AIU Botany & Medicinal Plants Lecture 1 PDF

9/25/2024 BOTANY & MEDICINAL PLANTS Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah Dr. Reham Darwish 1 Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah Cou...

9/25/2024 BOTANY & MEDICINAL PLANTS Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah Dr. Reham Darwish 1 Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah Course Specifications Code: PPC101 Name of the course : Botany & Medicinal Plants Academic year/level: 2024\2025, 1st semester Department: Pharmacognosy Credit hours: Lectures (2hr):2CH + Practical (2hr):1CHTotal: 3 CH Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 2 1  9/25/2024 Student Assessment Examination marks Total Exam I & II Practical Final Assignment Marks 20 30 40 10 100 Extracurricular Activity Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 3 Overall aim of the course The course is designed to provide the basic knowledge of medicinal plants as groundwork for the study of identification and preparation of phytopharmaceuticals. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 4 2  9/25/2024 Competencies to be acquired 1. Acquiring a foundation in the fundamental sciences of cytology, physiology and anatomy of medicinal plants. 2. Gaining information of taxonomy, plant crude drugs and their different classifications. 3. Understand the general principles of botany: morphology and systematics. 4. Demonstrate understanding of the different classes of plant metabolites and their identification. 5. Attaining basic practical skills for handling medicinal plants. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 5 Essential Books 1. Pharmacognosy, Trease & Evans; 16th Ed;2009. 2. Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Shah & Seth; 1st Ed; 2010. 3. Fundamentals of pharmacognosy and phytotherapy, 2nd Ed; 2012. 4. Photosynthesis and Respiration, William G. Hopkins; 2006. 5. British pharmacopoeia; 2018. 6. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 6 3  9/25/2024 Course content Lecture 1 Introduction & history of medicinal plants Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah Lecture 2 Metabolic Plant cell Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah Lecture 3 Enzymes & protein synthesis Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah Lecture 4 Photosynthesis Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah Lecture 5 Respiration Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah Lecture 6 Ergastic cell content Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah Lecture 7 Ergastic cell content Dr. Reham Darwish Lecture 8 Ergastic cell content Dr. Reham Darwish Lecture 9 Ergastic cell content Dr. Reham Darwish Lecture 10 Crude drug classification & Taxonomy Dr. Reham Darwish Lecture 11 Crude drug classification & Taxonomy Dr. Reham Darwish Lecture 12 Crude drug classification & Taxonomy Dr. Reham Darwish 7 Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah Pharmacognosy 1. Derived from two Latin words pharmakon, “a drug” and gignoso, “to acquire knowledge of” so it is “knowledge or science of drugs”. 2. Defined as the study of crude drugs. 3. Crude drugs are natural products of vegetable, animal or mineral origin. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 8 4  9/25/2024 Botany 1. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning "pasture", "grass", or "fodder" 2. Known as plant science(s), plant biology or phytology. It is the science of plant life. 3. A branch of biology that deals with the study of plants. 4. Botany deals with structure, properties, and biochemical processes through the study of cytology, physiology, morphology, anatomy and taxonomy of plants. 5. Botany also includes the study of fungi and algae. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 9 Lecture 1 Introduction & history of Medicinal Plants Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 10 5  9/25/2024 Natural products derived from plants, animals or marine organisms continue to be used worldwide for the treatment of diseases proving the indispensable relationship between humans and their environment. Mother Nature acts as a medicine cabinet Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 11 Definition of crude drugs  Crude means natural product that has not been advanced in value or improved in condition.  Crude drugs are natural products of vegetable, animal or mineral origin that have undergone no processes other than collection and drying.  99% of crude drugs are derived from vegetable origin. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 12 6  9/25/2024 Definition of medicinal plants  Plants that are commonly used to either prevent, cure or lessen symptoms from an illness/disease.  They have some actions similar to conventional pharmaceutical drugs that are produced in a laboratory.  They possess therapeutic properties or exert beneficial pharamacological effects on the human body. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 13 Definition of medicinal plants  A lot of Pharmaceutical drugs are modelled after compounds found in medicinal plants.  Phytopharmaceuticals are herbal medicines whose efficacy depends on one or several plant active ingredients. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 14 7  9/25/2024 History of medicinal plants  Plants have been used as spices and medicines since prehistoric times.  From the earliest times, man had to distinguish between edible and poisonous plants.  Man has used the plants in treatment of diseases and gradually developed knowledge of plants and their traditional use which was transmitted orally through herbalist and later in the written forms. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 15 History of medicinal plants  One of the most complete medical documents dating back to the ancient Egyptians is the Ebers Papyrus (1550 B.C.). Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 16 8  9/25/2024 History of medicinal plants  The Ebers Papyrus – the most famous plant – medicine “encyclopedia” – is among several other ancient medical scrolls.  It is a 110 page scroll, which rolls out to be about 20 meters long. It was found between the legs of a mummy in the Assasif district of the Theben necropolis (modernly Luxor). Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 17 History of medicinal plants  Indian knowledge of medicinal plants is very old dating back to (3500–1500 B.C.) and gave rise to Ayurveda.  Ayurveda is a healthy life style system that people in India have practiced for more than 5,000 years.  Ayurveda emphasizes good health, prevention and treatment of illness through lifestyle practices and the use of herbal remedies. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 18 9  9/25/2024 History of medicinal plants  The use of medicinal plants was also famous in ancient China, Greece and Rome. Sun si miao Dioscorides "King of Medicine" Master Herbalist, Father of Pharmacy (yaowang; referring to Greek soldier in the Roman army herb medicines, yao). Wrote De Materia Medica 19 Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah History of medicinal plants  Many folk medicine books emerged that described plants and their folk uses without specific knowledge of their active constituents. (Folk medicine books) Ibn Sina Ibn Al Baitar Dawood Al Antaki Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 20 10  9/25/2024 History of medicinal plants  The place of plants in medicine was radically altered in the 19th century by the simultaneous application of disciplines such as phytochemistry, analytical chemistry, biosynthesis and pharmacology.  The substances from the plants were isolated, their structures elucidated and pharmacological active constituents studied. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 21 History of medicinal plants  This development was mainly influenced by several events: 1. Aspirin  The ancient Egyptians used willow tree bark as a remedy for aches and pains.  Hippocrates, the Greek physician (460-377 B.C.), wrote that willow leaves and bark relieved pain and fevers. ‫شجرة‬ ‫الصفصاف‬ Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 22 11  9/25/2024 History of medicinal plants  This development was mainly influenced by several events: 1. Aspirin  Salicin was isolated first.  More potent acid, salicylic acid was later isolated.  Treating acetyl chloride with sodium salicylate produced acetylsalicylic acid.  A less-irritating replacement for standard common salicylate medicines Aspirin (Bayer company) Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 23 History of medicinal plants  This development was mainly influenced by several events: 2. Penicillin  Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered the antibiotic in 1928 from a green mould called Pennicilium notatum. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 24 12  9/25/2024 History of medicinal plants  This development was mainly influenced by several events: 3. Reserpine  Was isolated in 1952 from the dried root of Rauwolfia.  The roots were used for centuries in India for the treatment of insanity, as well as fever and snakebites.  Mahatma Gandhi used it as a tranquilizer. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 25 History of medicinal plants  This development was mainly influenced by several events: 3. Reserpine  Has hypotensive and tranquilizing properties.  Used as antihypertensive drug for lowering of blood pressure. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 26 13  9/25/2024 History of medicinal plants  This development was mainly influenced by several events: 4. Vinca alkaloids  Vincristine and Vinblastine.  Extracted from pink periwinkle plant Catharanthus roseus.  Anticancer properties.  Vincristine was found useful in the treatment of leukaemia. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 27 History of medicinal plants  This development was mainly influenced by several events: 5. Taxol alkaloid  Isolated from Taxus brevifolia bark.  Used in the treatment of solid cancers. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 28 14  9/25/2024 History of medicinal plants  This development was mainly influenced by several events: 6. Digoxin  Isolated from foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata.  Used to treat various heart conditions. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 29 History of medicinal plants The discovery of these natural products provides clues for the synthesis of new therapeutic agents through modelling and modification of the naturally occurring active constituents to improve efficacy or reduce side effects. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 30 15  9/25/2024 Forms of medicinal plants 1. Traditionally used medicinal plants  They can be cut or powdered botanical crude drugs where plant or plant parts are used in unprocessed form.  Can also be used loose or in tea bags to form infusions, instant teas, tinctures, extracts. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 31 Forms of medicinal plants 1. Traditionally used medicinal plants Examples  The leaves of Ginkgo biloba, used for cognitive deficiencies (often in the elderly), including impairment of memory and symptoms such as anxiety. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 32 16  9/25/2024 Forms of medicinal plants 1. Traditionally used medicinal plants Examples  The flower heads of chamomile (Chamomilla recutita), used for sedative mild gastrointestinal complaints and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 33 Forms of medicinal plants 1. Traditionally used medicinal plants Examples  The leaves and pods of senna (Cassia spp.), used for constipation. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 34 17  9/25/2024 Forms of medicinal plants 1. Traditionally used medicinal plants Examples  The herb of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum), used in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 35 Forms of medicinal plants 2. Culinary herbs  Leaves, flowers, or stems of plants with aromatic properties used for flavouring or as a garnish.  Medicinal herbs differ from culinary herbs as any parts of the plant might be used.  Examples are thyme, parsley and basil. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah ‫زعتر‬ ‫بقدونس‬ ‫ريحان‬ 36 18  9/25/2024 Forms of medicinal plants 3. Spices of botanical origin  Seed, fruit, root or bark, or other plant substance primarily used for flavouring, colouring or preserving food. Examples:  Seeds, such as fennel, nutmeg, black pepper ‫شمر‬ ‫جوز الطيب‬ ‫فلفل أسود‬ Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 37 Forms of medicinal plants 3. Spices of botanical origin Examples:  Barks, such as cinnamon ‫قرفة‬ Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 38 19  9/25/2024 Forms of medicinal plants 3. Spices of botanical origin Examples:  Flower buds, such as cloves ‫قرنفل‬ Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 39 Forms of medicinal plants 3. Spices of botanical origin Examples:  Roots and rhizomes, such as turmeric and ginger ‫الكركم‬ ‫زنجبيل‬ Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 40 20  9/25/2024 Forms of medicinal plants 4. Non-standardized extracts  Extraction process using suitable solvents (water, alcohol or other solvents).  The information about their quality is subject to variation and, consequently, sometimes uncertain information about clinical efficacy and pharmacological effects. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 41 Forms of medicinal plants 5. Standardized extracts  Extraction process using suitable solvents (water, alcohol or other solvents).  They generally have relatively well established chemical, clinical and pharmacological profiles. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 42 21  9/25/2024 Forms of medicinal plants 6. Pure compounds  They are often isolated from plants and are not considered to be herbal medicines.  These are pure chemical entities, often used in the form of licensed medicines. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 43 Forms of medicinal plants 6. Pure compounds Example:  Morphine, from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), used as an analgesic. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 44 22  9/25/2024 Forms of medicinal plants 6. Pure compounds Example:  Digoxin and other digitalis glycosides, from foxglove (Digitalis spp.), used to treat heart failure. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 45 Forms of medicinal plants 6. Pure compounds Example:  Taxol, from the Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), used as an anticancer treatment. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 46 23  9/25/2024 Forms of medicinal plants 6. Pure compounds Example:  Quinine, from Cinchona bark (Cinchona spp.), used in the treatment of malaria. Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 47 [email protected] Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 48 24  9/25/2024 T H E E N D Dr. Ingy I. Abdallah 49 25