Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Lecture 1 PDF

FT 2101 Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Nutrition Lecture 1 1 Nutrition Lectures 16 hours of Lectures + Practicals 01 Assignment Quiz 2 – 15 MCQ (30 mins) – Monday 5th August Human nutrition and malnutrition...

FT 2101 Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Nutrition Lecture 1 1 Nutrition Lectures 16 hours of Lectures + Practicals 01 Assignment Quiz 2 – 15 MCQ (30 mins) – Monday 5th August Human nutrition and malnutrition 2  What is nutrition? Importance of nutrition knowledge? BFST 2105 Principles of Human Nutrition: Week 1 3  Nutrition "Nutrition is the branch of science that studies the process by which living organisms take in and use food for the maintenance of life, growth, reproduction, the functioning of organs and tissues, and the production of energy." - Bender, A.E. and Bender, D.A. (1995). Oxford dictionary of food and nutrition. Oxford University Press, Oxford. BFST 2105 Principles of Human Nutrition: Week 1 4  Nutrition is a critical part of health and development Improve people’s diets and help to maintain a healthy weight Importance of Boost the immune system nutrition?? Increase energy levels Reduce the risk of developing non- communicable diseases Improve health and promote a balanced lifestyle BFST 2105 Principles of Human Nutrition: Week 1 5 Why do we need to study nutrition? BFST 2105 Principles of Human Nutrition: Week 1 6 Agriculture and Nutrition Food Security Work capacity and productivity Improving agricultural productivity  Improve nutritional status Poverty reduction and economic development 7  8 You are what you eat !!!  Human Nutrition The process by which substances in food are transformed into body tissues and provide energy for the full range of physical and mental activities that make up human life. 9 Why we need to eat? 1 BFST 2105 Principles of Human Nutrition: Week 1 0  Energy Nutrients Building Materials Food Health Non- benefits nutrients Negative effects 1 1  Nutrients Nutrients are chemical compounds in food that are used by the body to function properly and maintain health. Examples include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals 12  1 BFST 2105 Principles of Human Nutrition: Week 1 3 Macronutrients Macronutrients are the nutritive components of food that the body needs for energy and to maintain the body's structure and systems 14 Functions 15 16 17 Micronutrients Micronutrients are essential dietary elements required by organisms in small quantities to regulate physiological functions of cells and organs Development, growth, disease prevention, and overall well- being With the exception of vitamin D, micronutrients are not produced in the body  source: diet Deficiencies & Toxicities Categories: Vitamins Minerals 18 19 20 Nutritional status and Issues 21 Nutritional Problems Triple Burden? Malnutrition Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients 1. Undernutrition 2. Micronutrient-related malnutrition (deficiencies or micronutrient excess) 3. Overweight, obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases 24 Possible cause for Malnutrition?? 25  Under nutrition Insufficient intake of energy and nutrients to meet an individual's needs to maintain good health. More vulnerable to disease and death 1. Wasting (low weight-for-height/length) 2. Stunting (low height/length-for-age) 3. Underweight (low weight-for-age) 4. Vitamins and minerals deficiencies  Signs of undernutrition Unintentional weight loss A low body weight –body mass index (BMI) 30 Obesity is a BMI greater ≥30 Asian BMI Cutoff Values for Adults 56 57  Prevalence in Sri Lanka (2022) Children 6-59 months : 1.7% overweight Children aged 5-9 years: 4.1% overweight and 2.6% obese Children aged 10-17 years: 7.9% overweight and 4.0% obese Non pregnant adult women: 34.0% overweight and 17.8% obese Adult men: 25.6% overweight and 6.4 % obese Among adults aged > 60 years: 27.3% overweight and 7.1% obese 58  Prevalence trends Higher in girls than boys and adult women than men Higher in urban areas (Western province: Colombo and Gampaha) Higher in among those with higher education and higher income WHY?? 59  Diet related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) An unhealthy diet  to the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) Cardiovascular diseases Cancers Diabetes Chronic respiratory diseases  The Barker hypothesis: Fetal origins of adult disease Proposed that adverse nutrition in early life, including prenatal nutrition as measured by birth weight as a significant determinant of risk for major chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity later in life. Poor nutrition  Low birth weight  Increased risk Fetus makes physiological adaptations in response to changes in its environment to prepare itself for postnatal life - modification of gene expression 61  Prioritization of brain growth at the expense of other tissues Alter body composition - low muscle mass Reduced insulin secretion and sensitivity 62 The “thrifty gene” hypothesis Genes which enable individuals to efficiently deposit fat during periods of food abundance in order to provide for periods of food shortage To survive at periods of famine Easily store extra energy  Overweight/obesity and diabetes 63 64  Nutritional Problems in the Developed Countries Over nutrition – Overweight and obesity Non-communicable diseases Food insecurity  Nutritional Problems in the Developing Countries Hunger and undernutrition – maternal & child Protein energy undernutrition Micronutrient deficiencies Food insecurity Over nutrition –overweight/obesity Non-communicable diseases  Malnutrition and Physical and Mental Development Malnutrition affects the function and recovery of every organ system Maternal and child nutrition  significant effects on brain and cognitive development of children Optimal nutrition in infancy and early childhood  meet the demands of rapid growth and development 67  Consequences of Malnutrition Under-nutrition Reduces immunity against diseases Recurrent infections Child mortality Reduce/ delayed mental and physical development Reduce learning capacity Poor school performance and reduced intellectual capacity 68 Malnutrition 69  Muscle function declines Reduction in cardiac muscle mass  decrease in cardiac output Depression, anxiety and self-neglect Women of short stature are at greater risk for pregnancy related complications Risk of delivering an infant with low birth weight Contribute to the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition 70 Over nutrition Childhood obesity is associated with a higher probability of obesity in adulthood Risk of non communicable diseases (NCDs) Obese individuals are likely to suffer from: Cardiovascular diseases Diabetes Musculoskeletal disorders (osteoarthritis) Cancers of the endometrium, breast and colon 71  Nutrition in Human and National Development Malnutrition Reduced capacity to work Intellectual limitations – impaired cognitive development Premature deaths Underutilized potential of women Cost of health care and social protection programmes  IL Identify main nutritional issues in Sri Lanka potential causes currently available nutritional programs/interventions in Sri Lanka what additional measures should be taken to resolve nutritional issues in Sri Lanka 73