to their employees who may be exposed to a risk to their health and safety, except where the risk has been adequately controlled by other means. An assessment should be performed before use to ensure the PPE offers adequate protection for its intended use. Employers have a duty to maintain PPE, to ensure it is in proper working order and in good repair. So frequent inspection and testing of equipment is essential and any defects should be repaired. Replacement PPE should also be available. © Innopharma  Employers Duties Contd. Employer must ensure that PPE is properly stored between uses. Employers must provide adequate training to employees to inform them of the risks associated with the chemical they are being protected from by the PPE. They must also provide training in the proper use, maintenance and limitations of the PPE. A training record should be kept of any training provided to employees and this training should be reviewed periodically. © Innopharma  Employees Duties They should use the PPE provided in accordance with the instructions and training received. They should store the PPE when not in use. Report any defect in PPE. Not intentionally misuse or abuse PPE. © Innopharma  The Hazards and Types of PPE HEAD Hazards: Impact from falling objects & risk of bumping head PPE: Helmets, hard hats EYES Hazards: Chemical, splash, dust, gases, vapours PPE: Visors, face shields, goggles, safety specs EARS Hazards: Excessive noisse PPE: Hearing protectors e.g. earmuffs, earplugs © Innopharma © Innopharma 118  Mouth Breathing Hazard: Splashes, dusts, vapours and gases. PPE: Dust mask, Respirators, Air-fed helmets, breathing apparatus. Dust masks provide protection from nuisance dusts. A respirator provides protection from gases and vapours. An air supply hood with breathable air via an air supply line is used to provide protection against higher levels of contamination than a respirator. © Innopharma  Hands and Arms Hazards: Cuts, chemical exposure by contact with or absorption through the skin, contamination, disease transmission. PPE: Different types of gloves. The glove must have the correct type of material to ensure the chemical does not pass through the glove to the skin. © Innopharma  Feet and Legs Hazards: Slips, falling objects, chemical splashes and cuts. PPE: Safety boots and shoes with protective toecaps. Chemical resistant over shoes. © Innopharma  Body Protection Hazards: Contaminated dust, chemical or other type of splashes and adverse weather. PPE: Disposable overalls e.g. Tyvek suits, boiler suits, hi-vis clothing, fire resistant clothing, lab coats, bakers whites © Innopharma  Hearing Protection © Innopharma © Innopharma  PPE for Hazardous Chemicals © Innopharma  Conclusions Employers have huge responsibilities: To know what the hazards are To provide a safe work environment for employees Employees have a responsibility to: Use Care for the equipment provided Training is a critical part for all! © Innopharma