Pharmaceutical Lab Final Exam Notes PDF

‫مختبرصيدالنياترر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫تلخيص‬ ‫رغدرمحمودرعبدرالرحيمر‬ ‫‪Ointments‬‬ ‫ن‬...

‫مختبرصيدالنياترر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫تلخيص‬ ‫رغدرمحمودرعبدرالرحيمر‬ ‫‪Ointments‬‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫رالجزءراالولرمنرالتلخيصرعنرتجربتيرمنهر‬ ‫واناركنتركاتبةرف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هونررحراكملركمانرتجربتيرمنرال‪ointment‬ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫‪Preparation No.3‬‬ ‫ر‬ ‫‪This preparation we do it by two steps.‬‬ ‫‪STEP 1: Prepare 50g of Emulsifying ointment‬‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ STEP 2: Prepare 50g of Whitefield's ointment.  Preparation No.4 ‫رررر‬ Prepare 50g of Chlortetracycline 1% ointment. ‫ر‬ ‫ ر‬------------------------------------------------------------------- Pastes and Gels Pastes are ointments containing a large amount of finely powdered solids and are stiffer and less greasy than ointments. They are not attractive. Gels are transparent, non greasy preparations. They are dispersions of molecules in a liquid vehicle. They are lipophilic so they are viscous, more adsorption for water and more oclusive than ointments. Gelling agents are used in making the ‫ر‬preparations such as starch and gelatin. ‫رلهيكربنستخدمر‬clumps‫رفممكنريعملور‬powder‫النهمربيكونور‬‫راورالدوار ر‬gelling agent‫لماراضيفرال‬ ‫رررر‬wetting agent In addition, additives such as antioxidants, preservatives, and chelating agents may be used in both pastes and gels. ‫ر‬.‫النهارفيهارنسبةرعاليةرمنرالم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬preservatives‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬  Preparation No.1 Prepare 50g of Zinc paste. ‫ر‬ Preparation No.2 Prepare 50g of lubricating jelly. gelatin ‫الدوا بحطه قبل ال‬ - propylene glycol ‫ ال‬beaker ‫الدوا عادة بنضيفه على‬ -  Powders and Granules Powders Oral powders are two types: Divided such as powders for reconstitution… and oral rehydration solution Undivided (bulk) such as dusting powder and bulk laxative :solid dosage forms‫مقارنة مع ال‬ more accurate and more stable ‫ بيكونو‬solid ‫ال‬ ‫ اما‬dissolution ‫ وبعدها‬disintegration ‫ مثال بدها‬tablet‫ال‬ faster onset ‫ وهيك عندهم‬dissolution ‫ بس بدهم‬powder‫ال‬ of action less bulky ‫ بتكون‬powder‫ ال‬liquid dosage forms‫مقارنة مع ال‬ powder‫ اما ال‬mask for bad taste ‫ ممكن نعمل فيهم‬liquid‫وكمان ال‬ ‫ما بنقدر‬ Aggregates of particles together ‫ تم تصنيعها‬granules ‫ فال‬powder‫مقارنة مع ال‬ compressibility, :‫ مثل‬powder‫لتعديل مشاكل ال‬ powder flow and release of drug compressibility & flow ‫ الهم‬granules‫فال‬ ‫ افضل‬release ‫ وكمان ال‬powder‫افضل من ال‬.‫الهم‬ Preparation No.1 They are usually composed of citric acid and The combination of two acids achieve the balance. tartaric acid (1:2 ratio) and sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate reacts violently with the acids in water and liberation of CO2 takes place which result in the effervescene‫ر‬. Effervescent granules are to be dissolved in water before ingestion. They are packed in plain jars or in sachets individually. Preparation No.2 Sodium phosphate (active ingredient) has a salty taste, but the effervescence produced helps to mask this taste. The acids are also added in excess to help mask the taste. The granules must be of small size, otherwise, the rate of solution will be slow and the reaction will not produce the effervescence required.  Suppositories and Pessaries Suppositories are solid preparations intended for insertion into the rectum where they release their active ingredient by melting, dissolving or dispersing in it and thus exert the desired effect. (local or systemic) Pessaries are vaginal suppositories inserted into the vaginal cavity to exert either local or systemic effect. Suppositories have different shapes: cone shape/bullet shape (‫ )شكلرالرصاصة‬and size of 2g for adult, 1g for infants. Pessaries are usually cone-shaped and are larger than suppositories (4-8g). Both suppositories and pessaries are composed of drug, suppository base and some additives such as preservatives and wetting agents. Suppository base can be : fatty base or water soluble base. Fatty base : natural such as cocoa butter and synthetic such as witepsol Cocoa butter it is the traditional base, well tolerated, compatible with many drugs, it melts readily at 35-36c and rapidly on cooling. However, it has many disadvantages such as polymorphism when overheat above 36c, in addition problems such as oxidation (rancidity) because of unsaturated fatty acids that it is contain, poor water absorbing capacity and poor contraction ability. Synthetic hard fats which are usually mixtures of mono-, di- and triglycerides of saturated fatty acids. Water-soluble base : such as Glycerogelatin bases and Polyethylene glycol Glycerogelatin bases it is a mixture of glycerol and water that are made into gel by use of gelatin. They dissolve slowly and good for vaginal use, in rectal they cause irritation. Polyethylene glycol it is mixtures of high and low molecular weights of polymers. Using natural fats(cocoa butter) and glycerogelatinous bases, lubrication of the mold should be preformed before pouring the molten base into the molds. The lubricant chosen must be immiscible with the base and compatible with it and with other additives. In the case of using synthetic fats or PEGs as bases, lubrication of molds is not necessary. ‫ر‬:base‫رمعاكسرلل‬lubricant‫ال‬ ‫ر‬:‫رمثل‬water soluble lubricant‫ربنستخدمر‬fatty base‫لمارتكونر‬ Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in water, propylene glycol, soft soaps and silicones ‫ر‬:‫رمثل‬oily lubricant‫ربنستخدمر‬water soluble base‫لمارتكونر‬ Mineral oils such as liquid paraffin or arachis oil  Choice of the type of suppository base : Follow the rule that say : lipid-soluble drugs are best formulated in a water- miscible base, while water-soluble drugs are formulated in a fatty base. Preparation of suppositories by : 1. Traditional method (hand rolling) 2. Fusion molding 3. Compression molding NOTE: Before using any mold, it’s capacity must be determined using the base intended to be utilized in the preparation. This process is called Calibration of the molds. The capacity of the molds differ from base to another. Calibration is done by filling the mold with the base alone, weighing the product and taking the average weight as the true capacity. ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ربعدهاربسريتجمدور‬،‫رقوالبرمثالروبجمدهم‬10‫وبعبيهارفر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬base‫يعنربنذوبركميةرمنرال‬‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ average ‫باخذرهالتحاميلرالعشةروبوزنهمروبعدهاربقسمروزنهمرعىلرعددهمربيطلعرال‬ ‫رر‬.‫رلكلرتحميلة‬weight ‫ن‬ ‫رر‬.‫رتبعتهم‬density‫ربيختلفورحسبرال‬،‫بيشغلورنفسرالمساحةرفرالقالب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬bases‫مشركلرال‬ ‫رومعناهارلوراناراعتبتركلر‬displacement value ‫ن يفركمانرشغلةرمهمةرنعرفهارواسمهارال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫رالهارمكانرفر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وجيتربديراحطركميةرمنرالدوارفماررحريكونرف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬base‫القالبرمليانرمنرال‬ ‫رعشانر‬base‫رفالزمراشيلركميةرمنرال‬base‫القالبرالنركلرمساحتهرمحجوزةرمنرال‬ ‫رر‬.base‫روهايرالقيمةربتعتمدرعىلركثافةرالدواروال‬،‫اعرفراحطرمكانهاركميةرمنرالدوا‬ Displacement value is the number of parts by weight of the drug that displace one part by weight of the base. (X gram of drug displace 1 gram of base) ‫رلور‬،) ‫ن‬ ‫ ر‬0.5g(‫منردوارمعير‬ ‫ر‬500mg‫روبديراحطرفيهر‬2g‫رسعتهر‬mold‫لورمثالرعندير‬ ‫ر‬. base‫رمنرال‬0.5g‫رمعناهارالدواررحريحلرمحلر‬base‫كانتركثافةرالدوارزيركثافةرال‬ 1.5g‫ربسر‬base ‫روضلرلل‬2g‫رمنرال‬0.5g‫وهيكراخذرالدوار‬ ‫رر‬.‫ رفبنحطركميةراعىلرمنرالدواروالعكسرصحيح‬base‫امارلوركانتركثافةرالدواراكبرمنرال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ NOTE: Cavities in mold are usually overfilled due to contraction of the base during cooling. Packaging: suppositories are wrapped individually in plastic strips or aluminum foil strips and packed in a cardboard boxes, and store at room temperature in cool place. Preparation No.1 Prepare 6 Bismuth subgallate suppositories. ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ Preparation No.2 Prepare 4 Diclofenac sodium suppositories.  ‫ن‬ ‫نتذكرردائمارلمارفراالمتحانرالعمىلرالدكتورريحك ن‬ ‫رحض يلر‪8 suppositories‬رمعناهاربوزنرل‪10‬‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫رمعطينراياهنرفنرال ‪formula‬ر ر‬ ‫بعشةر‬ ‫ن‬ ‫انريىل‬ ‫وبحضر‪/ 8‬رر ن ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يعنربضبراالوز ي‬‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫لماريحكيىل ن ر‬ ‫رحض يلر‪8 suppositories‬ربسربحسبرل‪8‬رالنهرهونرنظري‪.‬رر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بينمارفراالمتحانرالنظرير‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بالنسبةرلالمتحانرالعمىلرفالدكتورررحريكونرمعطينارال‪procedure‬رللتحضبروكمانرال‪formula‬رواحنارأير‬ ‫ي‬ ‫رر‬ ‫بنعملهارمثالرهرلتحضبر‪1000g‬راناربدير‪100g‬رفبقسمرعىلر‪10‬رزير‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تغباتربنشوفهارالزمةرعىلرال‪formula‬ر‬ ‫هيكرمثالرتغيبات‪،‬روالدكتورررحريدققرعىلرط رريقةرشغلنارمثالرمارنحركربال‪thermometer‬ربسربال ‪glass‬‬ ‫ن‬ ‫خاصةرفرتصنيعرال‪emulsion‬رومارنحطرال‪mortar‬رعىلرال‪hot plate‬رامارال‪basin‬ربنحطهرعادي ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫‪rod‬ر‬ ‫انهرمحلرماراشتغلناريكونرنظيفراجراءاتركلرمختبرمنرالبكوتروكذاروكمانركمامةرحاليا‪.‬رر‬ ‫رروتذكروراذارغلطوربتحضبرال‪formula‬ر الدكتورربيسمحلكمرتعيدوربسربينقصكمرخمسرعالماترفضلور‬ ‫ن‬ ‫كزينروانتوربتحضورواناركاتبةرخطواترالتحضبربالنتفةرلكلرتجربةرفركزورواحفظورمنيح‪.‬ررر‬ ‫مر‬ ‫وهرتحتربحطلكمرواحدرعشانرتعملور‬ ‫ن‬ ‫رروبرضورالزمرتكونورعارفيركيفرتعبورال‪compounding record‬ر ي‬ ‫عىلرنمطهرحسبرايشرحظكمروايرتجربةربتطلعلكم‪.‬رر‬ ‫ر‬