Introduction to Biotechnology PDF

BIOTECHNOLOGY: WHAT IS IT GOOD FOR? What Is Biotechnology? The use of living organisms, or products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem e.g., fermentation, selective breeding, recombinant DNA Biochemical engineering: branch of chemical engineering; combines...

BIOTECHNOLOGY: WHAT IS IT GOOD FOR? What Is Biotechnology? The use of living organisms, or products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem e.g., fermentation, selective breeding, recombinant DNA Biochemical engineering: branch of chemical engineering; combines biology, chemistry and engineering to create products from raw materials and develop processes for achieving this. Ancient Biotechnology (Pre-1800) Cheese: one of first biotech products; prepared by adding rennet (enzyme found in the stomach of calves) to sour milk Yeast fermentation was used to make beer in Sumeria and Babylonia as early as 7,000 BC The Chinese developed fermentation techniques for brewing and cheese making Classical Biotechnology (1800-1945) 1822-1895: Vaccination against small pox and rabies developed by Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur 1870: Breeders crossbreed cotton, developing hundreds of varieties with superior qualities 1942: Penicillin is mass-produced in microbes for the first time Modern Biotechnology (1945present) Refers to manipulation of genetic material and the fusion of cells beyond normal breeding barriers • Genetic engineering and GMOs • Genomics • Genome editing, CRISPR-Cas9 Timeline of plant biotechnology references\Agricultural Biotechnology_GMO Timeline.pdf Plant biotechnology helps address the need for high quality and sufficient food for an expanding world population Challenges and opportunities for improving food quality and nutrition through plant biotechnology https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2016.11.009 Biotechnology fields Microbial biotechnology Manipulation of microorganisms e.g., yeast and bacteria • Used to clone and produce large amounts of target proteins • Used to create better enzymes; e.g., directed evolution • More efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal Genetically modified cultured cells used to make protein of interest Agricultural biotechnology The UN Food and Agricultural Org. predicts that by 2050, we will need to feed a world population of 9.1 billion. This requires raising food production by approximately 70%! Agricultural Biotechnology: how it can help • • • • Higher-yield, more environmentally friendly plants Resistance to diseases and insects Food with higher protein or vitamin content Drugs developed and grown as plant products CASE STUDY: Bt-modified ORGANISMS Bt = Bacillus thuringiensis • • • spore-forming bacterium; produces protein crystals that are toxic to insects ONLY Bt – modified organisms produce Bt crystals Insect eats Bt crystals, which then binds to receptors in the gut ➢ insects stops eating ➢ crystals cause gut wall to break down ➢ insect dies as spores and gut bacteria proliferate in the body Normally black-and-silver zebrafish was turned green or red by inserting various versions of the GFP gene. Called GloFish ☺ A cat which has been genetically altered to make cells that resist a version of the AIDS virus that affects cats, along with GFP protein Aquatic biotechnology Disease-resistant strains of oysters Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon Transgenic salmon overproducing growth hormone transgenic normal Bioremediation Use of biotechnology to process, degrade natural and manmade substances, such as those that contribute to environmental pollution e.g., stimulate growth of bacteria that degrade components in crude oil Adding nutrients to stimulate growth of bacteria to clean up oil spill Genomics Field of genetics that applies recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing methods, and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble, and analyze the function and structure of genomes Medical biotechnology Involved with whole spectrum of human medicine ❑Preventive medicine ❑Diagnosis of health and illness ❑Treatment of human diseases Will require ❑ informed, interested providers ❑ Informed, interested public Using SNPs to track predisposition to disease and other genetic traits © Gibson & Muse, A Primer of Genome Science Applications of genetic and genomic testing ❑Prenatal diagnosis ❑Carrier testing ❑Confirmation of a genetic diagnosis ❑Genetic susceptibility ❑Disease screening/diagnosis ❑Pharmacogenomics ❑Disease profiling Sample Collection Testing: Sequencing, Gene chips Analysis Detecting genetic diseases Pharmacogenomics - deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response e.g., differential response of drug transporters, drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug receptors Precision medicine! Regenerative medicine Genetically modifying stem cells of patients to treat genetic disease conditions • Isolate adult stem cells from a patient with a genetic disorder • Genetically manipulate these cells via gene therapy • Reinsert cells into the same patient to help treat their genetic disease Biotech and pharmaceutical companies: what’s the diff? Pharmaceutical companies: involved in drug development ❑chemically synthesizing or purifying compounds to make the drug ❑does not use living organisms to grow/produce a product Biotech companies: involved in drug development using live organisms ❑May also create products that are not drugs The biotechnology industry Consumer genomics “Direct to consumer" genomic testing: • family ancestry or genealogy • DNA-based health, traits, and ancestry information Commercial enterprises emerged to fill a public need to determine paternity of children Regulatory biotechnology Quality Assurance (QA) • All activities involved in regulating the final quality of a product Quality Control (QC) • Part of QA process that involves lab testing, monitoring of processes and applications to ensure consistent product standards Together, QA and QC ensure that biotechnology products meet strict standards for purity and performance Genome editing • type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted/replaced/removed from a genome using special nucleases, or "molecular scissors” • genetic changes to embryos — a procedure known as germline modification — are heritable; they could have an unpredictable effect on future generations 22 April 2015: Chinese scientists genetically modify human embryos Rumours of germline modification prove true — and look set to reignite an ethical debate • Gene-edited 'micropigs originally created as models for human disease • 1 copy of GHR gene in the fetal cells was disabled ➢ cells do not receive ‘grow’ signal during dev’t, resulting in stunted pigs 'Gene drive' mosquitoes engineered to fight malaria NATURE | NEWS 23 November 2015 • Humans contract malaria from mosquitoes infected by Plasmodium parasite • Crispr-Cas9 ‘gene drive’ method used to introduce 2 genes that cause resistance to Plasmodium • resulting mosquitoes passed on the modified genes to >99% of their offspring Synthetic Biology ..\..\youtube downloads\Synthetic Biology Explained.mp4 The nd 2 biotechnology age