BIO154 Biotechnology Lecture 1 Introduction PDF

BIO154 BIOTECHNOLOGY Lecturers: Dr. Paul Hills (Convener) E-mail: [email protected]...

BIO154 BIOTECHNOLOGY Lecturers: Dr. Paul Hills (Convener) E-mail: [email protected] Room 1049, Natural Sciences Building Dr Christell van der Vyver E-mail: [email protected] Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIO154 BIOTECHNOLOGY Textbook: Russell, Hertz and MacMillan (2017) Biology - The dynamic science (5th Ed) References: Class notes and the references within them. All notes are available on SunLearn. Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIO154 BIOTECHNOLOGY Outcomes: After completing this module, you will… Understand what biotechnology is, realise the role it plays in our society and appreciate its potential; Have mastered various terms, concepts, techniques and applications of biotechnology. Hopefully realise how important it is to APPLY biology! Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIO154 BIOTECHNOLOGY WHAT WE CAN ALREADY DO Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe  ? BIO154 BIOTECHNOLOGY WHAT WE CAN’T DO (YET) Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIO154 BIOTECHNOLOGY WHAT WE MAY BE ABLE TO DO: BUT SHOULD WE? Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction LECTURE 1 References: Russell, Hertz and MacMillan; Class notes Key concepts: History of plant biotechnology, the relevance of biotechnology, three generations of biotechnology, colors of biotechnology, the green revolution, current state of GM crops, biotechnology in South Africa Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction WHAT IS bios – means “life“ technikos – means “tools" BIOTEGNOLOGY? logos – means “the study of" Biotechnology therefore is… The characterization, use and/or change of organisms, using some technical process, to the advantage of mankind and the environment. (NB: it does not only refer to molecular biology and genetic manipulation) According to the European Federation of Biotechnologists (EFB): "Biotechnology is the integration of natural and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services." Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction THE HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction WHY DO WE NEED BIOTECHNOLOGY? https://www.worldometers.info/ Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction Arable land per capita (ha in use per person). WHY DO WE NEED Data from FAO BIOTECHNOLOGY? Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction Most of this has been accomplished using traditional breeding WHY DO WE NEED BIOTECHNOLOGY? Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction WHY DO WE NEED BIOTECHNOLOGY? Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction It has been estimated that conventional plant breeding will not be WHY DO WE NEED enough to increase yields for this growing population BIOTECHNOLOGY? Ray et al 2013, PLOS One; 8, e66428 Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction WHY DO WE NEED BIOTECHNOLOGY? Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction WHY DO WE NEED Not only will we have more people, they will also live longer, so there is a need for better medicines etc. BIOTECHNOLOGY? Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction Amish Farmers Grow Nicotine Free Biotech Tobacco and RELEVANCE OF Blight Resistant Potatoes BIOTECHNOLOGY Amish farmers in Pennsylvania say they can earn twice as much with biotech tobacco. Fuel for thought The biofuels revolution is on its way – and South Africa is well placed to harvest its bounty. Just one problem: will it eat up all our food? Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction RELEVANCE OF STEM CELL RESEARCH BIOTECHNOLOGY FINGERPRINTING DNA Amgen en Genentech settle patent dispute Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction THE TYPES OF (i) Different generations (1st, 2nd en 3rd) BIOECHNOLOGY CAN BE DEFINED AS… (ii) Different colours Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY GENERATIONS Three generation of biotechnology can be distinguished... THE TYPES OF BIOECHNOLOGY CAN BE DEFINED AS… 1. 1. Conventional use, cultivation and improvement 2. The use of in vitro 3. Molecular plant of organisms technology biotechnology Natural plant products Plant tissue culture Molecular markers Breeding / improvement Embryo rescue Cloning and stem Aspects of modern (plants) and in vitro cell research agriculture (e.g. hydroponics) fertilization (animals) Genetic engineering Fermentation (traditional Bioreactors Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe brewing, bread baking etc.) BIOTECHNOLOGY GENERATIONS Breeding/selection is an age-old practice through which genetic FIRST variation is selectively utilized. GENERATION Different forms of Brassica oleracea were developed from wild BIOTEGNOLOGY cabbage. Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY GENERATIONS GREEN REVOLUTION FIRST Refers to the exponential increases in the yields of crops due to GENERATION dedicated breeding and selection programs and improved BIOTEGNOLOGY agricultural practices, e.g. maize production increased from 1.5 tons/ha in 1930 to 6.2 tons/ha in 1980. Norman Borlaug Nobel prize winner 1970, father of the Green Revolution Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe  BIOTECHNOLOGY GENERATIONS NATURAL PLANT PRODUCTS FIRST GENERATION BIOTEGNOLOGY https://medium.com/thrive-agric/ginger-production-in-nigeria-c8af56c737c1 $ $ $ Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY GENERATIONS FERMENTATION FIRST Baker's yeast has been used since~6000 BC for: GENERATION BIOTEGNOLOGY Beer brewing... Bread baking... Wine making... Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY GENERATIONS IN VITRO-TECHNOLOGY SECOND GENERATION WHAT IS IT? BIOTEGNOLOGY In vitro = in glass. Includes all techniques in which plants/tissue goes through a sterile, in vitro culturing phase. HOW IS IT USED? How are trees propagated in the forestry industry? How do you make new crosses with seedless grape cultivars? Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY GENERATIONS THIRD MOLECULAR MARKERS GENERATION BIOTEGNOLOGY What are they? A molecular marker is a molecule which can be linked directly to a specific genetic trait. How are they used? The eventual phenotype of a plant can be predicted by analyzing it on DNA-level. Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY GENERATIONS GENETIC MANIPULATION THIRD GENERATION What is it? BIOTEGNOLOGY The direct (non-sexual) addition of genetic material to an organism. How is it used? New genetic traits can be added to an organism or unwanted traits can be removed. E.g.: Salmon which over-express growth hormone Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY COLOURS THE COLOURS Red: Health, Medical, Diagnostics OF Yellow: Food biotechnology, Nutrition Science BIOTECHNOLOGY Blue: Aquaculture, Coastal and Marine Biotechnology Green: Agriculture, Environmental Biotechnology Brown: Arid zone and Desert Biotechnology Dark: Bioterrorism, Biowarfare, Biocrimes Purple: Patents, Publications, Inventions, IPR’s Pers: patente, publikasies, uitvindings, intellektuele eiendomsreg White: Gene based bioindustries Gold: Bioinformatics, Nanobiotechnology Grey: Classical fermentation and Bioprocess Technology Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe GMOs occur naturally Sweet potatoes contain genes Some butterflies contain genes inserted using the same injected into them by parasitic bacteria that humans use to wasps. make GMOs Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe GMOs occur naturally You are a GMO! ~100 000 DNA sequences 8% of total genome (up to 40%?) Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY – GM CROPS Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY – GM CROPS CURRENT STATUS OF GM-CROPS THIRD Third generation biotechnology is already widely used… GENERATION BIOTEGNOLOGY Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY – GM CROPS THIRD GENERATION BIOTEGNOLOGY Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY – GM CROPS But are biotech crops suitable for developing countries? THIRD GENERATION BIOTEGNOLOGY There are similar issues in South Africa for smallholder farmers with regard to insect Burkina Faso introduced resistant maize. They work GM cotton in 2008, but well in years where there is a stopped using Monsanto’s lot of insect predation, but in varieties in 2016 as the other years can be quality was not good outcompeted by local non- enough. These varieties are GM varieties. developed for the major world markets and may not be suitable everywhere Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY From: A NATIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY STRATEGY BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR SOUTH AFRICA IN SOUTH AFRICA “To embrace biotechnology is to further embrace our commitment to the realization of our national imperatives and specifically:  To improve access to and affordability of health care.  To provide sufficient nutrition at low cost.  To create jobs in manufacturing.  To protect and cherish our rich environment.” Dr Ben Ngubane, former Minister of Arts, Culture, Science & Technology 11 June 2001 Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe BIOTECHNOLOGY Next time we will discuss: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Recombinant-DNA-Technology Science | EyeNzululwazi ngezeNdalo | Natuurwetenskappe