ARC 158_2024 UNIT ONE.pdf

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi ARC 158 Landscape Architecture Desma D. D Soga...

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi ARC 158 Landscape Architecture Desma D. D Soga [email protected] // 024-463-0574 May, 2024 Course Content Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 History of Landscape Relevance of Landscape Landscape Design Types of Landscape Architecture Architecture Procedure Garden Pre History – 6th Century Job Description Inception/Primary Brief Stage Formal Garden 6th – 15th Century Importance of Landscape Informal Garden Feasibility Stage Xeriscape Garden 17th – 20th Century Architecture Tropicalia Garden Secondary Brief Stage Rock Garden 21st Century Challenges in the field of Roof Garden Design Stage Water Garden Landscape Architecture Sketch Design Stage Flower Beds Definitions Basic Elements of Flower Borders What is Landscape? Landscape Architecture Detailed Design Stage Clients in the Landscape Landform Bill of Quantities Industry What is Design? Plant Materials The Individual or Private What is Landscape Client Buildings Developer Client Cooperate Client Architecture? Public Client Pavement Site Structures Water 2 Images from the web with respect to copyrights. It’s a presentation for educational purposes only. 2  WHY ARE YOU TAKING THIS COURSE? Understand the history of landscape architecture. Differentiate between landscape, landscaping and landscape architecture. Define the role of landscape architects in the design of the built environment. Evaluate considerations in Design Procedure Identify some Gardens and Clients in the landscape architecture industry. 3 3  Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi ARC 158 Landscape Architecture UNIT ONE – Lecture 1 May, 2024 History of Landscape Architecture Garden design is both a popular ancient activity and an aspect of aristocratic and leisured wealth. The histories of gardens, parks, agriculture and urban settlement are important to the practice of landscape architecture and design in the present. Like most art forms, landscape architecture is in constant dialogue with its past and its origins. To be a good landscape architect, it’s therefore essential to know about the discipline’s development across the centuries and changing emphases in professional practice. 5 History of Landscape Architecture Cultures attempted to re-create or express in their built landscapes the sacred meanings and spiritual significance of natural sites and phenomena. People altered the landscape to try to understand and/or honour the mysteries of nature. Early “landscape design” elaborated on humankind’s intuitive impulse to dig and to mound. Our ancestors constructed earthworks, raised stones, and marked the ground, leaving traces of basic shapes and axial alignments. 6 History of Landscape Architecture History permits us to see our place in the flow of time, and even to catch a glimpse of the future. Timelines Prehistory – 6th Century 6th – 15th Century 17th – 20th Century 21st Century 7 PREHISTORY – 6TH CENTURY 1. Cosmological Landscapes 2. Ancient Gardens 3. Landscape and Architecture 4. Genius Loci The goal for Landscape Architecture was: To understand and/or honour the mysteries of nature. Cemeteries. Created or built for unknown purpose yet. Pleasure, medicine, food and worship. 8  PREHISTORY – 6TH CENTURY Cosmological Landscapes More recent research suggested that the Nazca Lines’ purpose was related to water, a valuable commodity in the arid lands of the Peruvian coastal plain. The geoglyphs weren’t used as an irrigation system or a guide to find water, but rather as part of a ritual to 200 BCE – 600 CE Nazca Lines, Peru the gods—an effort to bring much-needed rain. 9  PREHISTORY – 6TH CENTURY Cosmological Landscapes There is strong archaeological evidence that Stonehenge was used as a burial site, at least for part of its long history, but most scholars believe it served other functions as well—either as a ceremonial site, a religious pilgrimage destination, a final resting place for royalty or a memorial erected to honor and 2950 BCE – 1600 CE perhaps spiritually connect with Stonehenge, England distant ancestors. 10  PREHISTORY – 6TH CENTURY Cosmological Landscapes Circa. 5,000 years ago Circa. 3,000 years ago Kerameikos, Athens, Greece Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery, Jerusalem, Israel 11  PREHISTORY – 6TH CENTURY Ancient Gardens 1380 BCE 118 CE Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, Italy 12  PREHISTORY – 6TH CENTURY Landscape and Architecture 1400 BCE 460 BCE Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir El-Bahri, Acropolis, Athens, Greece Egypt 13  PREHISTORY – 6TH CENTURY Genius Loci - Concepts The Axis Mundi 14  PREHISTORY – 6TH CENTURY Genius Loci The Ganges, India 563 – 483 BCE Bodhi Tree, India 15 6TH CENTURY – 15TH CENTURY In this era, there was advancement in the cultures and gardens of countries such as Japan, China, and Islamic Spain. The goal for Landscape Architecture was: Gardens were representative of a culture’s changing perception of nature. Gardens were created for pleasure, food and medicine. The garden became laden with allegorical symbolism both sacred and profane, and was the locus for literary tales of chivalry and courtly love. To show the power and wealth of an Empire where entitlement to land equaled power. 16 6TH CENTURY – 15TH CENTURY Used Elements in the Landscape Architecture Walls/Fences Fountain Runnels Rocks and Water Courtyard 17 6TH CENTURY – 15TH CENTURY 612 AD 1342 AD St. Gall, Switzerland Lion Grove Garden, Suzhou, China 18 6TH CENTURY – 15TH CENTURY 1169 AD 1398 AD Alcázar of Seville, Spain Kinkaku-ji Garden, Kanazawa, Japan 19 17TH CENTURY – 20TH CENTURY Advances in scientific knowledge challenged beliefs in religious doctrine and renaissance order. Nature was shaped according to human will as the landscape was ordered by geometries that expressed the power and authority of humans over nature. Curves, realized as sweeping lawns, serpentine lakes, and billowing trees, defined the “line of beauty” in the 18th century English garden. 20 17TH CENTURY – 20TH CENTURY Society believed sensitivity to natural phenomena and appreciation of natural beauty to be morally and spiritually uplifting. The first public parks opened in the 19th century. Landscape architecture was established as a profession in America by the end of the 19th century and accelerated in the early 20th century. It was the American architect Calvert Vaux (1824–95) and the journalist, farmer and mine manager Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903) who in 1863 first applied the term ‘landscape architecture’ to their new profession. 21 17TH CENTURY – 20TH CENTURY The aesthetic language of the English landscape garden was adopted as a model for the parks. People understood the political, economic and social value of the landscape, and campaigned to access its benefits. New resources, technologies, modes of transportation, and communication systems transformed the way people interacted with each other and with the natural world in the 20th century. 22 17TH CENTURY – 20TH CENTURY 1632 AD 1645 AD Taj Mahal, India Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto, Japan 23 17TH CENTURY – 20TH CENTURY 1568 – 1579 AD Villa Lante, Bagnaia, Italy 24 17TH CENTURY – 20TH CENTURY 1858 AD The Central Park , New York, America 25 17TH CENTURY – 20TH CENTURY 1620 - 1934 AD Chateaux de Loire Valley, France 26 17TH CENTURY – 20TH CENTURY 1656 AD Chateaux de Vaux le Vicomte, France 27 21ST CENTURY In this contemporary era where urbanization is at the rise and the demand for more interactive civic spaces is increasing. Therefore, landscapes act as a tool to help us create small ecosystems of buildings. It proves that not just the aesthetic but functionality that is affected by not only the building but the surrounding elements as well. It means landscape architects think about sustainable and green architecture concepts. The principles applied in the 21st century landscape design is the; Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. 28 21ST CENTURY Sustainable landscaping encompasses a variety of practices that have developed in response to environmental issues. These practices are used in every phase of landscaping, including design, construction, implementation and management of residential and commercial landscapes. Sustainability issues for landscaping include: 1. Carbon Sequestration 2. Global Climate Change 3. Air Pollution 4. Water Pollution 5. Pesticide Toxicity 6. Non-Renewable Resources 7. Energy Usage 8. Native Plants 29 21ST CENTURY Non-sustainable practices in landscape design include: ❖ Soil contamination ❖ Air and Water contamination ❖ Persistence of toxic compounds in the environment ❖ Non-sustainable consumption of natural resources ❖ Greenhouse gas emissions ❖ Invasive species 30 21ST CENTURY Some of the effects of non-sustainable practices are: ❖ Severe degradation of the surrounding ecosystem. ❖ Harm to human health, especially in the case of degraded drinking water supplies. ❖ Harm to flora and fauna and their habitats. ❖ Sedimentation of surface waters caused by stormwater runoff. ❖ Chemical pollutants in drinking water caused by pesticide runoff. 31 21ST CENTURY Some of the effects of non-sustainable practices are: ❖ Health problems caused by toxic fertilizers. ❖ Toxic pesticides, improper use, handling, storage and disposal of pesticides. ❖ Air and noise pollution caused by landscape equipment. ❖ Invasion of wild lands by non-native weeds and insect pests. ❖ Over-use of limited natural resources. 32 21ST CENTURY Some solutions to non-sustainable practices are: ❖ Reduction of stormwater run-off using bio-swales, rain gardens and green roofs and walls. ❖ Reduction of water use in landscapes through design of water-wise garden techniques (sometimes known as xeriscaping) ❖ Bio-filtering of wastes through constructed wetlands. 33 21ST CENTURY Some solutions to non-sustainable practices are: ❖ Landscape irrigation using water from showers and sinks, known as gray water. ❖ Integration and adoption of renewable energy, including solar-powered landscape lighting. ❖ Use of sustainably harvested wood, composite wood products for decking and other landscape projects, as well as use of plastic lumber. 34 21ST CENTURY Some solutions to non-sustainable practices are: ❖Creating and enhancing wildlife habitat in urban environments. ❖Energy-efficient landscape design in the form of proper placement and selection of shade trees and creation of wind breaks. ❖Permeable paving materials to reduce stormwater run-off and allow rainwater to infiltrate into the ground and replenish groundwater rather than run into surface water. 35 21ST CENTURY Some solutions to non-sustainable practices are: ❖ Recycling of products, such as glass, rubber from tires and other materials to create landscape products such as paving stones, mulch and other materials. ❖ Soil management techniques, including composting kitchen and yard wastes, to maintain and enhance healthy soil that supports a diversity of soil life. 36  Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi ARC 158 Landscape Architecture UNIT ONE – Lecture 2 May, 2024  What is Landscape? An expanse of scenery that can be seen in a single view or from a single viewpoint. The total character of a region or land including its shapes, texture and colours. A mosaic of interacting ecosystems. It is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors. 38 38  What is Landscape? The Interrelated Systems of Landscape 39 39  What is Landscape? A particular configuration of topography, vegetation cover, land use and settlement pattern. Man obtains from his environment two things which he desires, usefulness and beauty, and all material progress in civilization has consisted in his modification of his surroundings to serve these two needs. 40 40  Natural elements of landform Living elements of landcover Human elements Abstract elements 41  Typical Landscapes (Man-modified) Shanty Town Landscapes Africa, Ghana South America, Brazil 42  Countryside Landscapes Europe, United Kingdom Africa, Ghana 43  Countryside Landscapes Cont’d Asia, India Africa, Ghana 44  Unique Rural Setting Africa, Ghana Asia, Myanmar 45  Unique Rural Setting Africa, Benin 46  Unique Rural Setting Africa, Ghana Africa, Nigeria 47  Residential Landscapes North America, USA 48  Residential Landscapes Cont’d Africa, Ghana 49 Europe, Poland Industrial Landscapes Africa, Ghana 50  Interiorscapes North America, USA North America, Canada 51  Interiorscapes Cont’d Africa, Ghana 52  Interiorscapes Cont’d Africa, Ghana 53 What is Landscaping? Landscaping is the development of outdoor space to provide various amenities such as beauty, privacy, comfort, and ease of maintenance. 54 What is Landscaping? It may involve lawns, shrubs, trees, succulents and cacti. It may also include structures such as seating, pools, rock gardens, trellises or pergolas, statues, fountains, and paved surfaces. 55 What is Landscaping? The outdoor spaces which are created through design become conducive/functional for man to live in, work and relax. 56  What is Landscaping Architecture? It is the art and science of planning and designing the landscape for purposeful human use and the conservation of landscape resources. 57  What is Landscaping Architecture? The design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social- behavioural, and aesthetics outcomes encompassing both hardscapes and softscapes. It is an applied art based on scientific understanding. 58 What is Landscape Architecture? The critical difference between landscape garden design and landscape architecture is that landscape gardens tend to be enclosed and to be designed for the private individual. Whereas landscape architecture is concerned with open space, the public realm and the relationship between mankind’s development activities and the natural environment. The scale of landscape planning may be regional or even national. 59 Fundamentals of Landscape Architecture Earth Science Botany Ecology 1 10 2 Fine Arts Geology 9 3 A multi-disciplinary field which encompasses 8 4 Architecture Horticulture 7 5 6 Environmental Industrial Psychology Science Geography 60  THANK YOU 61