Lecture 1 Audio PDF

5/19/24, 4:56 AM Core Textbooks 📚 Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Essential Reading Materials: The two foundational textbooks specified are crucial for understanding the course. They are available as eBooks on the library website, with the limitation that only a certain num...

5/19/24, 4:56 AM Core Textbooks 📚 Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Essential Reading Materials: The two foundational textbooks specified are crucial for understanding the course. They are available as eBooks on the library website, with the limitation that only a certain number of students can access them simultaneously. Early access is recommended especially around assignment and exam periods to avoid inconvenience. Lifespan Development Overview 🌱 Definition: “Lifespan development is the scientific study of how people change or stay the same over time.” Domains of Development: Physical: Involves changes in height, weight, motor skills, brain development, and other physical aspects. Cognitive: Encompasses intellectual development, including memory, moral reasoning, language development, and overall mental processes. Psychosocial: Pertains to emotional development, personality, 📘 relationships, and social contexts. Developmental Theories Continuous vs. Discontinuous Development: Continuous: Development is a gradual, cumulative process where experiences and learnings shape the adult. Discontinuous: Development occurs in stages or leaps, like a child learning a new skill abruptly. Nature vs. Nurture: https://www.turbolearn.ai/content/e42aab55-0149-4f0e-adc0-083ae7fdbcbb 1/14 5/19/24, 4:56 AM Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Nature: Refers to the genetic and biological factors that shape an individual. Nurture: Involves the environmental influences, including culture, relationships, and social settings. Both forces are considered equally significant in shaping an individual, highlighting the complexity of human development. Key Developmental Theories and Thinkers 🔍 Theorist Contribution Sigmund Founder of psychoanalysis, proposed the id, ego, and superego as key elements Freud of personality and development. Id: Represents the primitive instincts and desires present from birth. Ego: Develops in early childhood, incorporating rules, etiquette, and social norms. Superego: Further details not provided in the segment, but 🧠 traditionally understood as the moral component of personality. Important Concepts and Structures Freud’s Model of Personality: Id: Basic needs and instincts. Ego: Mediator influenced by the real world. “Note: Superego was not detailed in the transcript, but it usually balances the id with moral and societal norms.” Conclusion This segment offers a foundational understanding of lifespan development, emphasizing the importance of core textbooks, the central domains of development, and introduces key developmental theories, with a particular focus on Freud's contribution to understanding human development.### Freud's Model of the Human https://www.turbolearn.ai/content/e42aab55-0149-4f0e-adc0-083ae7fdbcbb 2/14 5/19/24, 4:56 AM Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Psyche Freud's theory on personality development posits that the human psyche is divided into three parts: Id: Represents innate biological instincts and urges; operates on the pleasure principle. “Id is the source of our basic drives and operates without consideration of morality or societal norms, seeking immediate gratification.” Ego: Functions as the mediator between the id, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle. “Ego tries to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially acceptable ways.” Superego: Incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one's parents and others; operates on the morality principle. “Superego strives to act in a socially appropriate manner, 🍫 representing our conscience and ideal self.” Example with Chocolate Desire Id: "I want chocolate now." Ego: "You can have a small piece of chocolate." 🚗 Superego: "You're on a diet. No chocolate." Example with Ferrari Desire Id: "I want a Ferrari to feel cool and go fast." Ego: "Maybe rent a Ferrari instead of buying to save money." Superego: "You don't need a Ferrari. It's too expensive and impractical." https://www.turbolearn.ai/content/e42aab55-0149-4f0e-adc0-083ae7fdbcbb 3/14 5/19/24, 4:56 AM Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Freud's Theory Limitations Freud's theory, while groundbreaking, had limitations: Overemphasis on sexual drives as primary motivators. Simplistic view of mental illness based solely on imbalances in the id, ego, and superego. Freud's Stages of Development Freud proposed five stages of psychosexual development, each with a focus and potential fixations: Stage Age Focus Fixation Risk Oral 0-1 Mouth Overdependence Anal 1-3 Bowel Control Obsessiveness Phallic 3-6 Genital awareness Oedipal conflict Latency 6-puberty Social skills None Genital Puberty onwards Sexual maturity Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships Note: Freud's stages emphasize the idea that unresolved conflicts can lead to fixation and behavioral issues. Erickson's Psychosocial Development Theory Erick Erickson expanded Freud's theory, focusing on the psychosocial development throughout one's lifetime, proposing eight stages: Stage Age Conflict Outcome Infancy 0-18 months Trust vs. Mistrust Hope Early Childhood 2-3 years Autonomy vs. Shame Will Play Age 3-5 years Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose............ https://www.turbolearn.ai/content/e42aab55-0149-4f0e-adc0-083ae7fdbcbb 4/14 5/19/24, 4:56 AM Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Key Points: Each stage is marked by a specific conflict that must be resolved for healthy development. Failure to resolve conflicts can result in psychological distress or developmental stagnation. Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory Jean Piaget proposed that children go through four stages of cognitive development: Stage Age Description Sensorimotor 0-2 years Learning through physical interaction Preoperational 2-7 years Beginning of symbolic thought Concrete Operational 7-11 years Logical thinking about concrete events Formal Operational 12 and up Abstract and moral reasoning Key Takeaways: Children's intelligence and reasoning evolve distinctly across these stages. Piaget emphasized the importance of maturity and learning in development. Conclusion Understanding these theories provides a foundational insight into human development, recognizing their limitations and applying their concepts to various aspects of psychological, educational, and social work. Each theory contributes to a comprehensive understanding of how people grow and change throughout their lives, highlighting the complexity and uniqueness of the developmental process.### Classical Conditioning 🧠 Ivan Pavlov's discovery: https://www.turbolearn.ai/content/e42aab55-0149-4f0e-adc0-083ae7fdbcbb 5/14 5/19/24, 4:56 AM Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Originally observing dogs in a veterinary clinic. Dogs began to salivate upon seeing the vet tech who fed them. Conducted experiments using a metronome and feeding to condition dogs. “Classical Conditioning: A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.” Key Process: A neutral stimulus (metronome) became associated with an unconditioned stimulus (food) to produce a conditioned response (salivation). Operant Conditioning 🐀 Behavior Modification through reward and punishment. Positive Reinforcement: Enhancing desired behavior. Negative Reinforcement: Discouraging undesired behavior. Implemented in rat experiments. John B. Watson and Developmental Psychology 👶 Main Concept: Behaviorism and Lifespan Development. Advocated for the scientific study of observable behavior. Controversial for the Little Albert experiment. “Little Albert Experiment: A study in which a child was conditioned to fear a white rat by pairing it with loud, scary noises, demonstrating how emotional responses could be conditioned in humans.” Information Processing Theory 💡 Analogy of the brain's functioning to computer processing. https://www.turbolearn.ai/content/e42aab55-0149-4f0e-adc0-083ae7fdbcbb 6/14 5/19/24, 4:56 AM Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Process of Memory: Incoming information is initially processed in Short-term Memory. Through rehearsal, it may be transferred to Long-term Memory. 📈 Memories not rehearsed are likely to be forgotten. Lifespan Developmental Stages Overview of human development from prenatal stages to late adulthood. Key Stages: Prenatal and Infancy Toddlerhood Early Childhood Middle Childhood Adolescence Early Adulthood Late Adulthood 🚼 Death and Dying (End of Semester) Prenatal Development Duration: 37 to 40 weeks, divided into 3 trimesters. Viability: Babies born before 23 weeks are generally nonviable due to undeveloped lungs and lack of surfactant. Trimester Weeks First 0 to 12 Second 12 to 28 Third 28 to 40 https://www.turbolearn.ai/content/e42aab55-0149-4f0e-adc0-083ae7fdbcbb 7/14 5/19/24, 4:56 AM Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Fetal Heart Rate (FHR): 110 to 160 beats per minute. Cognitive and Psychosocial Development: Smiling detected at 26 weeks in utero seen via 4D scans. 🩺 Important Considerations in Medical Treatment Across Life Stages Understanding that medical assessments and treatments must be tailored specifically to the patient's stage of life. Recognizing signs of distress or health issues based on deviations from expected vital signs and behaviors in different life stages.### Fetal Development and Early Childhood Fetal Communication and Sensory Development Smiling and Crying: Indicators of early communication. Babies respond to sounds by the third trimester and recognize familiar voices at birth. Example: Babies turning towards familiar voices. Urination: Starts at 12 weeks inside the uterus, visible via ultrasound. Vision Development: Around the 27th week; includes opening eyes, perceiving shapes, and reacting to light. Newborn and Infancy Definitions 🍼 Newborn (Neonate): Younger than 28 days. Infant: 28 days to 1 year. “Different services might use varied definitions, but for this unit, these are the standards.” Newborn Physical Characteristics Vital Signs: Heart Rate: 110 to 160 bpm https://www.turbolearn.ai/content/e42aab55-0149-4f0e-adc0-083ae7fdbcbb 8/14 5/19/24, 4:56 AM Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Respiration Rate (RR): 40 to 60 breaths per minute Systolic Blood Pressure (BP): ~70 mmHg Temperature: 36.7°C to 37.8°C Weight: 3 to 3.5 kg ✋ Head Size: Accounts for 25% of total body weight Newborn Reflexes Stepping Reflex: Mimics walking but without weight-bearing. Moro (Startle) Reflex: Reaction to slight drops. Grasp Reflex Suckling Reflex Development Milestones 7 Months: Sitting up unaided. 9 Months: Crawling. 12 Months: Beginning to walk. “Milestones vary; not every baby develops at the same pace.” Sleep and Neural Development 💤 Average Sleep: 16 to 18 hours a day. Importance: Sleep helps solidify neural pathways; is crucial for learning and developing new skills. Fontanelles: The Soft Spots on Baby's Head Posterior and Anterior Fontanelles: Allow the baby's head to be malleable for birth. Closes: Up to 18 months post-birth. “Assessment Tip:” https://www.turbolearn.ai/content/e42aab55-0149-4f0e-adc0-083ae7fdbcbb 9/14 5/19/24, 4:56 AM Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Bulging Fontanelle: Indicates increased intracranial pressure. Sunken Fontanelle: Suggests dehydration. First-Year Physical Development Development of nervous system, muscle mass, and bone strength. 🚶 Bones mature and fuse, supporting standing and walking activities. Transition to Toddlerhood (1-3 Years) Vital Sign Changes Heart Age Rate Respiration Rate Systolic BP Temperature Group (bpm) (breaths/min) (mmHg) (°C) Newborn 110 to 160 40 to 60 ~70 36.7 to 37.8 Toddler 80 to 130 20 to 30 70 to 100 36 to 37 Toddler Development 👶➡️🧒 Learning through Play: Essential for cognitive and psychosocial development. Language Development: Begins in this stage, crucial for communication. “Play includes trial and error, pretend scenarios, and interaction with peers and family members.” By understanding these milestones and physiological characteristics, caregivers and healthcare professionals can better assess and support the development of children from fetal stages through toddlerhood.### Language Development in Infancy Babbling and baby talk is crucial for strengthening muscles in the mouth, tongue, and cheeks. This early language development is foundational for later abilities in building sentences and words. https://www.turbolearn.ai/content/e42aab55-0149-4f0e-adc0-083ae7fdbcbb 10/14 5/19/24, 4:56 AM Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Babies start to learn social cues, understand varying play types with different people, begin self-assertion, and attempt dispute resolution by mirroring adult behaviors. Vital Signs in Early Childhood (Ages 3-5) 📊 Vital signs during this stage show significant changes: Heart Rate: 80 to 100 beats per minute. Respiratory Rate: 20 to 24 breaths per minute. Systolic Blood Pressure: 95 to 110 mmHg. Temperature: Maintains a stable range similar to infancy. Understanding these vital signs for each age group is essential for recognizing when a child is outside of normal parameters, indicating potential health concerns. Development in Early Childhood Muscle mass and bone density see considerable increases. Development of fine motor skills, like the pincer grasp, allows for picking up small objects. This age is more susceptible to respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, which, while tough on the family, bolster the immune system by exposing it to various pathogens, building a robust defense for future exposures. Social interactions evolve with toilet training, pretend play, and makebelieve activities becoming common. Middle Childhood Development 📈 Vital signs begin to approach adult norms, with heart rates and blood pressures increasing slightly. This period is marked by the development of sexual stereotypes due to significant hormone changes. https://www.turbolearn.ai/content/e42aab55-0149-4f0e-adc0-083ae7fdbcbb 11/14 5/19/24, 4:56 AM Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Schooling becomes critical for cognitive and social development, with children learning about relationships, friendships, conflict resolution, and gender identities. Adolescence (Ages 13-19) 🌟 Marked by substantial physical development, including growth spurts and the onset of puberty. Psychosocial development is significant, with adolescents exploring different identities to form their own unique individuality. This experimentation is crucial for avoiding identity crises later in life. Peer influence increases, overshadowing familial influence in many aspects of life. Adulthood Divisions 🚀 Early Adulthood (20s-40s): Vital signs stabilize with heart rate around 70, respiratory rate at 16 to 20, and blood pressure typically at 120/80, though individual variances exist. This stage marks reaching physical peak capabilities, setting lifelong habits, and the onset of pregnancy possibilities. Middle to Late Adulthood (41 and beyond): Continuation of early adulthood vital signs, with physiological peak performance gradually declining. The aging process becomes more evident, with perceptible declines in body system functionalities over time. Key Definitions “Fine Motor Skills: The ability to make movements using the small muscles in our hands and wrists. Normotensive: Having a normal blood pressure. https://www.turbolearn.ai/content/e42aab55-0149-4f0e-adc0-083ae7fdbcbb 12/14 5/19/24, 4:56 AM Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Psychosocial Development: The development of the personality and the acquisition of social attitudes and skills from infancy through maturity.### Effects of Aging on Health 📉 ” Aging impacts various aspects of health, leading to noticeable changes and increased risks for certain diseases. Cardiovascular Health Decline Decrease in elasticity of veins Potential enlargement of the heart Changes in blood pressure and heart rate Sensory Changes Hearing and Vision: Deterioration over time Dental Health Increased risk of dental diseases Weight Control Difficulties Increased Cancer Risk Prevalence rises with age Menopause “Marks the end of reproductive capacity in females, typically occurring between ages 45 to 55.” Vital Signs in Late Adulthood 🚑 Vital signs, including heart rate and blood pressure, significantly depend on an individual's overall health status and undergo changes during late adulthood. Blood Pressure: High readings may indicate cardiovascular decline. Heart Rate Changes: Could signify heart working under or overtime. https://www.turbolearn.ai/content/e42aab55-0149-4f0e-adc0-083ae7fdbcbb 13/14 5/19/24, 4:56 AM Foundational Understanding of Human Lifespan Development Medications: Introduction of blood pressure and cardiac medications to manage changes. 🌱 Factors Influencing Lifespan and Health in Late Adulthood The overall condition in late adulthood is a complex interplay of various factors beyond just biological aging. Genetics: Inherited predispositions play a role. Health History: Previous health status impacts current condition. Living Conditions: Quality of living environment affects health. Financial Situation: Access to healthcare and nutritious food. Socioeconomic Status: Linked to healthcare access and lifestyle choices. By understanding these aspects, individuals can better anticipate and manage the effects of aging on health, contributing to a more informed approach to wellness in late adulthood. https://www.turbolearn.ai/content/e42aab55-0149-4f0e-adc0-083ae7fdbcbb 14/14