Lecture 1 History and Forms 1 Lecture Notes PDF

Lecture 1 Communication Forms, History, and Evolution © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, Part I. Overview of Communication Forms and Media © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, Human Communication Most basic...

Lecture 1 Communication Forms, History, and Evolution © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, Part I. Overview of Communication Forms and Media © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, Human Communication Most basic: messages sent/received or exchanged among humans via ftf and/or via media Forms of Human Communication Many ways to classify forms 1. Message-based: Verbal (written, spoken words) and nonverbal communication (sounds, gestures) Human Senses. More human senses involved, more intimate 2. Number of interactants based: Interpersonal, group, organizational, public, mass 3. Media-based: ? 4. Function-based: political comm, health comm … also comm areas/fields © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, Classical Human Communication Models To explain human communication processes Linear models One-way, speaker-centered (e.g., Action Model) one-way, transmission, relay communication Interactive models two-way, one interaction at a time Transactional models two-way, complex message, back-channeling, simultaneity A communication process for a give period of time can be a mix of two or more of the above © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, Functions of Human Communication (cf. telecommunication, machine comm.) 1. Individual needs: identity, value expression, gratification, relationship, instrumentality Examples? 2. Organizational, societal, and national needs: starting from paralleling individual needs 3. Transboundary functions: Communication is essential for nourishing and transmitting culture, sharing knowledge, entertaining, envisioning futures, and motivating action © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared,  Fields of Communication Studies based on contexts 1. Traditional classification: Interpersonal, small group/team, organizational, public, mass, intercultural, international, legal 2. Newer additions: social media comm., visual comm. Network comm. Communication Professions based on functions Advertising, PR, organizational comm., political comm., marketing comm., business comm., journalism © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, Media Defined ways, channels, or means that are used in establishing and conveying communication Devices? Methods? Paper and pencil? Air? Mail post? Multiple channels? Classification of media (in Lecture 3) © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared,  Communication vs. Communications Communication Communications Essence sharing, receiving, and means by which messages are shared, interpreting messages into methods/channels for delivering meaning messages Focus More on human More on media Different Communication studies programs Mass communication programs degree Focusing on the creation of Focusing on the technology and systems programs meaning and development of used to spread messages, and multiple relationship forms of communication Scope Totality of communication Types of communication Strategic communication Strategic communications Marketing communication Marketing communications (various communication channels and tactics) Areas of interpersonal communication, mass communications, integrated study group communication, marketing communications, global organizational communication, communications, and health communication, political telecommunications © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, communication  Media and Society media attributes and characteristics  network attributes  social practices and values Relevant media attributes: accessibility, privacy, interactivity, media richness features, reach... © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, Part II. Communication History © Vivian Sheer 2022-23 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, Communication History Markers communication evolution is defined by media communication history is marked by media evolution EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION - STONE AGE TO MODERN AGE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxTUC5I 22LU EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION - FROM 1G TO 4G & 5G 5Ghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nsEA w_SirQ https://coolinfographics.com/blog/2015/11/30/a-history-of- communication.html © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, uploaded, or distributed Evolution of Communication Forms Interpersona Mass Dispersed Convergent l Communicat Communicat Communicat Communicat ion ion ion ion Communication History 1. The Age of Signs and Signals 2. The Age of Speech 3. The Age of Writing/Manuscript 4. The Age of Print 5. The age of audio-visual media 6. The age of the internet 7. The age of convergence Emerging Media: augmented reality, virtual reality, AI Powered Media Q. Evolution of Communication in Chinese history? © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, 1. The Age of Signs and Signals Period: pre-hominid to early proto-human life 22-20ma (MA: millions of years) Communication Functions: standardized gestures, sounds, other signals to indicate danger, the presence of food, availability for mating, and coordinated hunting... Media : stone, passive methods Social Networks: highly homogeneous © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, 2. The Age of Speech Starting 33,000 BC – Oral language developed from pictographic representation to phonetic systems Media: oral in addition to stone/hard surface Functions of communication  History was orally transmitted (Some tribes had designated holy men to hand down history) Social networks and society  Closely-knit, clannish, building and maintaining strong cultural values and rituals  Dialects, relatively egalitarian  Networks small, homogeneous, not much diversity © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, 3 The Age of Writing/Manuscript Staring 3,000 BC— Media: papyrus (Egypt), cloth, sheepskin advances in writing media shifted from static stone to lighter and more portable, retrievable media Functions of communication  History was recorded on the paper  Storage and distribution of knowledge  Forms of paper would potentially enable mass communication Social networks and Society  Status and power differential due to the privilege and ability to read and write  Dissemination, documentation God’s word.  Education, status, literature, philosophy, social class, law © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, Comparison Story Cai Lun’s Invention of Paper Making Techniques 蔡倫（ 63 － 121AD ）， 東漢宦官， 改進了東漢時的 造紙技術 © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared,  Printi ng Writin g In this transition, we can see an example of one communication technology, movable printing, stimulating, the development of a more complex one, press. © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, 4. The Age of Print Media  800AD – some form of printing technology such as stamping or carvings  1455 – movable printing by Johann Gutenbergin Mainz, Germany Communication functions  Mass communication media such as newspapers, magazines, posters... came into being  First newspapers occurred in 1600 in the form of newsletters Social networks and society  Increase in literacy, development of scholarships  Surge in communication professionals (journalists, writers, advertising professionals...  Greater participation in politics  More complex rules, laws, and overall bureaucracy  Social groups became more diverse than before © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, The confluence of capitalism, bureaucracy, and reading religious works in early modern Europe lead to the explosion of the world’s 1st print culture around 1439. Reading newspapers were a “religion” since. © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, Comparison Story Bi Shen’s Invention of Movable Printing Techniques 北宋的毕昇 （ 970 年— 1051 ）发明的活字印刷术 © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, Q. Why didn’t Bi Shen’s movable-type printing result in an explosion of press and communication professions? © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, 5. The Age of Audio-visual (AV) Media Media: electronic media  Starting 1850 to 1990s  First Industrial Revolution (1820 – 1840). Mainly about machineries (steam engine) and manufacturing (mostly textile) techniques, was largely confined to Britain prior to 1820, then spread to continental Europe and the US.  Second Industrial Revolution 1870- 1914 About technological advancement for production improvements (e.g., electricity, steel production, telephone, and automobile)  WWI, Television since late 1920s, WWII, better and faster printers, better TVs, better just about everything in existence, new innovations © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, 5. The Age of Audio-visual (AV) Media (continued) Communication functions Q. What were they? Q. What society’s needs prompted the invention of AV media? e.g., entertainment needed recordings of sounds for performing arts Social networks and society  More diverse  Incremental and drastic improvements of quality of life... Q. Identify one or two aspects for your own investigation. Q. Negative impacts? © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, 6. The Age of the Internet Media: the Internet, constellation of all sorts of singular and merged media 1990, HTML code created , thus web pages, marking the origin of the World Wide Web. The Internet  started with email for commercialized communication  hosts and /or replace most traditional media  adds telephony, Internet television, online music, digital newspapers, and video streaming websites, print version newspaper, book,  social media for personal interactions  ecommerce, online shopping, financial services  e-marketing, advertising, influencers  no single centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage Social network, society, and global impacts Q. Identify them yourself. Negative impacts? © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, 7. The Age of Convergence... Starting late 1990s – ongoing Smartphones exhibit some convergence with a multitude of functionality (e.g., information technologies, telecommunication, consumer electronics, and entertainment) Media: smartphone, metaverse Social networks, society, and global impacts  Even more diverse, more egalitarian  Imaginative resources  Broken barriers of time and space, changing social interactions and socio-political and cultural norms  Groundbreaking business models  Brand switch is digital migration  Personal lives, businesses, and communities more integrated  Complex life and data mountains © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared, 1. What is metaverse? 2. What are the benefits of metaverse? 3. What are the negative effects of metaverse on society? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6VsxcV pBVY Mark Zukerberg https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Mark+Zuckerberg+ Metaverse&&view=detail&mid=24ED11F2DEDC4F6610D92 4ED11F2DEDC4F6610D9&&FORM=VRDGAR&ru=%2Fvideos %2Fsearch%3Fq%3DMark%2BZuckerberg%2BMetaverse%2 6FORM%3DVDMHRS © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared,  Approaches to Promoting Media Technology Tesla vs. Meta Model S, 2013, Tesla Model S: "Gallons of Light" Commercial - YouTube Model 3, 2018, Fan-Made Tesla Model 3 Commercial Makes You Feel Its Soul (in sideevs.com) Model Y, 2025, https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?&q=Teslat +Model+Y+ad&&mid=918208416B296B273298918208416B29 6B273298&&FORM=VRDGAR © Vivian Sheer 2022-24 All Rights Reserved, not be shared,