Experience Human Development (2024) PDF

This International Student Edition is for use outside of the U.S. Experience HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 15e Diane E. Papalia Gabriela Martorell  Human E X P E R IE N CE...

This International Student Edition is for use outside of the U.S. Experience HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 15e Diane E. Papalia Gabriela Martorell  Human E X P E R IE N CE Development Blue: Use this for “Important concepts and definitions” that are fundamental to understanding the subject. Pink: This could be for “Key points and arguments” that are central to the topic’s discussion or narrative. Purple: Reserve this for “Questions and curiosities” that you might want to explore further or ask about in class. Yellow: Use yellow for “Highlights and summaries” that capture the essence of a section or chapter. Human E X P E R IE N CE Development FIFTEENTH EDITION Diane E. PAPALIA Gabriela MARTORELL EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019. Copyright ©2024 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 28 27 26 25 24 23 ISBN 978-1-266-12090-9 MHID 1-266-12090-4 Cover Image: Belight/Shutterstock All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com/highered  about the authors Erika Stone/Katrina Doerner Gabi Martorell Diane E. Papalia As a professor, Diane E. Papalia Gabriela Alicia Martorell was born in Seattle, taught thousands of undergraduates at the Univer- Washington, but moved as a toddler to Guatemala. sity of Wisconsin–Madison. She received her At age 8, she returned to the United States and bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Vassar Col- lived in Northern California until leaving for her un- lege and both her master’s degree in Child Devel- dergraduate training at the University of California, opment and Family Relations and her PhD in Davis. After obtaining her bachelor’s degree in Lifespan Developmental Psychology from West Psychology, she earned her PhD in Developmen- Virginia University. She has published numerous tal and Evolutionary Psychology with an interdisci- articles on cognitive development from childhood plinary emphasis in Human Development from through old age and is a Fellow in the Gerontolog- the University of California, Santa Barbara. She ical Society of America. She is especially inter- now works as a Professor of Psychology at ested in intelligence in old age and factors that Virginia Wesleyan University and serves as the contribute to the maintenance of intellectual func- co-chair of the Institutional Review Board. Gabi tioning in late adulthood. maintains an active teaching schedule and teaches courses in Introductory Psychology, Lifespan Human Development, Infant Development, Child Development, Adolescent Development, Adult Development and Aging, Cross-Cultural Psychol- ogy, Evolutionary Psychology, Research Methods and Original Research Project. She is committed to teaching, mentoring, and advising. She recently concluded a 5-year longitudinal National Science Foundation grant focused on the retention of higher education students from traditionally under- represented groups in science, technology, engi- neering, and math. She is also a group fitness instructor for the YMCA of South Hampton Roads. v To Charles Robert Zappa, with love. —Diane E. Papalia To my parents. Sorry about the teen years. Love you mountains. —Gabi Martorell  brief contents About the Authors v Preface l 1 About Human Development 6 Emerging and Young Adulthood 1 The Study of Human Development 2 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in part part Emerging and Young Adulthood 382 2 Theory and Research 20 14 Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood 408 2 Beginnings 3 Forming a New Life 46 7 Middle Adulthood part 4 Birth and Physical Development during 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in the First Three Years 84 part Middle Adulthood 434 5 Cognitive Development during the First 16 Psychosocial Development in Middle Three Years 124 Adulthood 462 6 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years 160 8 Late Adulthood 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in 3 Early Childhood part Late Adulthood 492 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in part 18 Psychosocial Development in Late Early Childhood 190 Adulthood 524 8 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood 226 9 The End of Life 19 Dealing with Death and 4 Middle Childhood part Bereavement 552 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in part Middle Childhood 256 McGraw Hill Psychology APA 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle ® Documentation Style Guide Childhood 292 Glossary G-1 Bibliography B-1 5 Adolescence Name Index I-1 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in part Adolescence 320 Subject Index I-28 12 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence 352 vii viii EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 16  contents About the Authors v Preface l 1 About Human Development chapter 2 part Theory and Research 20 Basic Theoretical Issues 21 Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive? 21 Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? 22 Theoretical Perspectives 23 Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic 23 Perspective 2: Learning 26 Perspective 3: Cognitive 29 Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Perspective 4: Contextual 31 chapter 1 Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological 32 The Study of Human Research Methods 33 Development 2 Quantitative and Qualitative Research 33 Human Development: An Evolving Field 3 Sampling 34 Studying the Life Span 3 Forms of Data Collection 34 Basic Concepts in Human Development 4 Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research 36 Domains of Development 4 Basic Research Designs 36 Periods of the Life Span 5 Developmental Research Designs 40 Influences on Development 8 Research Issues 42 Heredity, Environment, and Maturation 8 Diversity in Research 42 Contexts of Development 9 The Open Science Movement and the Normative and Nonnormative Influences 16 Reproducibility Crisis 42 Timing of Influences 16 Research Ethics 44 The Life-Span Developmental Approach 17 summary and key terms 44 summary and key terms 18 Window on the World Cross-Cultural Research in Action Intersectionality and Inequity in Research 37 Human Development 13 Research in Action Broadening the Window on the World The World within Our Narrative: Diversity in Psychological Borders: Immigration 15 Research 43 ix  2 Beginnings Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development 78 part summary and key terms 81 Research in Action Indigenous Motherhood 48 Window on the World Prenatal Care around the World 80 chapter 4 Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years 84 Childbirth, Culture, and Change 85 The Birth Process 87 Stages of Childbirth 88 Electronic Fetal Monitoring 88 Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery 89 Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery 89 Childbirth and the COVID-19 Pandemic 90 The Newborn Baby 91 Size and Appearance 91 Body Systems 91 Danie Nel Photography/Shutterstock Medical and Behavioral Assessment 92 States of Arousal 93 chapter 3 Complications of Childbirth 95 Forming a New Life 46 Low Birth Weight 95 Conceiving New Life 47 Postmaturity 99 Cultural Beliefs About Conception 47 Stillbirth 99 Fertilization 47 Survival and Health 99 Assisted Reproductive Technologies 49 Infant Mortality 99 Multiple Births 49 Immunization for Better Health 104 Mechanisms of Heredity 50 Early Physical Development 105 The Genetic Code 50 Principles of Development 105 Sex Determination 51 Physical Growth 106 Patterns of Genetic Transmission 52 Nutrition 106 Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities 54 Building the Brain 109 Genetic Counseling and Testing 58 Early Sensory Capacities 114 Studying the Influences of Heredity and Environment 59 Motor Development 116 Measuring Heritability 59 Milestones of Motor Development 116 How Heredity and the Environment Work Together 60 Motor Development and Perception 117 Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Theories of Motor Development 118 Environment 62 Ethnic and Cultural Influences on Motor Development 120 Prenatal Development 64 summary and key terms 121 Cultural Beliefs about Prenatal Development 65 Window on the World Where to Lay You Down to Stages of Prenatal Development 65 Sleep? Sleep Customs across the World 95 Environmental Influences: Maternal Factors 70 Research in Action Should I Stay or Should I Go: Environmental Influences: Paternal Factors 78 Disparities in the Use of Parental Leave 103 x EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS chapter 5 Developmental Issues in Infancy 171 Cognitive Development during Developing Trust 171 the First Three Years 124 Developing Attachments 171 Mutual Regulation 175 Studying Cognitive Development 125 Social Referencing 176 Behaviorist Approach 125 Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood 177 Classical and Operant Conditioning 125 The Emerging Sense of Self 177 Research Applications 126 Development of Autonomy 179 Psychometric Approach 127 Moral Development and Socialization 179 Testing Infants and Toddlers 127 Relationships with Other Children 182 Assessing the Early Home Environment 127 Siblings 182 Early Intervention 129 Peers 183 Piagetian Approach 130 Children of Working Parents 184 Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage 130 Effects of Maternal Employment 184 Object Concept 132 Early Child Care 184 Imitation 132 Child Maltreatment 185 Symbolic Development 133 Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood 186 Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage 135 Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment 187 Information-Processing Approach 136 summary and key terms 188 Habituation 136 Tools of Infant Research 137 Research in Action Cultural Considerations in the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder 178 Perceptual and Attentional Processes 137 Window on the World The Terrible Twos Might Not Cross-Modal Transfer 138 Be That Bad 180 Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence 138 Information Processing and Piagetian Abilities 139 3 Early Childhood Evaluating Information-Processing Research 142 Cognitive Neuroscience Approach part 142 Social-Contextual Approach 143 Language Development 145 Classic Theories of Language Acquisition: The Nature- Nurture Debate 145 Sequence of Early Language Development 146 Variations in Language Development 151 Characteristics of Early Speech 153 Influences on Early Language Development 153 summary and key terms 157 Research in Action Strength versus Deficit: Contextualizing Research in Language Development 152 Kali9/E+/Getty Images Window on the World Literacy and Language 156 chapter 7 chapter 6 Physical and Cognitive Development Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood 190 during the First Three Years 160 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 191 Foundations of Psychosocial Development 161 Aspects of Physical Development 191 Early Emotional Development 161 Bodily Growth and Change 191 Temperament 165 Sleep 191 Early Social Experiences: The Family 167 Brain Development 194 Gender 169 Motor Skills 194 CONTENTS EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xi  Health and Safety 196 Gender 233 Obesity and Overweight 196 Sex Differences 233 Undernutrition 198 Perspectives on Gender Development 234 Food Allergies 198 Play 241 Oral Health 199 Cognitive Levels of Play 242 Deaths and Accidental Injuries 199 The Social Dimension of Play 242 Environmental Influences 201 Gender and Play 243 Culture and Play 244 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 203 Parenting 245 Piagetian Approach 203 Forms of Discipline 245 Advances of Preoperational Thought 204 Parenting Styles 248 Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought 206 Theory of Mind 207 Relationships with Other Children 250 Sibling Relationships 250 Memory 212 The Only Child 250 Basic Processes and Capacities 212 Playmates and Friends 251 Metamemory 213 summary and key terms 253 Executive Functioning 213 Childhood Memories 214 Research in Action Lights, Camera, Representation: BIPOC Children’s Exposure to Violent Digital Media 228 Intelligence 215 Window on the World Age Segregation versus Psychometric Measures of Intelligence 215 Mixed-Age Play 252 Influences on Measured Intelligence 215 Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky’s Theory 217 4 Middle Childhood Language Development 218 part Vocabulary 218 Grammar and Syntax 218 Pragmatics and Social Speech 219 Private Speech 219 Speech and Language Delays 220 Emergent Literacy 220 Early Childhood Education 221 Cultural Variations in Early Education 221 Preschool 221 Kindergarten 223 summary and key terms 223 Research in Action Health Risks of Screen Time During COVID-19 197 Window on the World The First 5 Years 200 Maria Moroz/Shutterstock chapter 8 chapter 9 Psychosocial Development in Early Physical and Cognitive Development Childhood 226 in Middle Childhood 256 The Developing Self 227 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 257 The Self-Concept and Cognitive Development 227 Aspects of Physical Development 257 Self-Esteem 230 Height and Weight 257 Regulating Emotions 231 Dental Health 257 Understanding Emotions 232 Nutrition 258 Erikson: Initiative versus Guilt 232 Sleep 259 xii EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS  Brain Development 259 Family Structure 299 Motor Development and Physical Activity 261 Sibling Relationships 306 Physical Health 263 The Child in the Peer Group 306 Overweight 263 Peer Groups 306 Chronic Medical Conditions 264 Popularity 307 Accidental Injuries 266 Friendship 309 Aggression and Bullying 309 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 267 Mental Health 313 Piagetian Approach: Cognition 267 Common Emotional Problems 313 Cognitive Advances 267 Treatment Techniques 315 Information-Processing Approach: Planning, Resilience 316 Attention, and Memory 271 Executive Functioning 271 summary and key terms 317 Selective Attention 272 Window on the World Bullying across the World 311 Working Memory 272 Research in Action “The Talk”: Racial Socialization in Mnemonics 273 African American Families 297 Metamemory 273 Psychometric Approach: Intelligence 274 Measuring Intelligence 274 5 Adolescence The IQ Controversy 275 part Influences on Intelligence 275 Is There More Than One Intelligence? 276 Language and Literacy 279 Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax 279 Pragmatics 279 Second-Language Learning 280 Literacy 280 The Child in School 281 Influences on School Achievement 281 kupicoo/E+/Getty Images Educating Children with Special Needs 285 Children with Learning Problems 285 Gifted Children 287 chapter 11 summary and key terms 289 Physical and Cognitive Window on the World Cultural Conceptions of Development in Adolescence 320 Intelligence 277 Adolescence 321 Research in Action Compounding Disadvantage: Adolescence as a Social Construction 321 Educational Access in the Age of COVID-19 285 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 321 Puberty 321 chapter 10 Hormonal Changes in Puberty 321 Psychosocial Development in Puberty and Sexual Maturity 322 Middle Childhood 292 Pubertal Timing 324 The Developing Self 293 The Adolescent Brain 327 Self-Concept Development 293 Physical and Mental Health 328 Industry versus Inferiority 293 Physical Activity 329 Emotional Development 294 Sleep 329 The Child in the Family 295 Nutrition and Eating Disorders 330 Family Atmosphere 295 Drug Use 334 CONTENTS EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xiii  Depression 336 6 Emerging and Young Adulthood Death in Adolescence 337 part COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 339 Aspects of Cognitive Maturation 339 Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operations 339 Immature Aspects of Adolescent Thought 340 Language Development 341 Moral Development and Prosocial Behavior 342 Educational and Vocational Issues 345 Academic Achievement 345 Dropping Out of High School 348 Preparing for Higher Education or Vocations 348 Six_Characters/E+/Getty Images summary and key terms 350 Window on the World Culture and Cognition 340 chapter 13 Research in Action Who Are You? Puberty and LGBTQ+ Identity Development 324 Physical and Cognitive Development in Emerging and chapter 12 Young Adulthood 382 Psychosocial Development in Emerging Adulthood 383 Adolescence 352 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 384 The Search for Identity 353 Health and Fitness 384 Identity versus Identity Confusion 353 Health Status 384 Identity Status 353 Genetic Influences on Health 385 Gender Differences in Identity Formation 354 Behavioral Influences on Health 386 Identity Development in Sexual-Minority Youth 354 Indirect Influences on Health 391 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Identity Formation 355 Mental Health Problems 394 Cultural Differences in Identity Formation 356 Sexuality 357 Sexual Issues 395 Sexual Behavior and Attitudes 395 Sexual Orientation 357 Sexual Behavior 358 Sexually Transmitted Infections 396 Sexually Transmitted Infections 360 Menstrual Disorders 396 Teen Pregnancy 363 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 397 Other Risks of Adolescence 366 Perspectives on Adult Cognition 397 Relationships with Family, Peers, and Adult Piagetian Approaches 397 Society 366 Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 398 The Myth of Adolescent Rebellion 367 Emotional Intelligence 399 Adolescents and Parents 367 Sibling Relationships 371 Moral Reasoning 400 Peer Relationships 371 The Three Ethics 400 Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency 376 Education and Work 401 Biological Influences 376 College 401 Environmental Influences 377 Entering the World of Work 404 Preventing and Treating Delinquency 378 summary and key terms 405 summary and key terms 379 Research in Action Hidden Disability: Rheumatoid Arthritis in Young Adults 385 Research in Action LGBTQ+ Inclusivity in Sex Education 365 Window on the World Internet Addiction 389 Window on the World Culture and Discretionary Time 373 xiv EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS  chapter 14 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 436 Psychosocial Development in Physical Changes 436 Emerging and Young Adulthood 408 Sensory Functioning 436 Developmental Tasks of Emerging Adulthood 409 Physical Fitness 437 Paths to Adulthood 409 The Brain at Midlife 437 Identity Development 410 Structural and Systemic Changes 438 Sexuality and Reproductive Functioning 439 Personality Development: Four Views 412 Normative-Stage Models 412 Physical and Mental Health 443 Timing-of-Events Model 413 Physical Health at Midlife 443 Trait Models 414 Behavioral Influences on Health 444 Typological Models 415 Socioeconomic Status and Health 445 Relationships in Emerging Adulthood 415 Race/Ethnicity and Health 445 Relationships with Parents 416 Gender and Health 446 Friendship 417 Mental Health at Midlife 449 Love 418 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 451 Marital and Nonmarital Lifestyles 420 Cognitive Development at Midlife 451 Single Life 420 Cognitive Performance 451 Nonheterosexual Relationships 421 Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence 453 Cohabitation 422 The Distinctiveness of Adult Cognition 453 Marriage 423 Expertise 453 Parenthood 427 Integrative Thought 454 Cultural and Contextual Influences 427 Creativity 455 Relationship Dynamics 429 Creativity and Age 455 When Marriage Ends 430 Work and Education 456 Divorce 430 Work and Retirement 456 Remarriage and Stepparenthood 432 Work and Cognitive Development 457 summary and key terms 432 Adult Education 457 Research in Action Interracial Dating 419 summary and key terms 459 Window on the World Popular Wedding Traditions Window on the World Cultural Differences in across Cultures 424 Menopause 441 Research in Action Hard Times: Financial Stress at Midlife 458 7 Middle Adulthood chapter 16 part Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood 462 Theoretical Models of Change at Midlife 463 Normative-Stage Models 463 Trait Models 465 Timing of Events Models 466 Issues and Themes at Midlife 467 The Midlife Crisis? 467 Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock Identity Development 468 chapter 15 Positive Mental Health at Midlife 471 Physical and Cognitive Development Relationships at Midlife 474 in Middle Adulthood 434 Theories of Social Contact 474 Middle Age: A Social Construct 435 Relationships and Well-Being 475 CONTENTS EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xv  Consensual Relationships 476 Theories of Aging 498 Marriage 476 Extending the Human Life Span 500 Cohabitation 479 Physical Changes 502 Divorce 479 Organic and Systemic Changes 502 Friendships 481 The Aging Brain 503 Relationships with Maturing Children 481 Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning 503 Adolescent Children 481 Sleep 507 The Empty Nest 482 Sexual Functioning 507 Adult Children 483 Physical and Mental Health 508 Voluntary Childlessness 483 Health Status 508 Other Kinship Ties 484 Chronic Conditions and Disabilities 509 Aging Parents 484 Lifestyle Influences on Health and Longevity 511 Siblings 487 Mental and Behavioral Problems 511 Grandparenthood 487 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 516 summary and key terms 490 Cognitive Changes 516 Research in Action Body Image and Well-Being at Intelligence and Processing Abilities 516 Midlife 470 Memory 518 Window on the World The Global Sandwich Wisdom 521 Generation 485 summary and key terms 522 Window on the World Elder Care Worldwide 495 8 Late Adulthood Research in Action The Psychological Consequences of Hearing Loss 505 part chapter 18 Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood 524 Personality Development in Late Adulthood 525 Ego Integrity versus Despair 525 Personality Traits in Old Age 525 Well-Being in Late Adulthood 527 Well-Being in Sexual Minorities 528 The Effect of Religion and Spirituality on Well-Being 528 Coping and Mental Health 529 Models of Successful Aging 530 Practical and Social Issues Related to Aging 533 Work and Retirement 533 adriaticfoto/Shutterstock Financial Concerns 535 Living Arrangements 536 chapter 17 Elder Abuse 540 Physical and Cognitive Development Personal Relationships in Late Life 541 in Late Adulthood 492 Theories of Social Contact and Support 541 Old Age Today 493 Relationships and Health 542 The Graying of the Population 493 The Multigenerational Family 542 Conceptualization of Aging 495 Marital and Long-Term Relationships 543 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 496 Marriage 543 Longevity and Aging 496 Widowhood 545 Correlates of Life Expectancy 496 Divorce and Remarriage 545 xvi EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS  Nonmarital Lifestyles and Relationships 546 Facing Death and Loss 555 Single Life 546 Factors Preceding Death 555 Cohabitation 547 Confronting One’s Own Death 557 Friendships 547 Patterns of Grieving 558 Nonmarital Kinship Ties 548 Responses to Death across the Life Span 559 Relationships with Adult Children 548 Significant Losses 563 Relationships with Siblings 549 Surviving a Spouse 563 summary and key terms 550 Losing a Parent in Adulthood 564 Window on the World Aging Stereotypes Losing a Child 564 Worldwide 534 Mourning a Miscarriage 565 Research in Action Technology and Aging in Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues 565 Place 537 Suicide 566 Hastening Death 567 Finding Meaning and Purpose in Life and 9 The End of Life Death 571 Life Review 571 part Development: A Lifelong Process 572 summary and key terms 572 Window on the World Cultural Variations in Funeral Customs 554 Research in Action Cultural Influences on Children’s Understanding of Death 560 ® McGraw Hill Psychology APA Documentation Style Guide Steve Smith/Tetra images/Getty Images Glossary G-1 Bibliography B-1 chapter 19 Name Index I-1 Dealing with Death and Subject Index I-28 Bereavement 552 The Meaning of Death and Dying 553 The Cultural Context 553 The Mortality Revolution 553 CONTENTS EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xvii chapter-by-chapter changes This is a chapter-by-chapter list of topics that are new to this edition or have been substantially revised or updated. 1 The Study of Human New Research in Action on diversity in Development psychological research New section on the open science movement New information on gatekeeping of scientific and the reproducibility crisis thought and research disparities New section on research ethics Expanded discussion of the concept of childhood across time periods and cultures Expanded discussion of and updated statistics on extended families 3 Forming a New Life New information and updated statistics on New section on cultural beliefs about single-parent families conception Updated and expanded statistics on global New Research in Action on indigenous poverty rates motherhood New information on the influence of COVID-19 New section on assisted reproduction on global poverty technologies New information on the influence of climate Updated global and US statistics on multiple change on global poverty births New information on the influence of COVID-19 Expanded discussion of genetic and on US poverty rates chromosomal abnormalities New key terms: individualism and collectivism Updated statistics and information on Down New section on ethnicity and race syndrome Updated statistics on US demographic trends Revised section on genetic influences on Inclusion of COVID-19 as an example of physical health normative history-graded influences Revised section on genetic influences on New Research in Action feature on psychopathology intersectionality and inequity in human New section on cultural beliefs about prenatal development development New section on perceptual and cognitive development in fetuses New information on traditional beliefs about 2 Theory and Research pregnancy Expanded discussion of positive and negative Updated global statistics on poverty and reinforcement and punishment malnutrition during pregnancy New examples provided for and more New information on folic acid deficiency and discussion of negative reinforcement, negative anencephaly and spina bifida in Chinese punishment, and positive punishment babies Expanded discussion of differences between New example provided for cultural differences quantitative and qualitative research designs in exercising while pregnant New example study provided for cross-sectional Updated statistics on opioid use during design pregnancy New example study provided for longitudinal New information on cultural barriers to design interventions for alcohol use during pregnancy Expanded section on research issues Updated statistics on smoking during New section on diversity in scientific research pregnancy xviii  New/expanded sections and updated statistics New information on COVID-19 and breastfeeding on marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine New section on solid foods use during pregnancy New section on infant obesity New information on the effect of COVID-19 on New section on malnutrition in infancy and global vaccination campaigns toddlerhood Updated statistics on measles in the United New Research in Action on disparities in the States use of prenatal care New information on the influence of COVID-19 New information on hearing in fetuses on pregnancy outcomes New information on updated motor milestones Expanded and revised section on maternal emotional state during pregnancy Expanded information on hand control in infancy and toddlerhood Updated global and US statistics on maternal age Expanded information on ethnic and cultural Updated information on disparities in prenatal influences on motor development care 5 Cognitive Development during 4 Birth and Physical Development the First Three Years during the First Three Years Revised section on conducting research with Expanded information on childbirth, culture, infants and change New information on cultural differences in Updated statistics on global and US maternal HOME inventory relevance and application mortality rates, postneonatal death rates, and complications of pregnancy New information on common infant-parent games across cultures Updated statistics and information on cesarean sections New information on overimitation Updated information on doulas New information on pictorial representation in infancy and toddlerhood New section on childbirth and the COVID-19 pandemic Expanded research on cultural differences in learning from books Expanded information on cultural differences in infant sleep schedules New information on differences in picture books in Japan and the United States Updated statistics on low-birth-weight and preterm babies New information on infant understanding of tablet computers and cell phones Revised and updated information on risk factors for and predictors of low birth weight New information on the influence of video calls and interactive media on young children Revised and updated information on long-term outcomes of prematurity New information on cultural differences in scale error New information on global incidence of stillbirth and updated statistics and information Revised information on perceptual and for the United States attentional processes Updated information on racial and ethnic Expanded information on the influence of disparities in infant mortality television on toddlers’ development New Window on the World on infant sleep New section on cross-modal transfer customs across cultures Expanded description of the violation-of- Updated statistics on accidental deaths in infancy expectations paradigm Updated statistics and research on global and New information on cultural differences in US levels of immunizations explicit memory systems New information on vaccine hesitancy Reorganized and revised section on language development New information on vaccines and COVID-19 New information on the importance of joint New information on international variations in attention to language development vaccine acceptance New section on cultural differences in Expanded information on breastfeeding perceptual attunement CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER CHANGES EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xix  New information on tonal languages New research on sibling relationships across New information on cultural differences in the cultures use of gestures New research on cultural differences and Expanded information on learning nouns and commonalities in peer relationships verbs across different languages Updated statistics and information on working New Research in Action on the strengths- mothers based approach to language development New section on cultural variations in early across cultural groups childcare New information on socioeconomic differences Updated statistics and information on child in language development maltreatment New information on child-directed speech in Expanded research on cultural influences on tonal languages child maltreatment 6 Psychosocial Development 7 Physical and Cognitive during the First Three Years Development in Early Childhood Revised section on early emotional development Updated statistics on bodily growth and change New research on cross-cultural patterns of Expanded research on sleep patterns across infant cry duration cultures Revised section on self-conscious emotions, New information on cultural factors related to altruistic helping, and empathy sleep patterns New section on cultural influences on New section on sleep disturbances temperament New research on correlates of and cultural Revised section on the mother’s role with influences on sleep disturbances expanded content on cultural differences New section on bed-wetting Expanded research and information on cultural Revised section on the development of motor differences in the father’s role skills Revised, updated, and expanded information New research on the cross-cultural differences and research on sex differences in infants and in motor development toddlers New research on cultural influences on Section on developing attachments handedness reorganized, updated, and revised New statistics on global and US obesity and New research on cross-cultural differences in overweight separation anxiety New information on the influence of COVID-19 New information on cross-cultural research on on overweight and obesity in children social referencing New Research in Action on the health risks of New research on toddlers’ responses to screen time during COVID-19 own- versus other-race faces Updated global and US statistics on food New research on cultural differences in the insecurity and malnutrition rouge task Updated global and US statistics on deaths Expanded information on verbal indicators of and accidental injuries the development of the self Sections on socioeconomic status and race/ New research on neural correlates of self- ethnicity revised and updated recognition New information on the influence of the New Research in Action on cultural COVID-19 pandemic on health care coverage considerations in the diagnosis of autism Updated global and US statistics on New section on cultural influences on self- homelessness regulation New information on the influence of COVID-19 New research on cultural differences in on homelessness eliciting compliance from toddlers Revised section on knowledge about thinking Revised information on sibling relationships and mental states xx EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER CHANGES  Revised, updated, and expanded section on Revised, updated, and expanded section on individual differences in theory of mind gender and play development Expanded research on cross-cultural New section on cultural differences in theory of differences in play mind development New section on corporal punishment New section on metamemory Updated statistics and research on corporal New section on executive functioning punishment New research on cross-cultural differences in New cross-cultural research on parental influences on memory disciplinary methods New section on cultural differences in New research on the influence of television on cognitive development parenting styles New information on the relationship between poverty and language development Revised section on pragmatics and social speech 9 Physical and Cognitive New research on the influence of technology Development in Middle and media on emergent literacy Childhood New section on cultural differences in early Updated statistics on physical development in education middle childhood Revised section on preschool Updated statistics and revised information on dental health Updated statistics and information on eating habits in children 8 Psychosocial Development in Expanded information on snoring and sleep Early Childhood apnea New section on race and self-concept New section on cross-cultural research on New Research in Action on BIPOC children’s physical activity exposure to violent media New research on recess across different New section on cultural differences in self- countries concept Updated statistics on participation in organized New section on disability and self-concept sports Revised and expanded section on New section on the influence of COVID-19 on developmental changes in self-esteem physical activity New section on cultural influences on self- Revised and updated statistics on overweight esteem and obesity in middle childhood New research on cultural differences in mindset New information on COVID-19 in children and New section on cultural influences on emotion the influence of comorbidities regulation Updated statistics on incidence and New research on the importance of emotional prevalence of chronic medical conditions understanding New international statistics on asthma and New information on gender as a binary updated US statistics concept and biases in research on gender New international statistics on diabetes and New section on variations in gender identity updated US statistics development New international statistics on hypertension New key terms: transgender and intersex people and updated US statistics New information on historical and Updated statistics on accidental injuries in anthropological evidence of transgender middle childhood people New research on neurological changes New information on the influence of being associated with Piagetian task performance gender atypical on peer relationships New section on cultural influences on Revised, updated, and expanded introduction Piagetian task performance to play New section on metamemory CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER CHANGES EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xxi  Updated US and global statistics on adoption New research on genetic influences on brain development Revised, expanded, and updated section on New research on global literacy rates peer groups New research on peer groups in hunter- Revised and updated information on educational reform gatherer cultures New research on the influence of cultural New research on class size in different countries norms on sociometric popularity Revised and updated section on aggression New section on charter schools and homeschooling and bullying Expanded and updated research on New section on the influence of COVID-19 on education cyberbullying New section on outcomes of aggression New Research in Action on educational access in the age of COVID-19 Updated statistics and research on disruptive Revised and updated section on computer and conduct disorders internet use in classrooms, including new Updated statistics and research on anxiety information on COVID-19 disorders Updated statistics on intellectual and learning Updated statistics and research on childhood disabilities and ADHD depression New section on the influence of COVID-19 on child mental health 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood Revised, expanded, and updated section on 11 Physical and Cognitive emotional development Development in Adolescence New research on cultural influences on Revised and updated section on puberty and emotional development sexual maturity New Research in Action on racial socialization New Research in Action on LGBTQ+ identity in Black American families development New section on cultural differences in family New research on historical evidence of and dynamics secular trends for pubertal timing New section on family conflict New research on racial and ethnic variations in Updated statistics on childcare arrangements pubertal development for working families Updated US and global statistics on physical New research on the influence of COVID-19 on activity in adolescence employment and family processes Updated US statistics on sleep duration in Updated statistics and research on poverty adolescence Updated US and global statistics on New research on the influence of COVID-19 on poverty rates overweight and obesity New research on psychological consequences Updated statistics on US and global family structure of overweight and obesity Updated US and global statistics on anorexia Updated statistics on US and global divorce rates Updated US and global statistics on bulimia New research on divorce in foraging and indigenous cultures Updated US and global statistics on binge- New section on adjusting to divorce eating disorder New section on diversity and eating disorders Revised section on outcomes of divorce Updated statistics on US trends in drug use Updated US statistics on one-parent families New section on alcohol Updated US and global statistics on cohabitation Updated US and global statistics on alcohol Updated US and global statistics on gay and use in adolescence lesbian parents New research on cultural influences on drinking patterns in adolescence xxii EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER CHANGES  Revised, updated, and expanded section on Updated US statistics on marijuana use and sexually transmitted infections legalization Updated US and global statistics for sexually Updated US and global statistics on tobacco transmitted infections: human papillomavirus, use herpes, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency New research on risk factors for tobacco use in virus, chlamydia, and gonorrhea adolescence New section on viral sexually transmitted New research and information on e-cigarettes infections New research and information on vaping New section on bacterial sexually transmitted Updated US and global statistics on depression infections New research on the influence of COVID-19 on Updated US and global statistics on teen depression rates pregnancy and childbearing Updated US and global statistics on death in Updated research and information on adolescence abstinence-only and comprehensive sexual Revised and updated section on deaths from education programs in the United States vehicle accidents New Research in Action on LGBTQ+ inclusivity Updated statistics and research on US and in sexual education global suicide New section on female genital mutilation New section on homicide in adolescence New section on child marriage New research on the influence of social media New research on cultural differences in on the imaginary audience parent-teen relationships New section on culture, religion, and moral New research on the influence of COVID-19 on reasoning employment Updated statistics on global high school Updated statistics on social media and graduation rates electronics usage in adolescents New section on technological influences on New research on the influence of social media schooling and academics usage on romantic relationships New section on the influence of race and Revised and updated section on intimate ethnicity on academic achievement partner violence Updated US and global statistics on dropping New research on intimate partner violence in out of high school same-sex relationships New section on gender and career choice New research on cultural differences in juvenile delinquency 12 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence 13 Physical and Cognitive New section on identity development in Development in Emerging and sexual-minority youth Young Adulthood New section on cultural differences in identity New research on cross-cultural differences in formation emerging adulthood Updated US statistics on sexual orientation Updated US and global statistics on health Revised, updated, and expanded section on New research and information on the risks and origins of sexual orientation consequences of COVID-19 infection in Updated US statistics on sexual behavior in emerging adulthood adolescence New Research in Action on rheumatoid arthritis New key term: sexting in young adults New research on sexting Updated US and global statistics on New section on correlates to adolescent sexual preventable diseases activity Updated US and global statistics on obesity Updated US and global statistics for and overweight contraceptive use in adolescence New section on food insecurity CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER CHANGES EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xxiii  New research on anthropological evidence for Updated US statistics on physical activity levels romantic love across cultures in young adults Updated statistics on single life in the United New Window on the World on internet addiction States Revised and updated section on sleep in Updated US and global statistics and emerging adulthood information on nonheterosexual relationships Updated US and global statistics on smoking in Revised and updated section on cohabitation young adulthood Updated US and global statistics on cohabitation New research on global health care expenditures resulting from smoking New section on cultural and contextual influences on marriage Updated US and global statistics on alcohol use New research and information on bride price New section on the influence of race and and dowries ethnicity on health New research and information on arranged New section on health care access marriages Revised and updated section on relationships New section on global marriage trends and health Revised, updated, and expanded section on Updated US and global statistics on alcoholism marriage satisfaction Updated US statistics on drug use New section on extramarital sexual activity Updated global statistics on depression New section on cultural and contextual New research on cross-cultural differences in influences on parenthood premarital sex and contraceptive use New research on cross-cultural differences in New research and statistics on support for gay work-life balance marriage New section on gender differences in parenting Updated statistics on sexual orientation in New cross-cultural research on the influence of emerging adulthood parenting on marriage satisfaction Updated US and global statistics on human Updated US statistics on divorce immunodeficiency virus Updated and expanded research on predictors Updated US and global statistics on sexually of divorce transmitted infections New research on divorce in same-sex couples Revised and updated section on perspectives on adult cognition Updated US statistics for remarriage and stepparenthood Revised, updated, and expanded section on reflective thinking New section on the Three Ethics and cross- cultural differences in moral reasoning Updated statistics on college participation in 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle emerging adults Adulthood Updated US and global statistics on entering the workforce in emerging adulthood Updated US and global statistics on visual impairment Updated US and global statistics on hearing loss Updated US statistics on losses in taste and smell 14 Psychosocial Development in New section on physical fitness Emerging and Young Adulthood New section on infertility New section on religious identity formation Revised and updated section on changes in New section on sexual and gender identity male sexual functioning formation Updated US and global statistics on hypertension Revised and updated section on trait models of Updated US and global statistics on heart personality disease Updated US and global statistics and Updated US and global statistics on diabetes information on failure to launch New research and information on COVID-19 New Research in Action on interracial dating infections at midlife xxiv EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER CHANGES  New research on divorce in indigenous New research on adherence to dietary populations guidelines, smoking, and vaccination status Revised and updated section on parenting New research and information on health adolescent children disparities in BIPOC people New research on helicopter parenting Updated US and global statistics on osteoporosis New research on the empty nest across cultures Updated US and global statistics on breast cancer New section on voluntary childlessness Revised and updated section on mental health Updated US and global statistics on caring for at midlife aging parents Updated US statistics on the incidence of New section on cultural and ethnic differences depression and depressive symptomatology in caregiving New research and information on COVID-19 Updated US statistics on caregiving for aging and stress responses parents New research on the relationship between New section on cultural and ethnic differences personality variables and health in grandparenting Updated US statistics on retirement New research on the influence of COVID-19 on retirement New Research in Action on financial stress at 17 Physical and Cognitive midlife Development in Late Adulthood Updated US and global statistics on literacy Updated US and global statistics on aging populations Updated US statistics on life expectancy New research on the effect of COVID-19 on life 16 Psychosocial Development in expectancy Middle Adulthood Updated US and global statistics on gender Revised, updated, and expanded section on differences in mortality rates and life expectancy change at midlife Revised and updated section on regional New section on cultural influences on differences in mortality risk generativity New research on COVID-19 and mortality risk New section on culture and personality Revised and updated section on racial and Revised, updated, and expanded section on ethnic differences in mortality risk identity process theory Revised, updated, and expanded section on New Research in Action on body image and extending the human lifespan well-being at midlife Updated US and global statistics on visual loss New research on cultural influences on identity at midlife, including the use of glasses, and processes cataracts, macular degeneration, and glaucoma Updated US and global statistics on hearing loss Revised, updated, and expanded section on positive mental health at midlife New Research in Action on the psychological consequences of hearing loss New section on emotional influences on well-being Updated US statistics on falls in late adulthood New section on religiosity and well-being New section on COVID-19 risk and age New research on cultural differences in social Updated US and global statistics on chronic convoys health conditions New section on arranged marriages Updated US statistics on hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, heart disease, and cancer Revised and updated section on gay and lesbian relationships New research on gender differences in disability status Updated US and global statistics on cohabitation at midlife New section on periodontal disease Updated US and global statistics on divorce at Updated US and global statistics on depression midlife Updated US and global statistics on dementia CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER CHANGES EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xxv  18 Psychosocial Development in 19 Dealing with Death and Late Adulthood Bereavement Revised and updated section on personality Updated US and global statistics on cause of traits in old age death New section on well-being in sexual minorities Revised and updated section on facing death Revised and updated section on the influence and loss of religion and spirituality on well-being New section on near-death experiences New section on aging and job performance New research n Prolonged Grief Disorder Updated US and global statistics on retirement New Research in Action on cultural variations Updated US and global statistics on retirement in conceptions of death benefits Revised, updated, and expanded section on New research on the influence of COVID-19 on responses to death across the lifespan retirement New section on responses to death in infancy Updated US statistics on Medicare usage and and childhood poverty rates in women and BIPOC New research on children affected by parental Updated US and global statistics on living death due to COVID-19 arrangements in late adulthood New section on responses to death in New Research in Action on technology and adolescence aging-in-place Updated US and global statistics on suicide Updated US and global statistics on Revised, updated, and expanded section on institutional care for the elderly assisted suicide New section on elder abuse Revised, updated, and expanded section on Updated US and global statistics on international variations in end-of-life decisions multigenerational family living arrangements New section