Pharmacognosy-2 (PCGc202) Lecture Notes PDF

Pharmacognosy-2 (PCGc202) I-Herbs Semester ONE 2024 2nd Year Pharmacy Students Department of Pharmacognosy Prof. Maha Salama Lecture (1) [email protected] Room 306 1  Lecture Conten...

Pharmacognosy-2 (PCGc202) I-Herbs Semester ONE 2024 2nd Year Pharmacy Students Department of Pharmacognosy Prof. Maha Salama Lecture (1) [email protected] Room 306 1  Lecture Content - Introduction to the Module Module Objective Module specification Module assessment Module Content - Monographs in Pharmacognosy Lecture-1 -Introduction to Herbs Selected examples: Herbs containing volatile oil Mentha & Thyme Herbs containing alkaloids: Vinca herb Ephedra Passiflora 2  The Strategy for Teaching and learning is extracted from the Egypt Vision 2030 which is aligned with the sustainable development goals of the united nations UN SDGs (UN SDGs) Universal healthcare system capable of improving health conditions A high-quality education and training system Module specification ‫توصيف المقرر‬ Module aim This module aims to equip students with a comprehensive understanding of botanical drugs derived from various plant parts, including seeds, fruits, subterranean organs, herbs, and marine and animal sources. Based on Egyptian and global flora references, students will gain practical knowledge of medicinal plants used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Through lectures and practical sessions, students will develop the ability to identify and recognize examples of these drugs in both their entire and powdered forms. They will also acquire in-depth knowledge of the major constituents, traditional uses, clinically proven applications, benefits, precautions, and potential interactions of selected botanical drugs. This hands-on approach will enable students to apply their learning to real-world scenarios and contribute to the advancement of herbal medicine  Pharmacognosy -2 PCGc202 Theoretical part (75%) Practical part (25%) Evaluation: Evaluation: Course work weight 15 %: Final practical (12%) ≈12 marks Practical sheet (10% ≈10marks) 10 % for CW )+ 5 % assignments Lab manual (3% ≈3marks) ONE quiz/semester covering 4 lectures (to be announced (10 %≈ 10 marks) 30% ≈ 3 marks ,assignments(max 3.) + Presentation (project ) 20% ≈ 2 % Final written (Unseen exam 50 %) Final oral exam (weight 10 %) For each part: The learning material (power point slides ± hand out) is available on the e-learning ****The assessment of the module throughout the semester and the weight of each component /Programme Pharm D-clinical  Module References A pharmacopeia, "drug-making"), is a book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society. Descriptions of 6 preparations are called monographs. 7 Pharmacognosy-2 Module Content: Herbs (including marines) Seeds Fruits Subterranean (Underground) Unorganized drugs & animal drugs  Lecture Content Introduction to Herbs Selected examples: Herbs containing volatile oil Mentha & Thyme  1- INTRODUCTION TO HERBS *Definition of the herb The herb is a plant whose stem does not become woody and permanent but dies after fruiting. It includes: -The whole aerial part of the plant or part of it -Rarely, the whole plant including the roots. -The whole undifferentiable plant body or thallus of the lower plants  1- Characters of Stem http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/Plant_nodes_c.jpg/300px-Plant_nodes_c.jpg General characters of stem: -Main axis -Nodes & internodes -Aerial or subterranean Succulent Stem with no Leaves  2-Types of stems Definition Picture 1-Herbaceous Stem soft in texture and easily broken e.g. Mentha, rosemary, basil…… 2-Succulent Stem: It is thick and fleshy e.g. hyosyamus…… 4-Woody Stem: It is hard, of shrubs http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Redwood_M_D_Vaden.jpg/250px-Redwood_M_D_Vaden.jpg and trees and usually covered by cork e.g. trees 5-Suffruticose stem woody at base and herbaceous above e.g. Thyme  Types of stems cont Definition Picture 6-Creeping Stem, the main axis of the plant lies along the ground and takes roots at each node 7-Runner, a lateral branch becomes rooted and turning upwards to give a new shoots 8-Climbing Stem, when weak and attaches itself to a support by means of tendrils Climbing stem 9-Twining Stem, when it attaches itself to a support by winding Twining stem  3- Types of branching Definition Picture Monopodial: the main axis continues growing, giving off lateral branches Monopodial Sympodial: the main axis stops growing, and the lateral branch continues Sympodial growing Dichotomous: The branches are produced by the division of the growing apex into two halves Dichotomous  STRUCTURE OF THE YOUNG STEM (Compare) Dicotyledons Monocotyledons 1.The stele :open vascular 1.The stele: large number of bundles arranged in a single closed vascular bundles ring around the central pith. scattered irregularly through 2.definite cortex the ground tissue. 3. Pith is distinguishable 2.indefinite narrow cortex 3. pith is indistinguishable.  Secondary Thickening Young diocot stem old diocot stem Secondary thickening in Dicotyledons  Compare between secondary thickening in Monocot & diocot. stem The Dicotyledons Monocotyledons The cambium forms a continuous - The enlargement/growth is ring which starts to give mainly due to the -expansion of secondary phloem outwards and the permanent primary secondary xylem inwards forming a elements. continuous ring of vascular *** As there is no cambium. tissues. Skull - shape VB  Activity 1: Match 1-Creeping stem ( ) 2- dichotomous branching ( ) 3- Twining stem ( ) 4- Sympodial branching ( ) 5- suffruticose stem ( ) 6- Succulent stem ( ) 7-Monopodial branching ( ) 8- Runner stem ( ) B D A C E H F  Activity 2: 1- Identify each Figure 2- Which figure is odd? …1……………………………. …2……………………………. …3……………………………. …4…………………………….  Activity 3: Give the scientific term Statement Scientific term The stem is soft in texture and easily broken It is woody at base and herbaceous above lateral branch becomes rooted and turning upwards to give a new shoots the main axis continues growing, giving off lateral branches The stem attaches itself to a support by winding The stem is thick and fleshy the main axis of the plant lies along the ground and takes roots at each node The stem is hard, and usually covered by cork  A-Herbs containing volatile oil Mentha‫عشب النعناع الفلفلى‬ Thyme‫عشب الزعتر‬ Names: Peppermint Names: Thyme Botanical Origin: the Botanical Origin: the dried dried leaves and flowering aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris, F. Labiateae (Lamiaceae) tops of Mentha piperita L. F. Labiateae (Lamiaceae) Contains more volatile oil. contains volatile oil  Morphology/Odour &taste: aromatic odour with cold sensation aromatic odour Stem: quadrangular nearly Stem :quadrangular hairy glabrous. *Herbaceous *Suffriticose Phyllotaxis: opposite decussate Phyllotaxis: opposite decussate, Leaves: petiolate margin, serrate Leaves :*sessile with revolute margin Opposite decussate revolute margin Opposite decussate Serrate margin , petiolate Suffriticose Present in both Mentha & Thyme (Characteristic to the family Non-glandular hair in Mentha Thyme  Active Constituents Active Constituents *volatile oil, mainly free volatile oil (containing menthol (alcoholic 2° *phenolic compounds, mainly alcohol) and menthol thymol and carvacrol). combined as esters.. Menthol Thymol  Uses, side effects & contraindications Mentha Thyme -Menthol acts locally as a counter- The herb +oil have a irritant secretolytic, secretomotor, broncholytic, disinfectant and antimicrobial properties. -The plant is used internally in the treatment of dry cough, whooping cough, -Inhalation : the oil in boiling water is bronchitis, and catarrhs of effective against upper respiratory the upper respiratory tract infection. -The oil externally, in fevers and influenza since it promotes sweating (diaphoretic )  Mentha Thyme -Asinfusion. relieves colonic spasm and Thyme oil has diuretic bowel irritability. urinary antiseptic, vermifuge and antifungal effects. ****The oil should be administered in the form of enteric-coated capsules. G.R (give reason for)???? Contraindicated in case of gallstones and severe liver damage