Mga Tala ng GEED 037 - Buhay at mga Akda ni Rizal (Tala ng Aralin)

UNIT 1: Understanding the Rizal Law Lesson 1: Republic Act 1425, Senate Bill 438, and House Bill 5561 ★ 1950s - Era of great influence from the American, however we are already free from them then (Post-War). ★ July 4, 1946- American-Filipino friendship day ★ June 12, 1898 - Philip...

UNIT 1: Understanding the Rizal Law Lesson 1: Republic Act 1425, Senate Bill 438, and House Bill 5561 ★ 1950s - Era of great influence from the American, however we are already free from them then (Post-War). ★ July 4, 1946- American-Filipino friendship day ★ June 12, 1898 - Philippine Independence Day; Emilio Aguinaldo, the revolutionary commander, proclaimed independence at Kawit, Cavite Neo-colonialism We are "free" but there's still someone who's influencing you, technically you are still not experiencing freedom — "mala-kolonyal" (sort of free) JOSE P. LAUREL & CLARO M. RECTO Layon nilang paigtingin ang Nasyonalismo at Patriotismo sa mga kabataan. Sa paraan ng isang personalidad "Jose Rizal" — ang balak nila ay i-educate ang mga Kabataang Pilipino gamit si Rizal. (Rizal was not effective as he is before). Pamahalaan ng malaya ang ating bansa malayo sa impluwensiya ng mga dayuhan. We can use the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo to recalibrate the thinking of the youth. Works of Rizal: constant and aspiring source of nationalism. Naniniwala sina Laurel at Recto na ang inspirasyon ni Rizal para sa kanyang bansa ay may kaugnayan sa lahat ng panahon. "... the study of the great works of our foremost national hero is an inherent love for the country… Reading of Rizal's novels would strengthen the Filipinism of the youth and foster patriotism." — Claro M. Recto "Upang ito ay maisakatuparan ipinursigi nila ang pag-aaral ng sapilitan ng buhay, mga gawa at sulat ni Dr. Jose Rizal sa mga mag-aaral ng kolehiyo at unibersidad, pampubliko man o pribado." ★ April 17, 1956 - magsisimula ang kwento ng pakikibaka nila Laurel at Recto. SENATE BILL 438 An act to Make Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Compulsory Reading Matter in all Public and Private Colleges. This bill was passed in 1956. Si Laurel ay naniniwalang ang mga sulatin ni Rizal ay magbubukas ng isipan ng mga kabataan at mambabasa. REACTIONS TO THE RIZAL BILL ★ 1950s - Niyanig ng higit sa dalawang buwan ang buong bansa dahil sa isang pinaka-kontrobersyal na panukala (tulad ng RH Bill - Reproductive Bill, SOGIE Bill, Terror Bill, at Maharlika Fund), RIZAL LAW. April 21, 1956 Fr. Hesus Cavanna and Fr. Horacio de la Costa ➔ Pastoral Letter (1956) - Official Letter from a Bishop to all the clergy or members of his or her diocese. Ang mga nobela ni Rizal ay hindi nagtataguyod ng nasyonalismo at nagdudulot lamang ng kritisismo. ➔ 170 talata mula sa Noli Me Tangere at 50 talata mula sa El Filibusterismo na naglalayong dungisan ang magandang imahe ng simbahan. Dahilan kung bakit ayaw ng simbahan sa SB48: 1. Nagpapakita ng bukas na pagbatikos sa Simbahan. (Magbubukas ito ng mga sikreto ng simbahan tulad ng kaso nila Padre Damaso at Padre Salvi) 2. Sa "sapilitan" na pagtuturo ng hindi binawasan na mga bersyon ng Noli Me Tangere at El Fili ni Rizal. 3. Ang hindi maiiwasan na pagsusuri sa mga doktrina ng Simbahan ay maaaring makapanganib sa pananampalataya ng mga tao. CATHOLIC ACTION MANILA (CAM) Organization within the Catholic church that organizes conferences/meetings of the priests all over the Philippines talking about an issue. Fr. Hesus Cavanna "Ang Noli at Fili ay nasa nakaraan at magiging mapanganib na basahin ang mga ito dahil nagtatampok ito ng maling larawan ng mga kalagayan sa bansa noong panahong iyon.” "Ang Noli Me Tangere ay isang atake sa mga klerigo at ang layunin nito ay gawing katatawanan ang pananampalatayang Katoliko. Ang nobela ay hindi tunay na makabayan dahil sa 333 na pahina nito, 25 lang ang naglalaman ng mga makabayang talata habang 120 ay nakatuon sa kritisismo sa simbahan" UNDER THE CATHOLIC CHURCH: ❖ Catholic Action of the Philippines ❖ Congregation of Mission ❖ Knights of Columbus ❖ Teachers of the Catholic Schools ❖ Students of the Catholic Schools Senator Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo Tutol sa pagbabasa ng SB 438 Ang pagbabasa ng hindi kinaltasang bersyon ng nobela ni Rizal ay laban sa Katoliko. Mahalaga ang nasyonalismo at patriotismo at dapat itong itaguyod, ngunit ang pagsusulong ng mga ito ay hindi dapat isagawa. Separation of Church and State "But I cannot allow my son who is now eighteen to read the Noli Me Tangere and the El Filibusterismo lest he lose his faith." (Faith vs. Noli & El Fili) "On a required basis of reading the footnoted editions of the novel but not as compulsory reading matter." — Sen. Francisco Rodrigo ➔ Idineklara naman ni Senador Rosales na "subersibo" ang mga kumakalaban sa simbahan. CONVERSATION BETWEEN HERNANDEZ AND LAUREL Jose Ma. Hernandez The youth enrolled in the country's colleges and universities are immature and incapable of reading Rizal. Jose P. Laurel But when do you think the Filipino student will be able to understand Rizal's writing? Jose Ma. Hernandez  Isa itong pananabotahe sa Simbahang Katoliko sa Pilipino. Dahil sa tuwirang pag-atake ni Rizal sa mga dogma. CHISMIS SA KASAYSAYAN 1. Narciso Pimentel Jr. - Nilaban nila Recto at Laurel ang SB 438 dahil ito ang paghihiganti nila Recto at Laurel sa mga Katolikong mamboboto. 2. Bishop Manuel Yap - Mapaparusahan ang sinumang mambabatas sa Senado at Kongreso na sumang-ayon sa pagpapasa ng panukalang batas. (SB 438) Defense for Senate Bill Claro M. Recto said that "Catholic schools would never close since they are the sources of the Church's income, as well as its religious and political power." Judge Guillermo Guevara Nagbigay ng reaksyon at ipahayag sa pahayag ng mga anti-Rizal na diumano ay isang paglabag sa academic freedom. “The state should have every right to prescribe what should be read in schools.” Nieves del Rosario Unang babaeng abogado, “the only way to make the youth of today follow the right path.” KNIGHTS OF RIZAL A fraternal organization created to honor and uphold the ideals of Philippine national hero José Rizal. "My loyalty to religion ends where my loyalty to my country begins." – Manuel Quezon. Deliberation in Congress ★ April 19, 1956 - House Bill 5561, declares Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo as compulsory as reading. Congressman Jesus Paredes It violated the Section 926 of the Revised Penal Code. Where it prohibits teachers and other persons to engage to any public schools to discuss or criticize the doctrines of any church or religious act. "Catholics have the right to refuse to read them so as not to endanger their souls." SB 438 - Sumang-ayon ang 45, Tumutuol ang 46, isa ang abstain — tumutol sila dahil sa dami ng katoliko sa kanilang district at maaaring hindi sila iboto. "Between my God and my country I choose God." ★ May 10, 1956 - the congressmen fist fight and then reconcile with each other. Opinions outside the Senate Supporters: Emilio Aguinaldo — ang impluwensiya ng mga Espanyol ay nabubuhay pa rin sa mga pari ngayon. INC, Ka-Felix Manalo (1953-1955) sumuporta kina Laurel at Recto. COMPROMISE ON SB 438 Amendments, para humupa ang tensyon, nagmungkahi ang senado ng mga adjustment. (23) ang pumayag na lumusot ang SB 438 at (1) absent. ○ Basta; hindi itutulak ang "compulsory.” ○ Hindi iimplement agad-agad. ○ Hindi ipapabasa ang buo at original kundi translated dapat. ○ Maaaring ma-excuse sa subject/class na iyon kung tingin mo ay naaapektuhan na ang iyong pananampalataya. KONKLUSYON: Ang tunay na nagtagumpay dito ay ang diwa ng nasyonalismo at patriotismo. Hindi sina Laurel at Recto o ang Simbahan, kundi ang sambayanang Pilipino.  UNIT 2: Nation, Heroes, and Nationalism Lesson 2: Philippine Nationalism: Heroes and their Ideas May mga ilang guro at paaralan dito sa Pilipinas na iba ang pagtingin sa titulo ng "pambansang bayani." 1. What does it mean to be a HERO? 2. Legality of HEROES 3. Criteria for a HERO 4. Filipino Historical Figures Known as Heroes 5. Approaches to Recognize Historical Figures "Sa pakikidigma at pamimiyapis ang alay ng iba'y ang buhay na kipkip walang agam-agam maluwag sa dibdib, matamis sa puso at hindi kahapis-hapis." Ang mga bayani kapag nakikipaglaban hindi nag-aalinlangan at umaatras. Handang magbuwis ng kanilang mga buhay. According to Prof. Esteban de Ocampo a hero is: 1. A prominent or central figure that plays an admirable part in any remarkable action or event. ★ Sigaw sa Balintawak (August 23, 1896) - Andres Bonifacio ★ Pagtaas ng Watawat ng Pilipinas (May 28, 1898) - Emilio Aguinaldo 2. A person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger or fortitude in suffering. (sakripisyo) ★ Ang kontektso ng sakripisyo sa diskusyon na ito ay "sakripisyo sa bayan." 3. A man honored by public worship after his death for an exceptional service to mankind. ★ Sentenaryo ng Muling Paglilibing kay Rizal – December 30, 1912 Overall, "swak" ba sa inyong palagay itong standard ni Ocampo? 1. Remarkable Event 2. Sacrifice 3. Worship after death  ➔ Sa Pilipinas, and depinisyon ng pagiging bayani ay kung sino ang nagbibigay ng "hope" sa atin na mabuhay. UNFAMILIAR TERMS "Immortal Legacy" "Relative Standard" "Collective Consciousness" In the context of the Being a hero has When Rizal died in 1896 Philippines being a hero something to do with the until the present, the has something to do with personal standard of an people were just used to their 'legacy.' individual. calling him a "national hero" even though there is no legal basis or laws to support it. Paano ba maging BAYANI sa PILIPINAS? A. Legality of Heroes: ★ In the 1990s Fidel V. Ramos' term started to have a master plan on how we choose a hero, which is the National Heroes Committee. Executive Order (EO) 75: Establishment of National Heroes Commission Creating the National Heroes Committee under the office of the President. The purpose of this commission is to create a criteria on how to choose a national hero from a list of names of known figures. There is no legal basis that Jose Rizal is the National Hero of the Philippines. "Bayani ang turing natin sa kanila dahil 'yun ang itinuturo sa eskwelehan pero sa usaping legal, wala itong back-up." B. Criteria of Heroes: ➔ Onofre D. Corpuz (Economic Historian) 1. Heroes are those who have the concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation's freedom. NASYON - mga propagandista, mga ilustrado (Rizal) BAYAN (Bagani/Bayani - pre- kolonyal) - mga katipunero, mandirigma (Bonifacio) Liwanag, Pre-Colonial & Dilim, Kolonyalismo  2. Heroes are those who define and contribute to a system or life of freedom and order for a nation. Freedom without order will only lead to anarchy. Therefore, heroes are those who make a nation's constitution and laws, such as Mabini and Recto. 3. Heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation. Zeus Salazar, "Ang Kasaysayan ay salaysay na may saysay.” Ang bayani ay hindi lang dapat kalayaan ang maibigay kundi pati na rin ginhawa. Additional Criteria for Heroes: ➔ Alfredo Lagmay 1. A hero is part of the people's expression. But the process of people's internalization of a hero's life and works takes time, with the youth forming a part of the internalization. Pula ay simbolo ng pakikibaka. Red is Revolution. 2. A hero thinks of the future, especially the future generations. Rizal at Bonifacio - mayroon silang mga sinulat kung saan inilatag nila ang mga magiging kinabukasan ng mga Pilipino. 3. The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or events in history, but of the entire process that made this particular person a hero. Mga napili ng commission para itanghal na “pambansang bayani”: 1. Jose P. Rizal (1861-1896) ★ Isa sa pinaka-batang napili ng commission. ★ Widely considered as a national hero. ★ Essential thinker and writer who has influenced nationalist movements of the 19th century. ★ First recognized "officially" by the Americans through Act 137. 2. Andres Bonifacio ★ Founded/Central Figure of Katipunan (Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galang Anak ng Katipunan) ★ Only hero apart from Jose Rizal to have a declared National Holiday (birthday). ★ He is responsible for the formation of armed revolution. 3. Emilio Aguinaldo ★ Leader of the de-facto government. ★ He was recognized as the First President of the First Republic. ★ Led Filipinos in the Philippine-American War.  4. Juan Luna ★ His paintings and writings in La Solidaridad are his way of revolution and/or his weapon. ★ Master painter who brought his political views in painting. 5. Marcelo H. del Pilar ★ Propagandist and satirist who is primarily an anti-friar. ★ Founder of Diariong Tagalog. ★ Contributor and Writer of La Solidaridad with 150 essays. 6. Melchora Aquino "Tandang Sora" ★ She gave medical attention to the military during the war. 7. Apolinario Mabini ★ Political advisor and right hand of Aguinaldo, first prime minister of the Philippines. ★ Served as the main legal adviser of the revolutionary government. 8. Sultan Kudarat ★ Sultan of Maguindanao who successfully opposed and prevented Spanish conquest in his land. 9. Gabriela Silang ★ Wife of Diego Silang, they are a revolutionary couple. ★ Rallied the Ilocanos to revolt against Spain until she was captured and executed. C. Recognition of Heroes: Despite the lack of actual proclamations that solidify the status of the nine (9) figures as OFFICIAL NATIONAL HEROES, specific laws are existing to recognize their contributions respectively. Approaches to recognize historical figures: ★ Depiction in Bank Notes ★ Public Holidays ★ Official Shrines ★ Commemorations ★ Events/Seminars ★ Monuments ★ Toponymy (study of place names) ★ Inclusion in Curriculum Ang natural na rekomendasyon ay isinumite kay Ricardo Gloria — Noon ay kalihim ng Department of Education, Culture, and Sports (DECS) noong ika-22 ng Nobyembre 1995, ngunit wala nang sumunod na aksyon na isinagawa ang komisyon. SI RIZAL AT ANG MGA AMERIKANO The moment that the colonizers got the capital of the country, it will be the start of the war. Manifest Destiny: ‘God-given’ right they received to colonize other countries. Pagdating ng mga Amerikano sa Pilipinas ay nawala ang nasyonalismo. The 1901 Philippine Commission said that they should use Jose Rizal for them to be close to the Filipino people. (William Howard Taft) Ang mga naging dahilan ni Taft sa pagpili kay Rizal: 1. Maglabas ng isang central figure (Rizal) 2. Emilio Aguinaldo, Andres Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini, ay hindi nila pinili dahil sa mga rasong ito: a. Rebolusyonaryo b. Katipunero c. Radikal mag-isip 3. Sa pamamagitan ng pageelevate ng status ni Rizal noong panahon ng Amerikano ay naisip nila na kaibigan ang mga Amerikano. MGA BATAS NA KAAKIBAT KAY RIZAL Batas Blg. 137 Batas Blg. 243 Batas Blg. 346 Ipinangalan ang lugar o Monumento ni Rizal na National Legal Holiday, probinsya ng Rizal kay Jose ipinatayo ng mga araw ng kamatayan ni P. Rizal. Amerikano. Rizal (Dec. 30) RENATO CONSTANTINO “Veneration without Understanding”; bulag na pagdakila. Ayon kay Constantino hindi dapat dinadakila si Rizal dahil isa siya sa mga tumutol sa rebolusyon. The public image that the Americans desired for a Filipino national hero was quite clear. They favored a hero who would not bluntly fight the colonizers, them. RENATO CONSTANTINO AND FLORO QUIBUYEN A Nation Aborted; hindi american-sponsored si Rizal dahil bago pa man dumating ang mga amerikano ay itinuturing na ng mga Katipunero na bayani si Rizal. Hindi kontra si Rizal sa rebolusyon, dahil nakuha ni Bonifacio ang Katipunan sa La Liga Filipina. Noong Presidente si Aguinaldo ay nagpatayo siya ng monumento (unang monumento) sa Southern Luzon - Camarines Norte. Kontra Senyas/Password sa Katipunan: Katipon - Anak ng Bayan Kawal - Gomburza Bayani - Rizal So, is Rizal an American-sponsored hero?  UNIT 3: “The Making of a Hero” Lesson 3: The Family, Education, and Travels of Rizal I. MEANING OF RIZAL’S FULL NAME: Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda Jose – It comes from Saint Joseph the adoptive father of Jesus Christ. Rizal’s mom is known to be sacred and devoted; being a Catholic runs in their family. Protacio – From Saint Protasius who is known as the Saint for people who were robbed. Mercado – The real and original surname of the Rizal family. Which was adopted in 1731 by Rizal’s great-great-grandfather. Sangley (Chinese), the Rizal are Chinese on the father’s side. The stereotypes of Chinese “Sangleys” at that time are “Merchants” who are known to be in the market or “Mercado.” Rizal – Additionally during 1849, the family adopted this surname of the family of Rizal. Narciso Claveria – Claveria Decree, on that list you can locate if your current surname is on the roster. He implemented the adaptation of the surname of Spanish people for the proper collection of taxes, for them to be able to have a clear distinction of different people. It is originally from “Ricial” or green of young growth, the green of renewal or simply “green fields” as it is attributed to their source of income in the family. Alonzo y Realonda – These surnames are from the mother’s side of Dr. Rizal. The grandmother of Jose Rizal from the mother’s side, namely, “Brigida de Quintos” her surname “Quintos” was changed into “Realonda” during the Claveria Decree. Then the father of Dona Teodora was named as “Lorenzo Alberto Alonso” Nickname: “Pepe” – Saint Joseph’s abbreviation “San Jose P.P.” that means Padre Putativeo/Pater Putativos – The recognized father of Jesus Christ. Pe ~ Pe (P in Spanish “pe”). Back then it is the format of their name is as follows: [Name], [Surname] y (and) [Middle Name] II. JOSE RIZAL’S BACKGROUND June 19, 1861 – Birthdate of Jose RIzal Calamba Laguna – Birthplace of Jose RIzal “His mother (Teodora Alonzo) almost died during delivery because of his big head.” Symbolism of big head: except for being smart, they said that there is something that will happen to him.  “7/11” – Jose Rizal was the seventh of the eleven children of Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo. Saturnina, Paciano, Narcisa, Olympia, Kucia, Maria, Jose, Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad, Soledad. III. RIZAL’S PARENTS Don Francisco Mercado – Father of Jose Rizal. ○ His parents from Binan moved to Calamba to become tenant farmers “inquilinos” of the Dominican Owned Hacienda. ○ He owned a personal library, carriage, and could afford to send his children to schools in Manila. This speaks about the wealth of Don Francisco Mercado. ○ Don Franciscos’ earliest ancestors were: Siangco, Zun-nio, Lam-co ○ Lam-co migrated to the Philippines in the late 1690s. In 1697, he was baptized in Binondo, adopting “Domingo” as his first name. He married Ines de la Rosa of a known entrepreneurial family in Binondo and they settled down at Binan, Laguna. ○ In 1731, they had a son whom they named Francisco Mercado (not the father of Jose Rizal, he is the great-grandfather of Jose Rizal or simply the grandfather of Don Francisco. ○ Francisco Mercado became one of the richest in Binan. ○ Capitan del Pueblo of Binan (1783). ○ Rizal is from a political family – which is different from a political family in today’s time. However, they are still politically inclined. ○ They also owned the largest herd of carabaos in Binan. During that time, when you own more carabaos the more income you will gain. ○ Francisco Mercado had a son named Juan Mercado who was also elected as Capitán del pueblo in [1908, 1813, 1823]. He is the Father of Don Francisco. He married Cirila Alejandra, a native of Binan with 13 children. ○ Summary of Rizal’s Father Side: their social status is in the upper class. Dona Teodora Alonso – Mother of Jose Rizal ○ They are way wealthier than the father’s side of Jose Rizal. ○ One indication of their wealth is that her mother studied in a school near Intramuros. ○ Rizal described her as “a woman of more than ordinary culture” and “a mathematician and has read many books.” (Letter to Blumentritt, November 8, 1888) ○ Dona Teodora is Dr. Jose Rizal’s first teacher, who discovered the talent of writing poems. IV. IMPORTANT YEARS 1848 – Rizal’s parents moved to Calamba & leased land from the Dominican Hacienda. Belongs to the Principalia Class – known to be the “privileged indios.” Bahay na Bato – House of the Rizal Family and it is somehow near the Plaza Complex. Plaza Complex – the closer one’s house was to the plaza, the more influential the person was to the community. The plaza signifies power and those who are near them are the influential and powerful people. Peninsulares – Spaniards from mainland or peninsular Spain but they are living and staying in the Philippines. Insulares – Spaniards born of Spanish parents in the Philippine colony. Spaniards mother birthed their children here in the Philippines – their offspring were born here in the Philippines. Principalia – Privileged indios or natives mostly from the family of the dotus. ○ Inquilinos – Businessmen who were into farming. Indios –The native born inhabitants of the Philippines. “Outsiders” – Bagabundos/Bandits, those who refused to be part of the colonial society and those who left colonial society to live freely. “Sangleys” – The Chinese people who migrated from mainland China and settled in the Philippines. 1865 The year wherein Rizal experienced his first heartbreak – the death of his sister, Concha/Concepción (3-year old sister of Jose Rizal died, the first time he felt tremendous grief. When Rizal was a kid and who was doing a child's usual playful antics, his nanny always told him stories of horror. Usman – Jose Rizal’s dog. Alipato – Rizal Family’s horse. Story of the moth and the flame – during Rizal’s growth this is one of the highlighted stories of Rizal’s childhood. It is like a metaphor that believes not to crave more for intelligence and knowledge during that time because it worries Rizal’s mother as the Spaniards tend to kill smart people who are a threat to their governance or leadership. Jose Rizal’s Primary Education – When he turned 8, his Father sent him to Binan to study. His teacher was Justiniano Aquino Cruz who taught him Latin and Spanish. 1872 – Jose Rizal’s family faced a problem that would forever change him. Pag-aaklas sa Cavite or “Cavite Mutiny” Ginarote ang tatlong paring martir “GOMBURZA” Rizal’s uncle, Jose Alberto’s wife, cheated on him and told her older sister Teodora Alonzo and Saturnina to watch over his wife “Teodora Formoso.” Jose Alberto locked him in their house which led to her annoyance, he fed the dog “the chocolate” and then when the dog died she accused Rizal’s mother and sister that they tried to poison her. Then, Teodora Alonzo was imprisoned with the help of the mistress of Teodora Formoso. V. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Ateneo Municipal “Escuela Pia” in (1872 - 1877) Two Reasons the registrar refused to admit Jose Rizal: ○ Late Registration ○ Undersize for his age They planned not to use his name “Mercado” because Paciano Mercado’s teacher is Fr. Jose Burgos. He used “Rizal” in order to keep him safe from any problems in using the surname Mercado and being linked to Fr. Jose Burgos. One of Jose’s favorite subjects was history. So, he asked his father to buy him a set of history books, the Historia Universal. He learned French and Greek in Ateneo Municipal as well. At the age of 16 years old, Rizal received his degree. University of Santo Tomas (1877 - 1882) Initially, Dona Teodora opposed the idea for fear of what had happened to GOMBURZA. Despite this, Rizal still enrolled in UST. He took up Philosophy and Letters. During his stay in UST he is still taking Perito Agrimensor – expert surveyor at Ateneo Municipal. He also has several extra-curricular activities. He shifted to medicine in his second year in UST because he wanted to cure his mother’s deteriorating eyesight. After finishing the 4th year of his medicine course, Rizal decided to study in Spain, where the professors were more liberal than those of the University of Santo Tomas. VI. TRAVELS OF RIZAL (EUROPE) After Rizal finished his studies at University of Santo Tomas, he traveled to different countries in Europe– not just to study but also for a “secret mission.” “Secret Mission” – observe keenly the life, culture, languages and customs, industries, and commerce, and governments and laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed people. This is not solely for studying, yet he will observe his surroundings in Europe for him to be able to study and understand what is the difference between the system in Europe (non-colony) and Philippines (colony) and how he will use these observations to save and protect the Philippines and the Filipino people. This plan of Rizal is not known by his parents, only his uncle, Antonio Rivera, father of her lover, Leonor Rivera and Rizal’s brother, Paciano Mercado. Paciano promised to Rizal that he will take care of his beloved ones and not to worry about his finances because he will still support Rizal’s monetary needs in Europe. “Jose Mercado” – He used the name of his cousin to avoid detection by the Spanish authorities. VII. RIZAL’S JOURNEY TO EUROPE MAY 3, 1882 — Jose Rizal left the Philippines to go to Spain. He left Manila on board the Spanish steamship “Salvadora” that was headed to Singapore (acts as a stop over before going to Spain). Dr. Jose Rizal was the only Filipino onboard. Upon arrival at Singapore, he transferred to the French ship “Djemnah” that was sailing to Europe. Sir Thomas Standord Raffles – the one who founded Singapore. Rizal drew what he saw on Yemen before proceeding to the Suez Canal in Egypt. He discovered that Aden is hotter than Manila, but was amazed by the existence of Camels. The ship went through the Suez Canal in Egypt, the engineering marvel of those days. With this waterway, there was no need to go around the tip of Africa. The Suez Canal cut travel time by sea between Europe and Asia– it was made and developed by Ferdinand de Lesseps (French Diplomat and Engineer). 2021 Suez Canal Obstruction– Recently, there has been a huge block (cargo ship) in the Suez Canal that caused economic disruption worldwide due to the transport of goods from country to country, this took days or weeks to be fixed. JUNE 12, 1882 — Jose Rizal ship decked in Marseilles, France. JUNE 16, 1882. A month and a half after he left the Philippines, he finally arrived in Barcelona. He wrote a poem “Amor Patrio” or “Love for the Country,” his first article written on Spain's Soil (Diariong Tagalog). NOVEMBER 1882 – Jose went to the Universidad Central de Madrid. Jose Rizal will enroll and study here in continuation of his studies in the Philippines. Medicine and Philosophy and Letters – Rizal enrolled in two courses in the Universidad Central de Madrid. During this time, Rizal’s monetary budget is just enough for his study so that he can survive in Europe. He mostly relied on money sent to him by his brother Paciano. He spent most of his money on education, he skipped a lot of meals and did not take a bath because it was expensive. To compensate for not buying his needed books, he frequently visited museums and read books on libraries in Europe. JUNE 24, 1884 – Celebration of Two Filipino Artists in Madrid On the evening of this day, after a whole day of not eating. Jose attended a great celebration in honor of two Filipino artists in Madrid, namely Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo. This celebration is intended for the celebration of competition of the two artists on Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes (National Exposition of Fine Arts) ○ Vírgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho (The christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace) — Hidalgo’s Artwork ○ Spoliarium, a Latin word referring to the basement of the Roman Colosseum where the fallen and dying gladiators are dumped and devoid of their worldly possessions. – Luna. This artwork was divided into pieces, to fit inside the cargo ship it had to be cut into three. This painting should be in the property and possession of the government of the Philippines, that is why there is an agreement between the Philippines and Spain that it would be sent here in the Philippines. (Its possession is first given to Department of Foreign Affairs to National Museum of Fine Arts) Rizal delivers a speech at the victory party for Luna and Hidalgo that shocked the people. There is a striking line in his speech that left a mark and impact on the people. “Genius knows no country. It is the patrimony of everybody.” – A line from Rizal’s speech. Greatness was not determined by one’s skin color or place of birth. Instead, anyone can be a genius no matter where he or she comes from. This is  Rizal’s way of telling them that Filipino can be in an equal position with the Spaniards, that what Hidalgo and Luna achieved is a manifestation of how skilled Filipinos are. NOVEMBER 20, 21, 22, 1884 – Involvement in Student Demonstration Dr. Miguel Morayta’s liberal view stating “The freedom of science and the teachers.” VIII. RIZAL’S EDUCATION IN EUROPE Rizal completed his medical course in Spain. He was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine– an equivalent of Bachelor’s Degree. Doctor of Medicine (1884–1885), he did not present his thesis and did not pay his corresponding fees, he was not awarded his Doctors Diploma. He also finished his licentiate in Philosophy and Letter in 1885, his 25th Birthday– he also received an award, the Sobre Saliente. Why did he become a doctor if he only has a Bachelor’s Degree in Medicine? During Rizal’s time, a license was enough to practice medicine, even if it is from any degree. But for Rizal, it is not enough for him to practice medicine. NOVEMBER 1885 – He moved to Paris He worked as an assistant to French ophthalmologist, Dr. Louis de Wecker. Right after his apprenticeship to Dr. Louis. Rizal went to Germany to study Ophthalmology. (After 1885) Jose learned about Ferdinand Blumentritt, an Austrian scholar who had written about the Philippines. During his stay in Germany, he wrote and translated these stories: William Tell by Friedrich Schiller, The Ugly Duckling, Thumbelina, and The Little Match Girl. MARCH 21, 1887 – Publication of Noli me Tangere It is also during this time, after he graduated with his Medicine and Philosophy of Letters Degree he published his first novel, Noli me Tangere in Berlin. Some said that the inspiration of Noli me Tangere is “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Rizal was able to publish this novel even with limited budget with the help of Maximo Viola, his friend who lent him money for allowance and 300 pesos for the printing of 2,000 copies of Noli me Tangere that were produced and distributed to Filipinos in Europe. The Exploration of Noli Me Tangere After the distribution of the Noli Me Tangere to the Filipinos in Europe, the novel made its way to the Philippines that caught the attention and provoked the hatred of the friars. Maximo Viola and Jose Rizal visited important places in Europe after publishing Noli Me Tangere without knowing that the friars in the Philippines are in rage because of the novel. AUGUST 1887 – Jose Rizal Returned to the Philippines He decided to take a break and went home to the Philippines. His image of the one who published Noli Me Tangere that enraged the friars caused the danger in his life when he went home to the Philippines. The Governor–General Emilio Terrero considered the safety of Jose Rizal and assigned him a bodyguard for his safety, a young Spanish officer, Lt. Jose Taviel Andrade. His mother reminded him that if he eats at other houses is to always check the utensils he is using as it may have a poison. FEBRUARY 8, 1888 — Rizal arrived in Hong Kong FEBRUARY 28, 1888 – Rizal arrived in Japan APRIL 16, 1888 — Rizal arrived in the United States of America, where he was quarantined due to the spreading of diseases found in Asia. MAY 16, 1888 – Arrived at London and wrote the “Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas” or his annotation or critique to Antonio de Morga’s work. FEBRUARY 12, 1890 – He went to Belgium and worked on El Filibusterismo. AUGUST 1890 – Rizal learned that his family, farmers and businessmen back in Calamba had been evicted from their homes, because of conflict in land. (Hacienda de Calamba Case). 1891 – El Filibusterismo was published. Hundreds of Filipinos met Rizal in Madrid to determine the leadership of La Solidaridad. Filipinos were divided between Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar. Eventually, Rizal won several times in voting, but for the sake of unity, Jose courteously declined the position and gave the credit to Del Pilar. After the election, he left the propaganda movement and then focused on his medical practice and finished his second novel, El Filibusterismo that was dedicated to the three martyr friars, GOMBURZA. Valentin Ventura lent him money for publishing the book.  UNIT 4: Family, Education, and Martyrdom of Rizal Lesson 4: Exile in Dapitan October 1891 “Efforts for reform should be brought closer to home.” – Jose Rizal left Europe and he mentioned it to Marcelo H. Del Pilar in his involvement in the reform movement. He realized that the battle should be fought in Philippines and not in Europe November 20, 1891 Jose Rizal arrived in Hong Kong. December 1, 1891 Rizal’s family left Calamba for good. December 6, 1891 Rizal told his family if they can go to Hong Kong, they should go. The male relatives went first. December 30, 1891 The females in their family followed Rizal and their other family to Hong Kong. North Borneo Rizal thought of making this place as the Philippines colony, for his family and other Calamba citizens to reside because of Hacienda de Calamba. We will call it “Nueva Calamba” or “New Calamba.” Sandakan Eastern part of Borneo– 100,000 acres of land. It was offered to Rizal by the British North Borneo Company, this place is very strategic. The Bengkoka River is found here– geographically speaking it is a good place for residency of his family. They are allowed to stay there with a contract of “a good government for 999 years.” But there is a problem, Calamba tenants could not leave the Philippines without the permission of the Governor-General, Eulogio Despujol. He wrote Despujol a letter on March 21, 1892, but he did not respond to Rizal’s letter.  “The Philippines lacked laborers…” Despujol intentionally ignored Rizal’s letter and seeked assistance from another person. From Hong Kong, Rizal decided to return to Manila. ○ He will talk to Despujol about the Borneo Colonization Project. ○ In Manila, his return is planned wherein he will establish a new propaganda movement– La Liga Filipina. ○ Eduardo De Lete (?) told Rizal that he is a coward, egotistic, and patriot in words. ○ “The battlefield is in the Philippines…”, “This is where we should meet. There we will help one another.” Objectives of La Liga Filipina To unite the archipelago into one single nation. To unite Filipinos and teach them to help and protect each other especially in times of need. To promote education, commerce, and agriculture. Unus instar omnium or “One Like All” “Isa tulad ng lahat” FILIBUSTERO Subversive or one who plans a rebellion against the Spanish officials and friars. In the Philippines in the 19th century, when Spaniards considered 'filibusterismo' to mean the idea of the breaking away of the colony from the mother country, and 'filibusteros' were those who aspired for the realization of this idea. (Provenance: Private Collection, Spain) JULY 3, 1892 La Liga Filipina was founded but three (3) days after Rizal was caught by Despujol– that leads to Bonifacio establishing the Katipunan. JULY 6, 1892 Rizal was caught, arrested, and brought to Intramuros. The government has no intentions to put him in jail, instead their goal is to banish and isolate Rizal far from modernity. This action of the Spanish officials is due to the popularity of Rizal to the Filipino and they are afraid of the consequences if they ever kill Rizal, that is why they want to separate Rizal from the people and the news. JULY 17, 1982 Rizal first set foot on Dapitan (Mindanao).  He wrote a certain story from his letters explaining Dapitan– an abandoned town with people. This is where he met Father Pastells and Father Obach. Father Pastells is in Manila while Father Obach is in Dapitan meeting Rizal. FRIARS CONDITION TO RIZAL FOR HIM TO STAY IN THE OLD CONVENT: Letters from Father Pablo Pastells to Father Antonio Obach “That Rizal publicly retract his errors concerning religion and make statements that were clearly pro-Spanish and against revolution.” “That he perform the church rites and make a general confession of his past life.” “That henceforth he conduct himself in an exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and a man or religion.” These conditions are given to Rizal for him to be able to stay in the convent, because the friars thought that he didn't have anywhere to stay when he was thrown in Dapitan– BUT RIZAL REFUSED. The soldiers with Rizal have captains who befriended Rizal. He lived in the house (Casa Real) of the commandant, Captain Carnicero. SEPTEMBER 21, 1892 He later bought, with Carnicero and Francisco Esquilor, a Spaniard residing in Dipolog, a lottery ticket. “This was his only vice.” – Wenceslao Retana No. 9736 – “Bisyo ni Rizal? Lotto.” There are rumors that Rizal won and shared his winnings with Captain Ricardo Carnicero and another Spaniard from Dipolog. 20, 000: 6, 200 – Rizal’s share, 2, 000 – He gave to his Father, 200 – Loan Payment He is so smart that he invested the rest of his money and bought a land worth of 16 hectares near the seaside (agricultural land along the coast of Talisay). Mi Retiro Rock – “My Retreat,” resting place of Rizal inside his hectares. Mi Retiro – Jose Rizal (He is saying that he found his resting place) “Beside a spacious beach of fine and delicate sand and the foot of a mountain greener than a leaf, I planted my humble hut beneath a pleasant orchard, seeking in the still serenity of the woods repose to my intellect and silence to my grief.” The sea, the sea is everything! Its sovereign mass brings to me atoms of a myriad faraway lands; its bright smile animates me in the limpid mornings; and when at the end of day my faith has proven futile, my heart echoes the sound of its sorrow on the sands.  LIST OF CASAS Casa Residencia Rizal’s main residence. Casa Redona First Dormitory of Rizal’s students and a clinic. Casa Cuadrada Second Dormitory of Rizal’s students and workshop. Casa Redonda Pequena Hen house. Casitas de Salud Lodgings for out-of-town patients. RIZAL AS BUSINESSMAN He engaged in Abaca production. Mariano B. Hamoy (1868 - 1918), was a friend and business partner of Rizal in Dapitan. They became traders of abaca, which they exported to Manila. JANUARY 18, 1985 He created a cooperative… to beat the Chinese. Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers. RIZAL AS PHYSICIAN In 1893, Rizal cured his mother from cataract. However, Teodora removed the bandage that drove Rizal mad. “Now I understand very well why a physician should not treat the members of his family.” – Rizal. RIZAL AS AN ENGINEER Rizal provided clean water to townspeople of Dapitan (Talisay Water System). Mapa ng Mindanao (Relief Map) made by Rizal. Rizal gave a budget for the installation of lamps in Dapitan (Meralco raw 😭) RIZAL AS TEACHER – He teaches the youth in Dapitan. The following subjects will be taught: Morals – Study of Religion, Natural Law, Civil Law Mathematics – Physics, Chemistry, Natural History, Geography, Political Economy World History – Philippine History, Logic, Spanish Rhetoric and Poetics Languages – Spanish, English, French, German, Chinese, Tagalog Gymnastics – Equitation, Fencing, Swimming, Music, Drawing, Dance  SOME STUDENTS OF RIZAL Aseniero served as the governor of Zamboanga Province from 1925 - 1928. He initiated the restoration of Rizal’s relief Jose D. Aseniero map of Mindanao. He was also instrumental in the protection and reconstruction of Rizal’s Talisay estate together with President Manuel L. Quezon. Caancan became a famous sculptor in his hometown of Paete, Laguna. He was known for his mastery of sculpting Jose D. Caancan religious images, many of which are now venerated in Catholic churches. Dalman implemented Rizal’s plan to develop and cultivate the land of Ponot. He became the alcalde municipal of Jose C. Dalman Lubungan (now katipunan) from 1934 to 1937. The land of Ponot later became a separate municipality and was renamed as Jose Dalman. Eguia was the administrator of Rizal’s farmland in Daang Lungsod, Lubungan (now Katipunan) in lieu of Dona Trinidad Fernando Y. Eguia Rizal. He was elected as presidente municipal of Lubungan in 1919. Later, his son Crisostomo Eguia, Sr. bought the farmland with a promise to keep the land in memory of Rizal. Gallemit offered his almost two hectares of land for the establishment of Langatian Primary School in 1938. He also Catalino B. Gallemit served as teniente del barrio of Langitan, which is now a municipality known as Pres. Manuel Roxas. Lumasag resided in Plaridel, Misamis Occidental and helped Gregorio Lumasag establish the town’s puericulture center by donating construction materials. RIZAL AS SCIENTIST He negotiated with Dresden (Museum) in exchange of materials for research he will provide species of animals from Dapitan (Draco Rizali, Apognia Rizali, Rhacophorus Rizali, Collection of Mollusk Shells) He also created a game: HAEC EST SIBYLLA CVMANA – Asking Cumana, answering with a dice. RIZAL AS LINGUIST Continuing his study of languages, Rizal learned more in Dapitan: Bisayan, Subanun, and Malay Languages.  He knew by that time 22 languages as follows, Tagalog, Malay, Ilokano, Hebrew, Bisayan, Sanskrit, Subanun, Dutch, Spanish, Catalan Latin, Italian, Greek, Chinese, English, Japanese, French, Portuguese, German, Swedish, Arabic, Russian. RIZAL AS AN ARTIST – List of his artworks and crafts Don Ricardo Carnicero (1892 - 1893), Clay Sleeping Josephine (1895 - 1896), Plaster The Triumph of Science over Death, Wood Carvings The Triumph of Death over Life, Clay RIZAL AND THE FRIAR SPY FRIAR SPY – Florencio Namanan There was a time where Friars sent a spy to Rizal. He caught this person named Pablo Mercado pretending to be his cousin, and willingly asking to deliver Rizal’s letters to his friends and loved ones. RIZAL AND JOSEPHINE BRACKEN When we ask who is the true love of Rizal, some would say that his childhood sweetheart, Leonor Rivera is his true love even if they are an “unofficial couple.” Mr George Taufer – the man who adopted Josephine after her mother died of childbirth. Mr. Taufer served as the bridge to Rizal and Bracken’s meeting. He is slowly becoming blind so he sought for an ophthalmic specialist. They went to Hong Kong looking for Rizal, because there are rumors that there is a Filipino doctor who can cure eye problems. But people in Hong Kong told them that Rizal went back to the Philippines. This is how Rizal and Bracken met each other. Rizal and Josephine Bracken have offspring. However, Rizal did something that will put their child’s life in danger. Rizal’s “Prankster” Era – In the early part of 1896 Rizal was extremely happy because Josephine was expecting a baby. Unfortunately, Rizal played a prank on her, frightening her so that she prematurely gave birth to an eight-month baby boy, who lived only for three hours. RIZAL AND KATIPUNAN Katipunan went to Rizal in Dapitan after the friars isolated him there away from the people and the news. Ang Bitukang Manok sa Pasig, Atimonan, Daet, at sa Kasaysayan ng Katipunan – Maikling Sanaysay ni Gregorio V. Bituin Jr. MAY 2, 1896 The Katipunan held a meeting in Pasig and they decided to send Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan. JUNE 21, 1896 Pio Valenzuela arrived in Dapitan to talk to Rizal. Rizal then asked Valenzuela (non-verbatim) if they had money, weapons, a big country to support them, and rich people to sponsor and support them in fighting the Spaniards and Valenzuela answered “none” to all of the questions. Then Rizal replied, “Maghintay lang kayo!” Technically, he rejected Valenzuela and the others for the meantime and not the whole concept of the revolution. Rather, Rizal argued and emphasized to Valenzuela that they are not ready and prepared. AUGUST 1896 Bonifacio was left with no choice as what is happening in the Philippines cannot wait any longer. This is when the revolution in Manila started. Governor-General Ramon Blanco – Rizal requested and sent a letter to him saying that he wants to volunteer and join Spain's medical corps in Cuba and it was approved. AUGUST 6, 1896 Rizal left Dapitan making the townspeople sad. Jose Rizal missed the boat that would have taken him to Spain on his way to Cuba. This became a mystery even to history majors and experts– there lingering thoughts that have been existing until now that, if Rizal did not miss the boat would the blame of the discovery of the Katipunan still point to him? The same time when Rizal was in Manila, the Katipunan was also discovered. During that time, if we will think about it, the timing is aligned for Rizal to be in Manila and the Katipunan being discovered, making the blame point to him. SEPTEMBER 3, 1896 – Rizal was able to ride the boat and leave for Spain. SEPTEMBER 7, 1896 Rizal faced a problem when he arrived in Singapore. There was a Filipino residing in Singapore who was named Don Pedro that said “Take advantage of the protection of the British Law.” He told Rizal to leave the ship and stay in Singapore because his life is in danger. Don Manuel Camus also appealed to Rizal to stay in Singapore to save his life, yet Rizal did not LISTEN!!!  He ignored their appeal because he had given his word of honor to Governor-General Ramon Blanco and he did not like to break it. Take note that during that time, when you stayed there, it meant that you were protected under the British Law and no colony could touch you. By rejecting the offer of the two kind people that Rizal met in Singapore, he sealed his own doom at the very same time. Blanco and the Ministers of War and the Colonies were exchanging coded telegrams and messages for Rizal’s arrest in Spain. The Governor-General of Manila was replaced by Camilo Polavieja. As soon as Rizal landed in Barcelona, he was arrested and imprisoned in Castell de Montjuic. NOVEMBER 3,1896 Rizal returned to the Philippines and was imprisoned in Fort Santiago, where it served as a jail for criminals and political enemies of the state. The Spanish authorities fished for evidence against Rizal– when they arrested Rizal, they did not possess solid evidence against him. What the Spaniards did is they arrested the members of the Katipunan: ○ Deodato Arellano – First President of the Katipunan secret society (July 26 1844 - October 7, 1899) ○ Dr. Pio Valenzuela – Filipino Physician and Revolutionary (July 11, 1869 - April 6, 1956) ○ Moises Salvador - A close friend of Rizal. ○ Jose Dizon – An original member of La Liga Filipina and part of Katipunan. ○ Domingo Franco – Propagandist, Patriot, and Martyr (1856 - 1897) JANUARY 11, 1897 The arrested members of Katipunan who were forced to talk against Jose Rizal were shot to death eventually, except Valenzuela. Paciano was being tortured to implicate him, but he refused to sign anything despite his body being broken and his left hand crushed. NOVEMBER 20, 1896 The investigation started and lasted for five (5) days only! There are two evidence that was used against Jose Rizal: ○ Testimonies (13 testimonials) ○ Documentary Evidences (15 exhibits or letters) First Lieutenant Luis Taviel de Andrade, brother of Jose Taviel de Andrade, Rizal’s bodyguard nine years before, will become his trial lawyer. DECEMBER 11, 1896 The information charges were formally read to Rizal in his prison cell. Technically, there is no chance of saving Rizal. DECEMBER 15, 1896 Rizal wrote a manifesto– a public statement, appealing to his fellow Filipinos and members of the Katipunan to stop the armed revolution against Spain. He was against the planned uprising the first time he heard about it. He wanted most for the country to be free from colonial rule. “The premise of a revolution was education.” – Rizal’s Manifesto. He believed that a revolution will not be successful if the people are not educated. “If Filipinos wanted changes in society, education was necessary.” – Another statement from Rizal’s manifesto. “The slaves of today will be tyrants of tomorrow…” Rizal believed that this would happen if there was no education. He believed that if those members of the revolution won against the Spaniards, those who will lead the country will turn into abusive leaders rather than effective ones, even if they are Filipinos as well. The revolutionists should have a clear idea on what they should do after the revolution. RIZAL’S MANIFESTO It was never made public. Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja, the one who ordered Jose’s manifesto to be kept in secret and never be distributed among Filipinos. Because once Rizal showed it to the public the Philippines will be put into more chaos. DECEMBER 26, 1896 Jose’s trial began again and the decision of the Spaniards to shoot him in Bagumbayan remains the same. DECEMBER 28, 1896 Polavieja signed the death verdict. DECEMBER 29, 1896 (6:00 AM) Rizal was read his verdict by Captain Rafael Domingues: To be shot the next day  at 7:00 AM at the Luneta de Bagumbayan (Rizal Park). DECEMBER 29, 1896 (7:00 AM) Rizal was transferred to the chapel cell adorned by religious images to convince him to go back to the Catholic fold. His first visitors were Jesuit priests Fathers Miguel Saderra Mata and Luis Viza, who are his past professors in Ateneo. DECEMBER 29, 1896 (7:15 AM) After Fr. Saderra left, Rizal asked Fr. Viza for the Sacred Heart statuette which he carved when he was an Ateneo student. From his pocket the statuette appears. DECEMBER 29, 1896 (8:00 AM) Fr. Viza was relieved by Fr. Antonio Rosell who joined Rizal for breakfast. Lt. Luis Taiel de Andrade joins them. DECEMBER 29, 1896 (9:00 AM) Fr. Federico Faura, who once said that Rizal would lose his head for writing the Noli Me Tangere, arrived. Rizal told him, “Father you are indeed a prophet.” DECEMBER 29, 1896 (10:00 AM) Fr. Jose Vilaclara and Estanislao March visited Rizal, followed by a Spanish Journalist, Santiago Mataix of El Heraldo de Madrid, for an interview. Outside Fort Santiago, in the Malacanang area. The family of Rizal talked to the Governor-General Polavieja if they could take back the decision of killing Rizal because of his rebellion case and save him DECEMBER 29, 1896 (12:00 - 3:00 PM) Rizal’s time alone in his cell. He had lunch, wrote letters and probably wrote his last poem of 14 stanzas which he wrote in his flowing handwriting on a very small piece of paper. He hid it inside the kusinilya de alcohol. That was entitled “Mi Ultimo Adios” by Andres Bonifacio, because it was originally untitled. RIZAL’S LETTER TO HIS BROTHER My dear Brother, When you receive this letter, I shall be dead by then. Tomorrow at seven, I shall be shot; but I am innocent of the crime of rebellion. I am going to die with a tranquil conscience. Adieu, my best, my dearest friend, and never think ill of me! Fort Santiago, 29 December 1896 José Rizal Regards to the whole family, to Sra. Rosa, Loleng, Conradito, and Federico. I leave a book for you as my remembrance. Mi Ultimo Adios The untitled poem was later known as “Mi Ultimo Adios” (My Last Farewell). In its second stanza, he already praised the revolutionaries in the battlefield for giving their lives “without doubt, without gloom.” It is not just about the last farewell of Rizal, but it also manifests the desire of Rizal of having a revolution. Second Stanza of Mi Ultimo Adios In barricades embattled, fighting with delirium, others donate you their lives without doubts, without gloom, The site doesn’t matter: cypress, laurel or lily; gibbet or open field, combat or cruel martyrdom, are equal if demanded by country and home. The sacrifice of life for the country is an honor and for Rizal it is the ultimate act that you can do for the country. 14 stanzas of love for his country. Mi Ultimo Adios DECEMBER 29, 1896 (4:00 PM) Visit of Rizal’s mother, Teodora Alonso. Then Rizal’s sister, Trinidad entered to get her mother and Rizal whispered to her in English referring to the alcohol stove, “There is something inside.” They were also accompanied by Narcisa, Lucia, Josefa, Maria, and Mauricio Cruz. Leoncio Lopez Rizal, Narcisa’s eleven-year-old son, was not allowed to enter the cell. Rizal’s things are inherited by: Narcisa (wicker chair), Angelica, his niece (handkerchief), Mauricio, his nephew (belt, watch, and chain). The Spaniards are very cruel not to let Rizal and his family hug each other for the last time. DECEMBER 29, 1896 (6:00 PM) Rizal was visited by the Dean of the Manila Cathedral, Don Silvino Lopen Tunon. Father March left Father Vilaclara to be with the two. DECEMBER 29, 1896 (8:00 PM) Rizal’s last supper where he informed Captain Dominguez that he already forgave those who condemned him. DECEMBER 29, 1896 (9:30 PM)  Rizal was visited by the fiscal of the Royal Audiencia of Manila, Don Gaspar Cestano with whom Rizal offered the best chair of the cell. According to the accounts, the fiscal left with a “good impression of Rizal’s intelligence and good character.” DECEMBER 30, 1896 (5:30 AM) Rizal took his last meal. According to stories told to Narcisa by Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, Rizal threw some eggs in the corner of the cell for the ‘poor rats’ and said, “Let them have their fiesta too.” Rizal also wrote to his family and to his brother. Liham ni Rizal para kay Paciano: “Apat at kalahating taon na tayong di nagkikita at nagkakausap pero hindi naman nating kailangan ng mga salita upang maunawaan ang isa’t isa hindi ba? Masakit para sa akin ang isipin na iiwan kitang nag-iisa upang pasanin ang ating pamilya. Naiisip ko ang iyong mga sakripisyo mabigyan lamang ako ng kinabukasan. Alam kong nagtitiis ka ng napakaraming hirap dahil sa akin. Patawarin mo sana ako. Ang iyong kapatid, Jose.” DECEMBER 30, 1896 (6:00 AM) Teary-eyed, Josephine Bracken and Josefa Rizal came. According to the testimony of the agent of Cuerpo de Vigilancia, Josephine and Rizal were married. Recently, there were new documents proving that Josephine Bracken and Jose Rizal were actually married in the cell– the last moment of Rizal. Josephine was gifted by Rizal with the classic Thomas a Kempis book, Imitations of Christ in which he inscribed, “To my dear and unhappy wife, Josephine, December 30th, 1896, Jose Rizal.” They embraced for the last time. After the death of Rizal, Josephine Bracken joined the revolution. She went to Cavite and helped the revolutionists there, during the Tejeros Convention. “Mi Ultimo Adios” was first entitled “Pahimakas” by Andres Bonifacio. FOR HIS FATHER FOR HIS MOTHER “My beloved father, Pardon me for the pain with which I repay you for sorrows “To my every dear Mother, Sra. Dña and sacrifices for my education. I did not Teodora Alonso, 6 o’clock in the morning, want nor did I prefer it. Goodbye, Father, December 30, 1896. Jose Rizal.” goodbye… Jose Rizal.” DECEMBER 30, 1896 (6:30 AM) Death March from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan begins. Four soldiers with bayoneted rifles lead the procession followed by Rizal, Taviel de Andrade, Fathers Vilaclara, and March and other soldiers. They passed by the Intramuros Plaza, then turned right to the Postigo gate then left at Malecon, the bayside road known as Bonifacio drive. During the walk, they also passed by the Ateneo de Municipal making Rizal reminisce about his life as a student– he even told stories to the people with him. Luneta de Bagumbayan was notorious as a place where the executions of different “criminals” take place, such as the shooting of participants of Cavite Mutiny and the execution of the three martyr priests, GOMBURZA. DECEMBER 30, 1896 (7:00 AM) Rizal, after arriving on the execution site at the Luneta de Bagumbayan, was checked with his pulse by Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo. It was perfectly normal. Rizal once wrote, “I wish to show those who deny us patriotism that we know how to die for our duty and our convictions.” Rizal asked permission if the soldiers could shoot him facing them – because the idea of shooting you backwards will make you fall facing the ground, symbolizing that you are a traitor, but they refused. The firing squad at Bagumbayan consisted of eight Filipino soldiers with rifles and only one soldier had a bullet on his rifle, while eight Spanish soldiers at the rear stood ready with rifles in case the Filipino soldiers did not follow orders to execute Rizal. (Intramuros Administration, n.d.) "Consummatum Est" is said to have been the last words of Dr. Jose Rizal, meaning “It’s done.” DECEMBER 30, 1896 (7:03 AM) With the captain shouting, “Fuego!” Shouts rang out from the guns of eight Indio soldiers. Rizal, being a convicted criminal, was not facing the firing squad. As he was hit, he resisted and turned himself to face his executors. He falls down and dies facing the sky. The idea is that it will not be an embarrassing death. “Nobody can say how he shall die. But everybody must decide how and for what he should live.” – Jose P. Rizal AFTER RIZAL’S DEATH – DECEMBER 30, 1896 (Afternoon) Narcisa, after a long search, discovered where her brother’s body was secretly buried, at the old unused Paco Cemetery. She asked the guards to place a marble plaque designed by Doroteo Ongjungco containing Rizal’s initials in reverse – “RPJ” Until today, the tomb of Rizal is still in Paco Cemetery. AUGUST 17, 1898 Four days after the Mock Battle of Manila when the Americans took over the city, the remains of Rizal were exhumed. They were brought to Narcisa’s house, washed and cleaned, and were placed in an ivory urn designed by Romualdo Teodoro de Jesus. The urn stayed there until 1912. Rizal’s family stayed and resided in Binondo, Manila. Everytime Teodora has a visitor and asks about Rizal, it will take hours for her to tell the memories of his son. Soon after, Rizal’s parents also died — Francisco Mercado (January 5, 1898) and Teodora Alonzo (August 16, 1911). DECEMBER 30, 1912 Sentenaryo ng Muling Paglilibing kay Rizal from Paco Cemetery to Luneta. DECEMBER 13, 1913 Rizal National Monument at Luneta was inaugurated. Its original design was “Motto Stella” (Guiding Star) and was made by Swiss sculptor, Dr. Richard Kissling who earlier also made the National Monument to William Tell, National Hero of Switzerland. Jose Rizal, A Bayani. – He is vulnerable, he is also a human, a mortal, and his death will leave an impact. It is a decisive battle between the American and Filipinos. We can call Jose Rizal a hero because: 1. He used his knowledge, skills, and talents to help others. – Its living proof is what he did in Dapitan. 2. He stood up for truth and justices. – He writes to expose the true character of the Spaniards. 3. He believed in working together to achieve goals. – Just like what he has done in Dapitan. 4. He learned from the past to explain the present. 5. He believed in his country, especially its youth. ELIAS, a character from Noli Me Tangere of Rizal said on the last moment of his life: “Mamamatay akong hindi mamamalas ang pagsikat ng araw sa aking bayan. Kayong makakakita sa pagbubukang-liwayway, malugod ninyo siyang tanggapin, at inyong gunitain ang mga nabuwal sa dilim ng gabi.”