Lecture 5: Drops PDF

Pharmaceutics 2nd course Lecture 5: Drops 2nd stage  Ophthalmic preparations Ophthalmic Products are the sterile products meant for instillation into the eye in the space between eyelids and eye balls. These products must be sterile and are prepare...

Pharmaceutics 2nd course Lecture 5: Drops 2nd stage  Ophthalmic preparations Ophthalmic Products are the sterile products meant for instillation into the eye in the space between eyelids and eye balls. These products must be sterile and are prepared under the same conditions and same methods as other parenteral preparation. The most commonly employed ophthalmic dosage forms are solutions, suspensions, and ointments.  Essential Characteristics of Different Ophthalmic Preparation Foreign Particles - All the ophthalmic product should be clear and free from the foreign particles, fibers, and filaments. Viscosity - In order to prolong the contact time of the drug in the eye, various thickening agents are added like polyvinyl alcohol (1- 4 %), polyethylene glycol, methyl cellulose. The Thickening agents are possess the following properties: ✓ It should be easy to filter ✓ It should be easy to sterilize ✓It should be compatible with other ingredient. ✓It should passes the clarity level. Tonicity - Ophthalmic preparations must be isotonic with lachrymal secretions to avoid discomfort and irritation. 1.9 % boric acid and sodium acid phosphate buffer are commonly used as isotonic vehicle. pH of the preparation - pH is plays very important Role in the therapeutic activity, solubility, stability, and comfort to the patients. Sterility - The ophthalmic preparations must be sterile when it prepared. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is very common gram negative bacteria which generally found in the ophthalmic products and it may be cause serious infection to the cornea. Preservatives -  Drugs used in the eye: Miotics e.g. pilocarpine Hcl Mydriatics e.g. Atropine Cycloplegics e.g. Atropine Anti-inflammatories e.g. corticosteroids Anti-infectives (antibiotics, antivirals and antibacterials) Anti-glucoma drugs e.g. pilocarpine Hcl Diagnostic drugs e.g. sodium fluorescein Anesthetics e.g. Tetracaine  Drops Are liquid preparations of drugs, usually in solution, intended to be administered to patients in small doses with the aid of suitable measuring devices (calibrated droppers). EYE DROPS Are aqueous or oil solutions or suspensions used for eye. Eye drops Used as (anesthetic, diagnosis agents , miotics , mydriatics , artificial tears). Their formation must involve the following factors: 1-Sterility:- to kill bacteria. 2-Viscosity:- must be isotonic solution. 3-Must be clarified to get ride of foreign particles. 4-Must contain preservative. Example:-( Zinc sulphate Eye drops). Zinc sulfate, an astringent, helps reduce redness and irritation PURPOSE: Treat infection. To dilate or contract pupil. To instill medication before examination or surgery to eyes To relive pain, itching, discomfort. Lubricate eyes To stain cornea for identifying abrasion and scars  Nasal drops Nasal drops are aqueous or oily solution, Which are designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drop or spray form. They are commonly used for their antiseptic , local analgesic or vasoconstrictor properties. Nasal drops must be isotonic with nasal secretion and have the same pH of nasal secretion. They are usually aqueous solution because oily drops inhibit the movement of Citra in nasal mucosa & If they used for long periods, may reach the lung and cause lipoidal pneumonia. Ephedrine nasal drop : Ephedrine HCL 500 mg NaCl 500 mg Chlorobutol 500 mg D.W Q.S 100 ml Mitt.50 ml Sig. two drops to be placed into each nostril as directed Notes: ❑ Ephedrine HCl used as vasoconstrictor (decongestant). ❑ Chlorobutol has low solubility in water but it is more soluble in hot water. ❑ Chlorobutol used as preservative, antiseptic ,mild sedative , weak local analgesic. ❑ Sod.chloride used to maintain osmotic pressure.  Ear drops These are mostly simple solution of drugs dissolved in suitable solvent applied into ear by dropper. Used to treat or prevent ear infections, especially infections of the Outer ear and ear canal (Otitis externa). They are most commonly available in solutions form, whereas suspensions and ointments have less applications.. ❖ Example on solvent:(glycerin, propylene glycol, alcohol, water, ❖ alcohol) Ear drops used as:- 1-antibiotic. 2-wax softener. 3-cleansing solution. Sodium bicarbonate ear drop Sod.Bicarb. 5g Glycerin 30 ml D.W Q.S 100 ml Ft. mist Mitt 50 ml Sig. as directed Notes:- nasal drops used internally while ear drops used externally because the outer ear is a skin covered structure and susceptible to the same dermatologic condition as other parts of the body’s surface Sod. Bicarb. Used for softening the wax. Glycerin used as preservative and lubricant , it increase the viscosity so it give suitable time for drug to be effective.