Lecture 01.pdf

Akre University for Applied Sciences Technical College of Informatics ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Department :Information Technology Academic Year : 2023-2024 Instructor : Dr. Ibrahim Mahmood Ibrahim  Some Foundations of Artificial Intelligence Philosophy...

Akre University for Applied Sciences Technical College of Informatics ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Department :Information Technology Academic Year : 2023-2024 Instructor : Dr. Ibrahim Mahmood Ibrahim  Some Foundations of Artificial Intelligence Philosophy Economics How does the mind arise from a How should we make decisions so as physical brain? to maximize payoff? Where does knowledge come from? How does knowledge lead to action? Computer Engineering Mathematics Howcan we build an efficient What are the formal rules to draw computer? valid conclusions? Control theory and cybernetics What can be computed? How can artefacts operate under How do we reason with uncertain their own control? information? Linguistics Neuroscience How do brains process information? How does language relate to thought? Psychology How do humans and animals think and act? What is Intelligence? Judgment, otherwise called good sense, practical sense , initiative, the faculty of adapting one's self to circumstances.. auto critique ~ Alfred Binet (July 8, 1857 - October 18, 1911) was a French psychologist who invented the first practical intelligence test (An intelligence quotient (IQ) a total score derived from one of several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence). The resultant of the process of acquiring, storing in memory, retrieving, combining, comparing, and using in new contexts information and conceptual skills. Lioyd G Humphreys (December 12, 1913 - September 7, 2003 was an American psychologist) The capacity to learn and solve problems. (Webster’s dictionary) in particular, the ability to solve novel problems the ability to act rationally the ability to act like humans What is artificial intelligence? Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. Major AI textbooks define artificial intelligence as "the study and design of intelligent agents," where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. " What is artificial intelligence? Four Main Approaches that have been followed, each by different people with different methods.  What is artificial intelligence? Systems that act like humans Systems that think rationally The study of how to make computers do The study of mental faculties through the things at which, at the moment, people are use of computational models. (Charniack better. (Rich and Knight, 1991) and McDermott, 1985) The art of creating machines that perform The study of the computations that make it functions that require intelligence when possible to perceive, reason, and act. performed by people. ( Kurzweil, 1990) ( Winston, 1992) Systems that think like humans Systems that act rationally The automation of activities that we AI is concerned with intelligent behavior associate with human thinking, such as in artifacts ( Nilsson,1998) decision making, problem solving, learning. ( Bellmn,1978) Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent agents.(Poole et The exciting new effort to make computers al., 1998) think machines with minds, in the full and literal sense. (Haugeland, 1985) Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence Following are some main advantages of artificial intelligence: High Accuracy with less error. High-Speed. High reliability. Digital Assistant. Useful as a public utility. Following are some main disadvantages of artificial intelligence: High Cost. Can't think out of the box. No feelings and emotions. Increase dependency on machines Turing Test Acting humanly: The Turing Test Approach Test proposed by Alan Turing in 1950 Can machines think ? ≡≡ (identical) Can machines behave intelligently? Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game Turing Test The computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or not. Programming a computer or system to pass, they need to possess the following capabilities : Natural language processing to enable it to communicate successfully in English. Knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears Automated reasoning to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions. Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances. Turing Test Total or complete Turing test (extended to include physical aspects of human behavior) Computer vision to perceive the objects, and Robotics to manipulate objects and move about. Application of AI Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence: AI in Gaming: AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge. AI in Healthcare: Healthcare industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization. AI in Data Security: The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure Application of AI AI in Social Media: Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI in Travel & Transport: AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. AI in Automotive Industry: Various industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your journey more safe and secure AI in Education: AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant. Application of AI AI in Robotics: Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. AI in Entertainment: We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows. AI in Natural Language Processing: It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural language spoken by humans. Application of AI AI in Expert Systems: There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users. AI in Speech Recognition: Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc. AI in Handwriting Recognition: The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text. Types of Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of main categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI. Types of Artificial Intelligence: Weak AI or Narrow AI: Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence. The most common and currently available AI is narrow AI in the world of artificial intelligence. Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task. Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site, speech recognition, and image recognition General AI: General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human. The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and think like a human by its own. Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can perform any task as perfect as a human. The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI. Types of Artificial Intelligence: Super AI: Super AI is a level of intelligence of systems at which machines could surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is an outcome of general AI. Some key characteristics of strong AI include the ability to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own. Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Reactive Machines: Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of artificial intelligence. Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions. These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action. IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines. Types of Artificial Intelligence: Limited Memory: Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time. These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only. Self- driving cars are one of the best examples of limited memory systems. These cars can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information to navigate the road. Theory of Mind: Theory of mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans. This type of AI machines is still not developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines. Self-Awareness: Self-awareness AI is the future of artificial intelligence. These machines will be super intelligent. These machines will be smarter than human mind. Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept. Subsets of Artificial Intelligence