Biotechnological Production Of Herbal Drugs Lecture 1. Introduction PDF

Biotechnological Production Of Herbal Drugs [PPC505] Dr. Marwa Saeed Galaa Goda | PhD Lecturer of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, GU [email protected] ...

Biotechnological Production Of Herbal Drugs [PPC505] Dr. Marwa Saeed Galaa Goda | PhD Lecturer of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, GU [email protected]  Course Desciption The course is constructed to give insights on the scope and practice of plant biotechnology. It covers the basic principles of biotechnology and the different four colors (red, green, white, and blue) of biotechnology. Furthermore, the course delivers the knowledge on the downstream processes of plant cells and tissue culture and different genetic engineering techniques. Finally, the course concludes the potential of biotechnological application in the market. Syllabus Week Lecture 1st week: 28/9/2024 Advising & registration 2nd week: 5/10/2024 Biotechnology: Four colors of biotechnology, and Pros & cons of green biotechnology rd 3 week: 12/10/2024 I. Plant tissue culture: Advantages & disadvantages, and stages 4th week: 19/10/2024 I. Plant tissue culture: Nutritional requirements, and common problems 5th week: 26/10/2024 I. Plant tissue culture: Culture types, plant regeneration, and genetic assessment I. Plant tissue culture: Extraction & quantification of metabolites, and strategies to increase 6th week: 2/11/2024 secondary metabolites production Day 7th week: 9/11/2024 I. Plant tissue culture: Biotechnological application of plant callus culture 8th week: 16/11/2024 Midterm Exam 9th week: 23/11/2024 II. Plant genetic manipulation: Steps of plant genetic engineering/ transgenic biotechnology 10th week: 30/12/2024 II. Plant genetic manipulation: Advantages & disadvantages of genetically modified (GM) crops 11th week: 7/12/2024 II. Plant genetic manipulation: Different pharmaceutical applications of biotechnology 1 12th week: 14/12/2024 II. Plant genetic manipulation: Different pharmaceutical applications of biotechnology 2 13th week: 21/12/2024 Student presentations I 14th week: 28/12/2024 Student presentations II 15th week: 4/1/2025 Final Exam Total marks Items Marks Midterm exam 30 marks Semester activity Quizzes 10 marks (Class work) Activity/ presentation 10 marks Student’s attendance 5 marks Student’s portfolio 5 marks Final exam 40 marks Total marks 100 marks  Learning Outcomes (LOs) K1. Describe different types of biotechnology, their scope and importance. K2. Recognize the basic principles, advantages and disadvantages of plant tissue culture. K3. Illustrate the fundamental concepts to increase the production of pharmaceuticals. Domain 1: K4. Demonstrate the relation between various growth media composition, culture Fundamental environment, or growth regulators and the yield of phytochemicals knowledge K5. Describe pros and cons of genetically modified crops as well as the basic steps. K6. Record the recent advances in the fields of plant biotechnology. K7. Explain different analytical methods that are used in the quantitative determination of the bioactive metabolites in different in vitro cultures. S1. Assess experimental scheme to suggest solutions for micropropagation of endangered Domain 2: plants. Professional and S2. Analyze different methods and elicitation protocols for enhancement of natural products ethical practice productions. S3. Interpret different protocols of transgenic plants. C1. Develop team-working ability through group projects. Domain 4: C2. Demonstrate time-management and presentation skills. Personal practice C3. Use computer technology to get relevant information. Introduction  Introduction - Definition of biotechnology - Scope and importance of biotechnology  Definition of biotechnology Biotechnology (Biology- based technology) is any technical application that uses biological systems or living organisms (microorganisms, plants and animal) or their components (derivatives) to make or modify products or processes for the benefit of human beings. 9  Introduction - Definition of biotechnology - Scope and importance of biotechnology  Scope and branches of biotechnology Due to the rapid expansion of biotechnology in different fields, a color-coded system has been developed to easily identify the primary areas of biotechnological research. Biotechnology can be applied in industry, medicine, and agriculture. There are four main branches or “colors” of biotechnology: blue, red, white, and green. Figure 1. Four colors (branches) of biotechnology.  Biotechnology and Marine (Blue biotechnology): Blue (or marine) biotechnology is a branch of biotechnology that involves the technological utilization of marine and aquatic organisms for developing novel compounds. These compounds can subsequently be utilized in the pharmaceutical industry to create new antioxidants, antibiotics, analgesics, and antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal agents. 12  Examples 1. Nutritional supplements: Cod liver oil contains omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A and vitamin C. 2. Wound healing: The use of wound dressings coated with chitosan, a sugar derived from shrimp and crab shells. It can stop bleeding via promoting the aggregation of platelets. 3. Cosmetics and personal care products: Many cosmetic formulations use alga or their bioactive metabolites as a moisturizing agent, anti- wrinkle agents, whitening agents, sunscreen, anti‐cellulite, and also for hair care. 13  Examples 4. Analgesics: The peptide ziconotide, which is extracted from the venom of the cone snail, displays a strong analgesic effect. 5. Aquaculture: Farming of aquatic organisms (fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants) enhances production of monosex populations (ex. Sturgeon caviar; female fish), productivity of selective breeding (ex. Tilapia, salmon) and disease resistance in aquaculture. 14 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOzS4HTSCs4 15  Biotechnology and Environment (White biotechnology): White biotechnology (Environmental or industrial) is the application of biotechnology to industrial processes in order to reduce their environmental impact. It is devoted to use living cells, from yeast, moulds, bacteria and plants, and enzymes to synthesize products in sectors such as paper, textiles, detergents, and energy. White biotechnology also helps reduce waste by providing new biodegradable plastics, for example from plants and fungi. 16  Examples 1. Textile industry: For finishing or modification processes of fibres and fabric, the use of enzymes is cheaper or more environmentally friendly than the conventional chemical treatments. For example: cotton scouring (the removal of non-cellulose components) is normally done with a series of chemical treatments. However, the recent introduction of an enzymatic process allows the scouring to take place at a lower temperature and gives a considerable reduction in waste water. 2. Plastic industry: Given that starch is renewable and biodegradable, it is the most perfect raw material for biodegradable plastics (poly lactic acid) for the packaging industry, that compete with other polyesters on the market. 17  Examples 3. Energy source or biogas production: Biofuels (bioethanol and biodiesel) are the focus of growing interest for transportation. Bioethanol is an anhydrous ethyl alcohol obtained on a large scale by alcoholic fermentation of sugar from sugar beets, sugarcane, corn, or wheat. At present, bioethanol is used in car engines as a maximum of 15% additive to gasoline. Bio-diesel is defined mainly as methyl esters (FAME) of long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oil (typically rapeseed oil in Europe) using a process of chemical modification (transesterification). Biomass (organic matter that comes from plants) can also be fermented to produce methane (an efficient and established technology) as a partial replacement of natural gas. 18  Examples 4. Detergent industry: The use of starch products for the production of biodegradable, non-toxic and skin friendly detergents. 5. Pesticides: Bio-pesticides give environmentally safer alternative to chemical pesticides for control of insect pests and diseases. 6. Sewage treatment: It introduces microorganisms, enzymes, or plants to degrade pollutants. For example: Microorganisms in sewage treatment plants remove common pollutants (heavy metals and sulphur compounds) from waste water before it is discharged into rivers or sea. However, the enzyme based bioremediation technology is still not fully developed at a commercial level. 19  Examples 7. Soil and land treatment: Bioremediation is an effective natural method for the degradation of pollutants like petroleum waste hydrocarbon (PWHCs) as a result of a leakage from waste pit. PWHCs may affect soil fertility, porosity, regulation of water supply, or normal habitat of soil microorganisms. In microbial remediation, microorganisms attach themselves to petroleum hydrocarbons and degrade them by using them as a source of food. The process of bioremediation can be enhanced by adding microbial culture (bio-degraders) and fertilizers. 20 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UoVP1NCSlM 21  Biotechnology and Medicine (Red biotechnology): Red biotechnology (Biopharma or medical/pharmaceutical) is a distinct branch of biotechnology, which deals with therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications and aims at human health preservation. 22  Examples It involves the production of vaccines (human hepatitis B) and antibiotics, the discovery of new drugs, synthesis of valuable drugs like insulin and interferon from bacteria for treatment of human diseases, stem cell therapy, and new diagnostics. 23  Biotechnology and Agriculture (Green biotechnology): Among the applications of green biotechnology are the development of transgenic and genetically modified (GM) plants to improve the nutritional value (minerals, vitamins or fiber contents), or quality. The technology is also used to make or develop plants tolerant to pests and droughts etc. 24 Importance of green biotechnology (a) (b) Figure 2. (a) Effect of global warming of crop availability; (b) Optimal outcome of using green biotechnology 25  The world is grappling with the effects of ever-rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) resulting from emissions during the Industrial Revolution and fuels combustion. These high levels of CO2 are a key cause of the global greenhouse effect, and thus climate change ″global warming‶ which has resulted in low crop productivity. Low crop productivity is also caused by attacks on crops by insects/pests and drought (Fig. 2). Green biotechnology is a set of biological approaches that aim to provide environmentally friendly solutions to the various reasons of low crop productivity due to anthropogenic factors. ‶Anthropogenic″ refers to environmental change caused by people, either directly or indirectly. This is possible because green biotechnology can be used to create genetically modified crops that are resistant to insects/pests and consume relatively little water during cultivation (Fig. 2). 26 Figure 3. Benefits and risks of green biotechnology 27  The dual effect of green biotechnology is discussed by considering its benefits and risks. Potential benefits: The ability to introduce resistance to pests and diseases into crops, maximize the yield of crops, give crops extra tolerance to adverse weather and soil conditions, improve the nutritional value of some foods, and enhance the durability of products when they are harvested and shipped (Fig. 3). Potential risks: The transfer of genes from one species to another may also transfer characteristics that cause allergic reactions [Human and health risks], and there will be significant hazards if a developing nation does not have laws that guarantee small farms have access to markets, infrastructure, productive resources, delivery systems, and extension services [Socioeconomic risks] (Fig. 3). 28  Plant biotechnology Principle of plant tissue culture. Advantages of plant tissue culture. Disadvantages of plant tissue culture. Stages of plant tissue culture. Thank You gu.edu.eg