History Of Architecture 01 - Prehistory Introduction PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 01 AR. JULIETA B. MATEO, UAP, MarchCTM COURSE DESCRIPTION  Architectural manifestation of thoughts from the beginning of civilization to the Byzantine Period. COURSE OBJECTIVES At the end of the course, the students should be able to: 1.Make the students understand...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 01 AR. JULIETA B. MATEO, UAP, MarchCTM COURSE DESCRIPTION  Architectural manifestation of thoughts from the beginning of civilization to the Byzantine Period. COURSE OBJECTIVES At the end of the course, the students should be able to: 1.Make the students understand the evolution of architecture from the Pre-historic times to the Byzantine Period. 2.Distinguish a particular architectural style from another. 3.Make a comparative analysis of the architectural styles during the periods covered.  HISTORY OF CLASS ORIENTATION ARCHITECTURE 01 COURSE AND INSTRUCTOR INFORMATION College: Architecture Department: Architecture Course Title: HOA 01: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 01 Course Code: AT 211A Pre-requisite: FIRST YEAR LEVEL Pre-requisite to: HOA 02: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 02 Credit Units: 2 UNIT LECTURE Instructor: AR. JULIETA B. MATEO,UAP, March CTM Consultation Hours: Tuesday and Thursday 10:00 AM – 11:30 AM COURSE OUTCOMES CO1. To understand and demonstrate knowledge on different architectural styles and character from the beginning of civilization to Byzantine Architecture, resulting from the dominant influences as means of architectural expressions in creating design composition. CO2: To gain insight in the evolution of architectural styles, concepts and principles from the beginning of civilization until the Byzantine architecture and identify the distinct building types of various architectural periods , the architects and builders who played major roles and its contribution in the development of architecture. CO3: To recognize, appreciate, and value the significance of heritage sites and structures of Pre-Historic times to Byzantine Architecture, reflecting the culture and traditions of different countries and integrate in creating design solutions. COURSE OUTLINE 1. Introduction on the History of Architecture 1.1 Its definition and objectives 1.2 Its principles and influences 2. Pre-Historic Architecture 2.1 Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Period 2.2 Neolithic Man and architecture COURSE OUTLINE 3. Historic Architecture 3.1 Pre-Classical architecture a. West Asiatic Architecture b. Egyptian architecture 3.2 Classical Architecture a. Aegean and Greek Architecture b. Etruscan and Roman Architecture 3.3 Early Christian Architecture 3.4 Byzantine Architecture “Let him (the Architect) be educated, skilful with the pencil, instructed in geometry, know much history, have followed the philosophers with attention, understand music, have some knowledge of medicine, know the opinion of the jurists (critiques), and be acquainted with astronomy and the theory of heavens”. - Marcus Vitruvius Pollio Roman author, architect, civil engineer and military engineer  Introduction The Historical Timeline of Architecture Egyptian Byzantine Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C: PRE-HISTORIC Revival Modern history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN Indian Chinese & Japanese ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Historic Style of Architecture The concept in architecture which is the result of intellectual, social, religious and political conditions developed at a given place by a given people  General Influencing Factors: 1. Geographical – location or place, culture Geography influences architecture because geography is the lay of the land. How the land is laid out will determine what type of architecture will look the best. 2. Climate - weather 3. Geological - available materials history of architecture 4. Religion - beliefs, ritual & ceremonies 5. Social & Political - Politics has the task of developing and improving the society we live in. 6. Historical - events  STRUCTURAL FORCES: – GEOLOGICAL – GEOGRAPHICAL – CLIMATE CIVILIZING FORCES – SOCIAL AND POLITICAL history of architecture – RELIGIOUS AFFECTED BY EXTERNAL HISTORICAL EVENTSWHICH MAY ALTER OR VARY THE FOREGOING – HISTORICAL History is the study of the past, specifically how it relates to humans It is a term that relates to the past events as well as the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about these events INTRODUCTION PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 01: INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION…  The earliest known architecture in human history is found in the prehistoric period called the Upper Palaeolithic Age, which dates from around 40,000 BC to around 7000 BC. INTRODUCTION…  While earlier humans lived in Africa and Asia, the receding Ice Age and the extensive climate changes that occurred in Europe during these years set the stage for dramatic changes in the life of Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon humans, which allowed for a more settled lifestyle and more extensive forms of shelter. INTRODUCTION…  Archaeological evidence of early architecture is difficult to reconstruct because most structures were created with fibrous materials that decay over time.  Instead, architectural anthropologists have argued that Palaeolithic humans did not “invent” architecture, but gradually began to define and structure their surrounding environment to create spaces that allowed them to better understand their place in the world. INTRODUCTION…  Thus, surviving stone tools that were clearly used to cut plant materials must suggest the creation of camping sites during a period that predates traditional notions of architectural origins. INTRODUCTION…  However, if architecture is defined in its most general sense as a human-made enclosure created with an aesthetic intent, it is easy to understand how a choice of camping sites, selection of building materials, and use of new techniques such as binding, bundling, and staking were not only functional aspects of architecture but could also reveal simple aesthetic principles such as categorical polarity and proportional harmony. * polarity two distinct and opposite poles that can attract or repel each other INTRODUCTION…  Cro-Magnon peoples made tools of bone and antler carved with images of animals and other organic forms, while also painting images of hunting scenes on the internal walls of caves. INTRODUCTION…  The origins of architecture, although lost in the mists of antiquity, must have been connected intimately with the endeavours of man to provide for his physical wants.  It has been truly said that protection from the inclemency of the seasons was the mother of architecture.  SUMMARY/REVIEW of the PAST LESSON Architecture had a simple origin in the primitive endeavors of mankind. It is an ancient and necessary art and thus the beginnings of architecture are part of prehistory. Why did man seek shelter? 1. Protection from elements of nature from wild animals history of architecture 2. Comfort to sleep & rest 3. Food storage 4. Perpetuation of human life  It has been truly said that protection from the inclemency of the seasons was the mother of architecture. PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE History of Architecture 01: THE ARCHITECTURE  Prehistoric Architecture Stone age Paleolithic (Old Stone Age )- appeared first in Africa and are marked by the steady development Savage of stone tools Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age )- period of the Stone Age intermediate between the Paleolithic and Barbarian the Neolithic periods, characterized by adaptation to hunting, collecting, and fishing economy based on the use of forest, lakeside, and seashore environments. Neolithic (New Stone Age) - characterized by the development of agriculture and the making of polished stone implements. Bronze Age Iron Age  Gallery of Neolithic tools A Neolithic stone axe with A sickle for harvesting a wooden handle. crops and thatching Man using a hand axe materials. Bone hammer from the Various bone tools Linear Pottery Culture A chisel made of bone, from China A sledge for A stone drill moving heavy materials. PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE Other writers indicate three (3) types of primitive dwellings: (1) the caves or rocks or those occupied in hunting or fishing, (2) the hut for the agriculturist, and (3) the tent for those such as shepherds leading a pastoral or nomadic life. PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE  According to Vitruvius, man in his primitive savage state began to imitate the nests of birds and the lairs of beasts, commencing with arbours of twigs covered with mud, then huts formed of branches of trees and covered with turf. SHIELINGS, Jura, Scotland SHIELINGS PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE The remains may be classified under: i. Monoliths ii. Dolmens iii. Cromlechs iv. Tumuli v. Lake Dwellings i. MONOLITHS  Monoliths, or single upright stones, also known as menhirs, a well-known example 63 feet high, 14 feet in diameter, and weighing 260 tons, being at Carnac, Brittany. Another example is at Locmariaker, also in Brittany i. MONOLITHS  Large stone alignments can be found across Europe, such as the menhir alignment at Menec in Carnac, France, from around 3700 BC. i. MONOLITHS  Here rows and rows of large vertically placed rocks called megaliths appear, which when placed upright individually are called menhirs. Menhir alignment at Menec in Carnac, France ii. DOLMENS  Dolmens (Daul, a table, and maen, a stone), consisting of one large flat stone supported by upright stones. Examples are to be found near Maidstone and other places in England, also in Ireland, Northern France, the Channel Islands, Italy and India. DOLMEN iii. CROMLECHS  Cromlechs, or circles of stone, consisting of a series of upright stones arranged in a circle and supporting horizontal slabs. These sites certainly had a ceremonial function much like the permanent megalithic tomb structures that also appear in the Neolithic period. iii. CROMLECHS  c. 3100–1500 BC STONEHENGE, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England (Neolithic) iii. CROMLECHS  Clearly, the cyclical nature of life, with the passing of the seasons, and the agrarian cultures were central to the religious beliefs of Neolithic peoples.  This emphasis is seen even more clearly at the most famous Neolithic site of Stonehenge on the Salisbury Plain in England, which dates from between 2700 and 1500 BC. iii. CROMLECHS  This “HENGE,” or circle, is made of megaliths formed into a post-and-lintel system to create a circle surrounded by a ditch. iii. CROMLECHS  Inside the circle, a second group of stones forms a horseshoe shape. ‘Altar Stone’ bluestones Open end Facing East Sarsen stones trilithons Lintels Stonehenge iii. CROMLECHS  Much has been written about the logistics of bringing these large stones to this region of England, as well as the mathematical precision needed to calculate the exact day of the summer solstice, the morning in which the sun rises directly over the heel stone, as can be seen from the centre of the horseshoe. Tounge & groove joint Sun & Lunar orientation PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE (Palaeolithic and Neolithic)  c. 3100–1500 BC STONEHENGE, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England (Neolithic)  Video Watch THE STONEHENGE  Prehistoric structures - These dolmens or cromlechs often stand within sacred circles of massive monoliths, supporting horizontal slabs, as at Stonehenge. - It seem to be erected by primitive people for the worship of the sun. iv. TUMULUS/TUMULI (pl.)  Tumuli, or burial mounds, were probably prototypes of the Pyramids of Egypt and the beehive huts found in Wales, Cornwall, Ireland and elsewhere. That at Newgrange (Ireland) resembles somewhat the Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae. Newgrange (Ireland) Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae iv. TUMULUS/TUMULI (pl.)  c. 3000–2500 BC NEWGRANGE, Ireland (Neolithic) iv. TUMULUS/TUMULI (pl.)  The tomb site at New grange in Ireland is the most elaborate system of passage graves known today. This complex dates to around 3000 BC and consists of a series of burial chambers made of large rocks placed vertically into the ground and then covered with smaller rocks and dirt to create a mound.  Video Watch THE MEMORIAL MOUNDS Tumuli, tumulus, barrows v. LAKE DWELLINGS  Lake Dwellings, as discovered in the lakes of Switzerland, Italy and Ireland consisted of wooden huts supported on piles, and Lake Dwellings, or Crannoges, Lake were so placed for Ardakillin, Roscommon. protection against hostile attacks of all kinds. Ancient Swiss Lake Dwellings. From Troyon's Hab. Lacustres, 1860. TIMELINE: PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE Palaeolithic and Neolithic PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE (Palaeolithic and Neolithic)  c. 15,000 BC MAMMOTH-BONE HOUSE, Mezhirich, Ukraine (Palaeolithic)  PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE (Palaeolithic and Neolithic)  c. 6500 BC ÇATAL HÜYÜK, village, Turkey (Neolithic) Pronounced cha-tel hoo-yek, means ‘fork-mound’ in Turkish, sits astride what was once a river valley. Catal Huyuk is one of the oldest towns ever found by archaeologists, dating back more than 9,000 years. CATAL HUYUK, TURKEY  Video Watch THE CHATAL HUYUK PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE (Palaeolithic and Neolithic)  c. 3100 BC SKARA BRAE, village, Orkney Islands, Scotland (Neolithic) PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE (Palaeolithic and Neolithic)  c. 3000–2500 BC NEWGRANGE, Ireland (Neolithic) SUMMARY cromlech Menhir Trilithon tumuli dolmen  Pre-historic PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS Mostly had one room The development of more complex civilizations led to division of the room into smaller ones for eating, sleeping, socializing In places where no industrial revolution Wigwam or Tepee has occurred to transform building conical tent with wooden poles as framework methods and increase population density, Covered with rush mats and an animal skin door houses show little difference from Hogan - primitive Indian structure of joined logs primitive ones PRE-HISTORIC NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN Igloo - Innuit (Eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed EARLY CHRISTIAN snow blocks built up spirally BYZANTINE Nigerian hut - with mud walls and roof of palm leaves ROMANESQUE GOTHIC Natural or Artificial Caves RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN Natural or Artificial Caves ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Iraqi mudhif - covered with split reed mats, built on a reed platform to prevent settlement Beehive Hut Sumatran house - for several families, built of timber and Trullo - dry walled rough stone shelter with corbelled roof palm leaves, the fenced pen underneath is for livestock SUMMARY SUMMARY  E–N-D  PRELIM Plate # 1 Topic : The Pre-Historic Architecture Summarize the Topic covered through drawing (include necessary captions). Tell a story or events during the pre-historic architecture. Presentation must cover the following periods of development: a. Paleolithic b. Mesolithic c. Neolithic Contents of the story 1. The nomadic people 2. The existing environment 3. People’s Lifestyle/activities during this period 4. Type of primitive dwellings Consider any type of layout and presentation Use A3 vellum paper Pen, ink, and coloured Rendered Submission Date : September 6 – during the Friday class  1/2” 1/2” 1/2” A – SCHOOL COLLEGE B - SUBJECT/SECTION C - TITLE D - STUDENT (SURNAME FIRST) E - PROF D A B C E 1” 1/2”