ERTH 1006 & 1010 Introduction to Earth Sciences 2024 PDF

ERTH 1006 Exploring Planet Earth ERTH 1010 Our Dynamic Planet Earth Brian Cousens Dept. of Earth Morocco, Sciences May 2018 © Brian Cousens, 2024  Goals of the Courses To introduce you to...

ERTH 1006 Exploring Planet Earth ERTH 1010 Our Dynamic Planet Earth Brian Cousens Dept. of Earth Morocco, Sciences May 2018 © Brian Cousens, 2024  Goals of the Courses To introduce you to the physical processes that shape planet Earth and how we are connected to it – Plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, rock magnetism, the gravity field, heat flow, rock deformation, tectonics of the continents, Earth resources, geology of Canada – See course outline on Brightspace for detailed Learning Objectives 1006 Science students only; 1010 for others 2  Contact Information Office: Herzberg 2259 Office hours: Tues or Thurs 2:00- 3:45PM, by appointment, or if door is open! Mailbox: Herzberg 2115 Phone: 520-2600 x4436 E-mail: [email protected] Brightspace: Discussions! 3  Textbooks, etc. Physical Geology, 17th edition, by Plummer and others. Available at the Bookstore or online (no Connect). Earlier editions (14, 15, 16) are fine. Laptop or cell phone with the Wooclap app – signin with cmail 1006 ONLY: Lab manual for sale at Science Stores (Steacie 118) 4  Schedule 1006 and 1010 Lectures: – T-Th 4:05-5:25 PM, RB 2200 1006 Labs: Herzberg Rm. 2110 – Labs start week of Sept. 9th. You MUST be enrolled in a lab section. – If you miss a lab, you MUST contact the Lab Coordinator in order to attend another lab later in the week. 1010: no labs; weekly assignments via Brightspace 5  In-class Requirements Please turn your cellphone ringer OFF before the beginning of each lecture Please refrain from conversations during lectures that can distract fellow students Recording the audio portion or taking a video recording of the lecture is strictly prohibited unless approved through Paul Menton Centre 6  In-class Requirements All lecture materials, exams are copyrighted by the instructor and cannot be distributed or sold Notes taken by you based on my lectures are considered to be the intellectual property of the instructor, and cannot be sold or distributed EXCEPT as an official Notetaker for the Paul Menton Centre 7  ERTH1006 Grading 50% LECTURE – Wooclap quizzes 5% – Mid-term exam: 20% – Final exam (cumulative): 25% 5% FIELD TRIP 45% LABORATORY – Weekly quizzes: 5% – Practical exam: 20% – Lab Exercises: 20% 8  1006 Field Trip Compulsory ERTH1006 field trip to examine the geology of the Ottawa area (optional for ERTH1010 students) Saturday, October 5th, 8:30AM to 4:00PM Require doctors note or letter from employer/competitive sports coach in order to be exempt from attending Worth 5% of your final grade! 9  ERTH1010 Grading 55% LECTURE In-class quizzes (Wooclap) 5% Lecture Midterm Exam 25% Lecture Final Exam 25% 45% ASSIGNMENTS/FIELD TRIP Online Assignments 40% Fieldtrip or Virtual Fieldtrip 5% 10 Exams for 1006 and 1010 MID-TERM EXAM for 2024 – organized through Carleton Exam Office, are outside of class time on a Friday, Saturday or Sunday – Friday, October 11 (not yet confirmed) – Exam time will total 3 hours (cool reason!) Final Exam during Exam Period, December 11  Brightspace Course outline Lecture slides Web links Discussion Board - primary communication Example tests Grades ERTH1010 Assignments 12  Class Quizzes with Wooclap Real-time participation in in-class quizzes Require a laptop, tablet or cell phone with Internet access 13  Class Quizzes with Wooclap Linked the Brightspace gradebook 14  Academic Accommodation Pregnancy obligation: write to me with any requests for academic accommodation during the first two weeks of class, or as soon as possible after the need for accommodation is known to exist. Religious obligation: write to me with any requests for academic accommodation during the first two weeks of class, or as soon as possible after the need for accommodation is known to exist. See the Course Outline for more details 15  Academic Accommodation If you have a documented disability requiring academic accommodations in this course, please contact the Paul Menton Centre for Students with Disabilities (PMC) at 613-520-6608 or [email protected] for a formal evaluation or contact your PMC coordinator to send your instructor your Letter of Accommodation at the beginning of the term. You must also contact the PMC no later than two weeks before the first in-class scheduled test or exam requiring accommodation (if applicable). After requesting accommodation from PMC, meet with your instructor as soon as possible to ensure accommodation arrangements are made. 16  Academic Accommodation If you are unable to take a midterm exam you must inform me at least one week in advance so that alternative arrangements can be made. Note that Final Exams must de deferred through the Registrar’s Office In the case of illness on the midterm exam date or assignment due date, I require that you inform me within 24 hours in order to allow you to write the exam or submit the assignment after the official writing date. – Students will not be able to write the exam once 7 days have passed, unless a lengthier delay is approved by the Instructor 17  Academic Integrity Plagiarism is presenting, whether intentionally or not, the ideas, expression of ideas, or work of others as one’s own. includes reproducing or paraphrasing portions of someone else’s published or unpublished material and presenting these as one’s own without proper citation or reference to the original source This includes copying of material from websites or other publications that is incorporated into assignments, reports, or other submissions for grading. Borrowing someone else's answers, unauthorized possession of tests or answers to tests, or possession of material designed in answering exam questions, are all instructional offences Identification of plagiarised material in an assignment answer will result in an automatic zero points for that question. Repeated instances of plagiarism will result in harsher consequences that may include zero on an entire assignment, reduction of course final grade, withdrawal from course, and/or a letter of reprimand from the Dean of the Faculty of Science. 18  Science Student Success Centre 3431 Herzberg Academic Professional Orientation Sessions Med-Track Math Matters Research-Track Individual Mentoring Sessions Career-Track Mandatory visits with 1st years Career Networking forums First in Family assistance Peer Assistant Study Sessions Science resume writing Student led study groups workshops Workshops http://sssc.carleton.ca/ Websites & Podcasts 613-520-2600 x 3111 Class presentations Email: [email protected] Facebook group Early identification program Midterms Final Grades 19  Topics: Week 1 The origin of Earth and the Solar System Meteorites and the geology of other planets Geochronology – dating rocks and minerals! 20  Topics: Weeks 2-4 Lyn Topinka Earth Processes Rocks Minerals 21 Week 5 : Seismology 22 Week 6: Gravity; Heat Flow Newton at work… Hydrothermal Vents 23  Week 7: Magnetism! The Magnetic Time Scale 24  Week 8: Plate Tectonics Creating, Destroying, and Moving the Earth’s Surface! 25  Week 9: Rock Deformation Rocks are hard, right? Well ….. 26  Week 10: Earth Resources; Climate Change Diamonds – A girl’s best friend… Oil – lifeblood of economy 27 Week 11: Geology of Canada Incredible diversity, the economic engine of this country 28 Week 12: Review! 29  Earth Sciences in the News https://www.thoughtco.com/geology-4133564 https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/ earth_science/ https://www.sciencenews.org/topic/earth Hurricane Katrina, 14 years ago à Iceland eruptions ß 30 What I Like To Do: Mt. Doom! Volcanoes! (Mount Ngauruhoe) Tongariro Alpine Crossing, New Zealand, 2014 31 Nevada and California Long Valley caldera Buffalo Valley 32 Field Work, Maui 2016 33  Questions??? OK, everyone stand up! 34 http://www.greenlakeboatrentals.net The Solar System and Geologic Time Chapters 1, 23, 8 Learning objectives: Understand the processes by which the solar system, Earth, and Moon formed Know what are meteorites, and what they tell us about our solar system Know how we measure the age of rocks, and know the major events that occurred during the first billion years of Earth existence 35  The Universe Big Bang Theory: universe formed ~14 billion years ago, expanding (red shift, longer l) -Initial gas clouds 1H only, then fusion --> 4He -Condensation of clouds --> first stars (H + He only) -Within stars, fusion --> heavier elements (up to 56Fe) 36 Origin of Heavier Elements Stars run out of H --> death, compaction --> increase in temperature àexplosion: supernova Creates heavier elements (> Fe), scattered throughout space, incorporated as DUST in gas clouds --> new stars 37 Our Solar System: Nebular Hypothesis Formed 5.5-4.6 billion years ago (Ga) from initially cold gas and dust cloud As matter concentrated due to gravity, cloud begins to spin, flatten 38 -Matter concentrated at core --> Sun -Smaller masses --> protoplanets -Process of accumulation termed ACCRETION 39 -Solar wind (radiation) drove gases, light elements from inner planets --> rocky bodies -Outer planets retain original gaseous composition 40  Accretion and Differentiation of Earth Earth began as mass of ACCRETED material, but is now split into core, mantle, crust - DIFFERENTIATION à 41 The Geology Carrot CORE MANTLE CRUST Kristen Cinnamon via Facebook 42 Accretion- Differentiation Models Cold Hot Model Model Metal only Metal and Condensation, rock Metal Density: heat release, > 10 g/cm3 melting Rock only Differentiation Rock Density: core ~ 3.3 g/cm3 mantle crust 43 Origin of the Moon Moon could have formed at same time as Earth by accretion Problem: - Earth density 5.5 g/cc - Moon density 3.3 g/cc àMoon lacks metal core Require a different model for origin of the Moon 44 Collision Model Proto-Earth collides with Mars-size body Molten rock ejected into space, all metal material retained in Earth Artwork by William K. Hartmann 45  Ejecta enters orbit around Earth: vaporized rock only, all metal stays in Earth Gravity pulls ejecta into lunar body Other cool problem: the “dark side” is different geologically from the “near side”: no dark mare, much rougher surface – why????? 46 What Is The Composition of the Solar System? Why is Nebular Hypothesis so popular? - predicts Solar System initially homogeneous - How can we determine if this is so? 1) Solar abundances 2) Meteorites 3) Average Earth – a problem! 47 Solar vs. Meteorite Abundances Bulk Earth ~ C1 Meteorite (from D. DePaolo) 48 Meteorites Fragments of solar system materials that fall to Earth Meteor Crater, Arizona ~ 50,000 yrs old 49 Types of Meteorites Chondritic: fragments of undifferentiated solar system material Stony: rocky portions of differentiated planetary bodies Irons: fragments of metallic cores of differentiated planetary bodies Stony-irons: both rocky and metallic portions 50 Impacts in North America (Royal Astronomical Society of Canada)  Next: Focus on The Planets and Earth 52