LECTURE 01 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 2024 (3).pdf

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER #1 FAC1002 – Programming I Pusat Asasi Sains, Universiti Malaya Computer Computer Software Hardware Computer System Computer Hardware Input Device Output Device Storage Device Typical Compo...

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER #1 FAC1002 – Programming I Pusat Asasi Sains, Universiti Malaya Computer Computer Software Hardware Computer System Computer Hardware Input Device Output Device Storage Device Typical Components of a PC  Computer Software System Software Application Software SYSTEM SOFTWARE Program that controls & maintains the operations of the computer & its devise -Consists of three main elements:- OPERATING SYSTEMS (OS) UTILITY PROGRAM (UP) PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR OPERATING SYSTEM A set of programs containing instructions that coordinate all activities between hardware resources & Application Software. UTILITY PROGRAM A type of system software that allows users to perform maintenance- type tasks related to managing the computer, its devices & programs. Accessories & Administrative Tools. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR A built in platform to run certain allowable programming source code that works behind both the application & the system software. Computer Software & Hardware Architecture Computer Software & Hardware Architecture Types of computer: How do we classify computers??? ★ based on size ★ based on size and power ★ based on data handling capabilities On the basis of size, the computer can be of five types:  Supercomputers - the biggest and fastest computers.  Mainframe computers - designed to support hundreds or thousands of users.  Workstation - a single user computer that is designed for technical or scientific applications  Microcomputer - a personal computer Workstation Microcomputer On the basis of data handling capabilities, computers can be classified into three types: i) Analog ii) Digital iii) Hybrid Analog –computing device that uses continuously changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved. -a mechanical, electrical, or electronic computer that performs arithmetical operations by using some variable physical quantity, such as mechanical movement or voltage, to represent numbers Return back Digital -a class of devices capable of solving problems by processing information in discrete form. It operates on data, including magnitudes, letters, and symbols, that are expressed in binary code—i.e., using only the two digits 0 and 1. Return back Hybrid combination of desirable features of analog and digital computers - For example: in the hospital, analog devices are use to measure the patient’s blood pressure etc. These measurements which are in analog might then be converted into numbers and supplied to digital components in the system. Difference between Analog and Digital Computers  COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS WHAT IS A COMPUTER?  An Electronic operating under control of Sets of Device Instructions (Operating Systems & Utility Program & Programming Language) stored in its Memory (System Unit & Processor); that can accept Data (Input Process & its Devices); manipulate the data accordingly to the specific rules (Application Software & Programming Language); WHAT IS A COMPUTER? store the information for future use (Storage Devices & Media); produce Information (Output Process & its Devices); and communicate the data and/or information between users (Communication & Network Systems).  Utility Operating Program Programming System Language Programming SYSTEM APPLICATION Language SOFTWARE SOFTWARE Translator COMPUTER Communication Storage Devices Devices HARDWARE Output Devices Input Devices System Unit The water based computer Prakash, an assistant professor of bioengineering at Stanford, and his students have built a synchronous computer that operates using the unique physics of moving water droplets. The work combines his expertise in manipulating droplet fluid dynamics with a fundamental element of computer science – an operating clock. They demonstrated a synchronous, universal droplet logic and control. Because of its universal nature, the droplet computer can theoretically perform any operation that a conventional electronic computer can crunch, although at significantly slower rates. Their goal is not to compete with electronic computers or to operate word processors but to build a completely new class of computers that can precisely control and manipulate physical matter. The ability to precisely control droplets using fluidic computation could have a number of applications in high-throughout biology and chemistry, and possibly new applications in scalable digitalmanufacturing. Quantum computers Quantum Computers are machines that use the properties of quantum physics to store data and perform computations.  Classical computers, which include smartphones and laptops, encode information in binary “bits” that can either be 0s or 1s.  In a quantum computer, the basic unit of memory is a quantum bit or qubit.  Qubits are made using physical systems, such as the spin of an electron or the orientation of a photon.  For instance, 8 bits is enough for a classical computer to represent any number between 0 and 255. But 8 qubits is enough for a quantum computer to represent every number between 0 and 255 at the same time.  A few hundred entangled qubits would be enough to represent more numbers than there are atoms in the universe.  This is where quantum computers get their edge over classical ones. In situations where there are a large number of possible combinations, quantum computers can consider them simultaneously.  Examples include trying to find the prime factors of a very large number or the best route between two pla The IBM compatible PC The Apple (iMac) PC A Notebook Computer(Laptop) A Wearable PC Digital Organizer A Delivery Information Acquisition Device (DIAD) The Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) A Mini Workstation A Mid-Range Server A Mainframe Computer A Supercomputer