Endogenic Processes - Earth's Processes Lecture Notes PDF

# Endogenic Processes ## Definition - **end-o-gen-ic** - **endō'jenik/** - **Adjective GEOLOGY** - Formed, located or occurring beneath the surface of the earth ## What is Endogenic Processes? - Endogenic Processes are geological processes that occur beneath the surface of the Earth. - It is asso...

# Endogenic Processes ## Definition - **end-o-gen-ic** - **endō'jenik/** - **Adjective GEOLOGY** - Formed, located or occurring beneath the surface of the earth ## What is Endogenic Processes? - Endogenic Processes are geological processes that occur beneath the surface of the Earth. - It is associated with energy originating in the interior of the solid earth. - The ground we live on is moving all the time. The Forces within the earth that cause the ground to move are called **ENDOGENIC FORCES**. ## How does endogenic process works? - When the ground moves, Rock layers at the surface of the earth are broken, twisted and shaken. - Land is destroyed in many places and created in other places. - When the land is shaped by endogenic Forces we call this **ENDOGENIC PROCESSES**. ## The main endogenic process - The main endogenic processes are **FOLDING & FAULTING** or tectonic movements. - They take place mainly along the plate boundaries, which are the zones that are not stable. - Endogenic processes cause many major landform features. ## Folding - When two forces push towards each other from opposite sides, the rock layers will bend into folds. - The process by which folds are formed are due to compressional forces known as folding. - There are large-scale and small-scale folds. Large- scale folds are found mainly along destructive plate boundaries. ### Illustration: Folding The illustration shows a diagram of folding. The upper part of the diagram shows a cross-section of folded rock layers, with labels identifying various fold types. The lower part of the diagram shows folded rock layers in a landscape, with labels identifying the age of the rock layers. ## Faulting - Faulting is the fracturing and displacement of more brittle rock strata along a fault plane either caused by tension or compression. - A break in rock along which a vertical or horizontal rock movement has occurred is called a fault. - The process of forming a fault is faulting. - The line of fault which appears on land surface is known as fault line. - These lines are often lines of weakness which allow molten rock to rise up onto the earth surface when there is active volcanic activity nearby. ## Types of Faulting - There are three types of fault which are caused by different endogenic forces: - Normal fault (Convergence) - Reverse fault (Divergence) - Tear fault (Transform) - Faulting forms two major landforms - block mountains and rift valleys. ### Illustration of Faulting The illustration shows three diagrams of different types of faults. Each diagram shows a block of rock with a fault line running through it. The arrows show the direction of movement of the blocks of rock. Each diagram is labeled with the type of fault. ## Other Endogenic process (Subsequent) - These are Endogenic Processes that are subsequent to the main ones. - Volcanism (Volcanic Activity) - Metamorphism - Earthquake (Seismic Activity) ## Volcanism - **VOLCANISM** or magmatism (also known as volcanic activity or igneous activity) - Magma beneath the crust is under very great pressure. When folding faulting occur, cracks or fractures which are lines of weakness are created - When these lines of weakness develop downward in the crust and the magma, they will release the pressure in the magma - This allows magma to rise up along the lines of weakness and intrude into the crust. Some magma may even reach the earth's surface and some don't. ### Illustration of Volcanism The illustration shows a diagram of a volcano. The diagram shows the various parts of a volcano, including the magma chamber, the conduit, the vent, the crater, and the lava flow. The diagram also shows the different layers of the Earth, including the crust, the mantle, and the core. ## Result of Volcanism The illustration shows a grid of 12 different igneous rocks with labels. ## Metamorphism - Metamorphism is an endogenic process which occurs when there is pressure and heat applied to geologic structures which leads to the formation of Metamorphic Rocks. ### Illustration of Metamorphism The illustration shows a diagram of metamorphic rock forming between intrusive magma and the overlying rock. ## Result of Metamorphism The illustration shows a grid of 9 different metamorphic rocks with labels. ## Grading metamorphic rock The illustration shows a graph of metamorphic rock types at different pressures and temperatures. ## Earthquakes - An Earthquake or (Seismic Activity) is a sudden shaking or vibration in the earth's crust - When plates suddenly move past each other, the built-up strain is released along the fault, and the rock fractures - An earthquake also can be triggered by molten rock moving up into the chamber of a volcano before eruption. ### Illustration of Earthquake The illustration shows a diagram of an earthquake. The diagram shows the focus, the epicenter, and the seismic waves. ## Important Details - Endogenic Processes are Processes that is formed or occurring beneath the surface of the Earth. - The main Endogenic Processes are Folding and Faulting (or tectonic movements). - The Subsequent Endogenic Processes are Volcanism, Metamorphism, and Earthquakes. - Endogenic processes cause many major landform features. - Endogenic processes have been responsible for shaping the earth's geologic structures and the formation of many of the most important mineral resources. # Exogenic Processes ## Exogenic Processes or Denudation - Refers to activities or phenotypes that occur on the Earth's surface. - It is considered as destructive and are responsible for degradation and sculpting the Earth's surface. ## Types of Exogenic Processes - Weathering - Erosion - Mass Wasting - Sedimentation ## Weathering - The process that breaks down rock into smaller pieces. - The physical weathering happens when rock is physically broken into smaller pieces. - The illustration shows a diagram of a rock breaking apart due to the effects of ice wedging. ## Factors that affect physical weathering - Ice wedging - Release of pressure - Abrasion - Animals - Growth of Plants ## Chemical weathering - The chemical weathering is the process of breaking down rock through chemical changes. ## Factors that affect chemical weathering - Water - Oxygen - Acid rain - Living organisms - Carbon dioxide ## Erosion - Those rock particles get carried away by wind, water, ice & gravity. ## Erosion by water - Erosion by water changes the shape of coastlines. Waves constantly crash against shores. They pound rocks into pebbles and reduce pebbles to sand. Water sometimes takes sand away from beaches. This moves the coastline farther inland. ## Erosion by ice - Erosion by ice can erode the land. In frigid areas and on some mountaintops, glaciers move slowly downhill and across the land. As they move, they pick up everything in their path, from tiny grains of sand to huge boulders. ## Erosion by wind - Erosion by wind carries dust, sand, and volcanic ash from one place to another. Wind can sometimes blow sand into towering dunes." ## Erosion by gravity - Gravity pulls any loose bits down the side of a hill or mountain. Gravity erosion is better known as Mass Movement. ## Result of Erosion The illustration shows a rock formation called a hoodoo, which is a spire of rock that has been eroded by wind and water. ## Weathering vs. Erosion (Erosion begins with a Process called weathering) The illustration shows a comparison of weathering and erosion. Weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down. Erosion is the process by which rocks are transported. ## Additional Info (Weathering & Erosion) - **REGOLITH:** When weathered rock remains in place and remains in its pure state. - **SEDIMENT:** When weathered material is removed from the site of weathering. - **MOVING WATER:** It is the main agent of erosion. - **PEOPLE:** Nowadays, people became one of the causes of erosion. - **WEATHERING AND EROSION:** Weathered rock material will be removed from its original site and transported away by a natural agent. ## Sedimentation - It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the bottom of bodies of water and forms to solid. ## Mass Wasting - Mass wasting is the movement of rock, soil and regolith downward due to the action of gravity. ## Factors that triggered the Mass Wasting - Over-Steepened Slope - Water - Earthquake - Vegetation Removal ## Classification of Mass Wasting - Slump - Solifluction - Earthflow - Mudflow - Debris Slide - Debris Flow - Rock Flow - Soil Creep