1-Bioenergetic metabolism-revision.pdf

UE Human Nutrition Principles and Applied Nutrition 2nd Semester, 3rd Year students License Santé Faculty of Health, UPEC Pr. Roberta FORESTI Professor of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health, UPEC roberta...

UE Human Nutrition Principles and Applied Nutrition 2nd Semester, 3rd Year students License Santé Faculty of Health, UPEC Pr. Roberta FORESTI Professor of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health, UPEC [email protected]  Summary of the UE Bioenergetic metabolism (revision) 1h Anthropometry, energy balance, dietary reference values 2h Macronutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates 3h Micronutrients: minerals + examples of nutrient 1h ? deficiencies Micronutrients: vitamins (1) + examples of nutrient 2h ? deficiencies Micronutrients: vitamins (2) + examples of nutrient 3h ? deficiencies Diet-disease interaction: coronary heart disease, stroke, 3h hypertension Diet and cancer: colorectal and breast cancer 2h Alcohol consumption and health effects 1h Diet-disease interaction: obesity, metabolic syndrome and 3h diabetes. Microbiota and health Dietary interventions 3h CM= 24 h TD (oral)= 10% TD= 2 h TP (report of the TP + behaviour during the experiment)= 20% TP= 4 h Exam-written test= 70%  Resources Santé publique France (https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/) , diseases, nutrition, alcohol, Nutri-score INRAE-National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (https://www.inrae.fr/en) Anses-The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (https://www.anses.fr/en) British Nutrition Foundation (https://www.nutrition.org.uk/) EFSA-European Food Safety Authority (https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en) HARVARD-School of Public Health (https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/) Glycemic Index Research and GI News (https://glycemicindex.com/), BOOK: Atlas de poche de NUTRITION (Biesalki-Grimm ed. MALOINE) TD-Tutorials (2h) : presentation on glycemic index (2h for 40 people - 5 people /group – 8 groups) 15 min/group: 10 min presentation + 5 min questions. 5 Slides + title Source for preparing TD: Glycemic Index Research and GI News (https://glycemicindex.com/) TP-Practicals (3.5h) : 1) Anthropometry assessment (weight, height, waist, hips etc…..). 2 people/group Lunch: weighing before and after lunch 2) Food diary for nutrient composition/intake. Food diary for 1 day (food eaten/time/quantities weighed on a balance). Calculation of major macro and micronutrients intake using Ciqual table from Anses All data collected in common folder for report. Report to be given 10 days after the TP (14/04, 15/04, 17/04, 18/04)  Report-instructions Title page Introduction. Background of practical and objective Materials and methods. Explain what you did and summarize the procedures used Results with graphs/tables. Describe the data obtained, examples of calculations (if needed), results tabulated and in graphs. Compare you results with those of the class. Show statistics (means, ranges). Figures and tables with titles and legends. Discussion and conclusion. What can you deduce from the results? Are they what you expected? Can you put them in the context of what you studied in the course? What can you conclude from the results and the comparison with the class data? References Bioenergetic metabolism (revision)  Major FOOD GROUPS Cereal Dairy Meat, fish Vegetables Fruits Nuts and Fats and etc. seeds oils Bread Milk Beef/lamb/ Carrot Apple Almonds Butter pork Pasta Cheese Chicken/ Peppers Pear Brazil nuts Margarine turkey Rice Yogurt Fish/shellfish Broccoli Grapes Hazelnuts Olive/nut oils etc. Breakfast Eggs Leeks Banana Pumpkin cereals seeds Quinoa Beans Prunes Chia seeds MACRONUTRIENTS MICRONUTRIENTS Proteins Vitamins Carbohydrates (CHO) Minerals Fats Phytochemicals  DEFINITIONS Metabolism:  Set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms.  Recover energy  Construct molecules that make cells (proteins, lipids, nucleic acid and some carbohydrates, etc)  Elimination of waste These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environment.  DEFINITIONS Metabolism is divided in two main processes:  Anabolism: Reactions that lead to the synthesis of molecules required by the cell. Energy used in anabolic reaction is provided by catabolism.  Catabolism: Reactions that lead to degradation of biologic molecules into simple ones and finally into CO2 in vivo allowing their excretion and releasing energy.  MAIN CATABOLIC PATHWAYS Energetic catabolism (NAD+ oxidation dependent) Lynen catabolism Glycolysis HMP pathway Krebs cycle Respiratory chain  CHO Glucose (4) Aldolase H OH Glycéraldéhyde-3P HO H H OH CH2OP CHO DHP Global view of H OH CH2OH CH2OH O Isomérase (5) H CH2OP + OH NAD the glycolysis (1) ATP Gluckonase ADP ou Hexokinase G3PDH (6) NADH COOP CHO H OH Glycérate1-3P H OH CH2OP HO H ADP H OH G6P Glyc.-3P kinase (7) H OH ATP - CH2OP COO H OH Glycérate-3P G6P isomérase CH2OP (2) CH2OH Isomérase(8) O - COO HO H Fructose-6P (F6P) H OP Glycérate-2P H OH CH2OH H OH Enolase (9) Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol CH2OP ATP H2O - (3) Phosphofructokinase COO Phosphoénolpyruvate ADP OP (PEP) CH2OP CH2 O ADP HO H Pyruvate kinase (10) ATP H OH F1-6P COO - COO- H OH (11) Pyruvate O H OH Lactate CH2OP CH3 CH3 + NADH NAD Lactate DH  Substrate and energetic balances in glycolysis In anaerobiosis Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 P -----> 2 lactate + 2 ATP 4 ATP are formed and 2 are consumed (Remember: 1 glucose produces two pyruvates) In aerobiosis Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 P ----> 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP ATP balance in aerobiosis (considering respiratory chain) Number of coenzymes Number of ATP formed produced after coenzyme regeneration NADH 2 6 FADH2 0 0 ATP 2 2 Total 8  Mitochondria and respiratory chain The respiratory chain is constituted of a series of enzymes (complex I, II, III, IV and V) and redox coenzymes incorporated in the internal membrane of the mitochondria. These enzymes are also membrane transporters that allow, at the end of the process, synthesis of ATP carried by the ATP synthase under an oxidative phosphorylation reaction.  Respiratory chain location  Mitochondria  Respiratory chain composition Nomber Prosthetic Complexes Names of sub- groups units Complex I NADH 46 FMN, Dehydrogenase Fe-S Complex II Succinate-CoQ 5 FAD, cyt b560, Reductase Fe-S Complex III CoQ-cyt c 11 cyt bH, cyt bL, Reductase cyt c1, Fe-S Complex IV Cytochrome 13 cyt a, cyt a3, Oxidase CuA, CuB Molecular view ATP synthase Thermodynamic aspects of electron transport Reduction potential of main electron transporters  High E°’ : oxidant, electron captor.  Low E°’ : reductor, electron donor  Relation between standard reduction potential (ΔE°’) and free energy produced (ΔG°’ ) ATP Synthesis : Oxidative Phosphorylation P. Mitchell Theory : chemo-osmotic coupling  Protons return to mitochondria matrix though ATP synthase, an enzyme that synthesizes ATP by using the H+ chemical gradient Force proton-motrice  Principle The respiratory chain is a sequence of reactions allowing the regeneration of NAD+ and FAD from NADH and FADH2 through oxygen involvement : Oxidation energy is used to synthesize ATP. 3 (ADP + P) 3 ATP 2 (ADP + P) 2 ATP Comment The respiratory chain is the main sequence for production of ATP in animals and plants. It allows to transiently accumulate the energy liberated by the oxydation of glucose and triglycerides in the form of ATP.  Krebs cycle Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria matrix  Substrate and energetic balance From pyruvate Pyruvate + 4 NAD+ + FAD + ADP + P -----> 3 CO2+ 4 NADH + FADH2+ ATP From acetyl-CoA AcetylCoA+ 3 NAD+ + FAD + ADP + P -----> 2 CO2+ 3 NADH + FADH2+ ATP ATP (considering respiratory chain) From pyruvate From acetyl-CoA Regenerated ATP formed Regenerated ATP formed Coenzymes Coenzymes NADH 4 12 3 9 FADH2 1 2 1 2 ATP 1 1 1 1 Total 15 12 Aminoacids catabolism and anabolism are linked to glycolysis and Krebs intermediates