HOA1 - HOA REVIEWER (History Of Architecture) PDF

lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HOA1 - HOA REVIEWER History of Architecture (Mapúa University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected]) ...

lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HOA1 - HOA REVIEWER History of Architecture (Mapúa University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE I: THREE (3) STAGES OF THE CULTURAL Pre-Historic Architecture EVOLUTION OF MAN By: Ar. Chris Luna, uap 1. Stone Age A history of architecture is a record of man’s efforts to build beautifully. Three (3) Stage Chronology: It is concerned not only in sheltering man and a. Paleolithic or Old Stone Age ministering to his comfort, but also in providing used stone and bone as instruments him with places for worship, amusement, and livelihood from hunting & food gathering business; with tombs, memorials, learned to make fire embellishments for his cities, and other structures lived in caves & rock shelters for the varied needs of a complex civilization. Introduction Architecture had a simple origin in the primitive endeavors of mankind. It is an ancient and necessary art and thus the beginnings of architecture are part of prehistory. Why did man seek shelter? 1. Protection from elements of nature from wild animals 2. Comfort to sleep & rest b. Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age 3. Food storage fashioned stone tools like the bow 4. Perpetuation of human life made body coverings from animal hides made the canoe for fishing built huts from bones, animal hides, reeds & grass c. Neolithic Once human beings settle down to the business of agriculture, instead of hunting & gathering, permanent settlements become a factor of life & story of architecture began. ✓ polished stone tools for grinding, cutting & chopping ✓ development of pottery Page 1 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap ✓ agriculture (wheat & barley) & 3. Iron Age domesticated animals cutting tools and weapons were mainly ✓ sew clothing from animal hides using made of iron or steel fish bones as needles ✓ built huts of stones & mud with thatched roofing ✓ practiced burial rituals & built tombs 2. Bronze Age most advanced metalworking with PREHISTORIC RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES copper A. Megalith It is a large stone used to construct a structure either alone or together with other stones, utilizing an interlocking system without the use of mortar or cement. a. Dolmen/Cromlech 2 or more upright stones supporting a stone or stone slab. Poulnabrone dolmen in the Burren, County Clare, Ireland Page 2 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap b. Stone Circle c. Stone Row Stonehenge is one of the most famous sites in the world & composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. Merrivale Stone Row, England B. Monolith or Menhir It is a great upright stone. Archaeologists believe it was constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC. The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC Stonehenge was produced by a culture that left no written records. Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate. Avebury Monolith,England Page 3 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap C. Barrow/Tumulus 3. Cliff Dwelling It is an earthen mound burial. Guyaju Cliff Dwelling, China Uppsa Tumulus is the largest grave mound in Sweden. 4. Hut PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS 1. Rock Shelter is a shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff. Clochan Beehive Hut, Ireland Rock Shelter at Lane Cove, NSW, Australia 2. Cave The Neolithic settlement of Khirokitia, Cyprus is an UNESCO World Heritage Site. The huts consist of round structures huddled close together and the dead were buried just under the floors of the houses. Jenolan Caves, NSW, Australia Page 4 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap Mud Huts, Syria Access was by ladder from the roof. There were no roads but everybody walked on each other’s roof. Skara Brae is a stone-built Neolithic settlement, located on the Bay of Skaill on the west coast of Mainland, the largest island in the Orkney archipelago of Scotland. Prehistoric Huts, Verzamelaars, Netherlands Katal Huyuk, Turkey was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC Zulu Huts, South Africa Page 5 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap Eskimo Igloo, Alaska Terra Amata Hut, France Apache Wickiup (Twigs) Stilted Hut Prehistoric Mammoth Bone Hut, Ukraine Stilted Hut, Sweden Page 6 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap Lecture References: Fletcher, Sir Banister (1996). History of Architecture 20th edition, Architectural Press Harris, Cyril M. (1975). Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, McGraw Hill Harris, Cyril M. (1977). Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture, Dover Publication Trachtenberg, Marvin (1986). Architecture from Pre-history to Post-Modernism Various internet articles and academic journals Images used in this material were taken from Underground Hut, Orkney, Scotland Google Images Bedouin Tent Native American Tipi (Animal hide) END OF LECTURE Page 7 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE I:. Mesopotamian Architecture By: Ar. Chris Luna, uap Introduction The fertile plains between the twin rivers, Tigris & Euphrates were given the name Mesopotamia from the Greek word meaning mesos (middle) & potamos (river). Known as the “cradle of civilization”, is also part of what is known as the Fertile Crescent because of the irrigated farmlands. Mesopotamia, now known as Iraq, has no natural barriers. Mesopotamia (included Babylonia, Assyria, Persia, Sumer and Akkad) was a historical region situated within the Tigris–Euphrates River system. At present, it is roughly corresponding to most of Iraq plus Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish-Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders Mesopotamian Irrigation Although the land of Mesopotamia was fertile, the earth did not yield crops easily. There was/is little rainfall, so farmers had to come up with another way of getting life- giving water to their crops. Sumeria (5500 and 4000 BC) – a The solution was irrigation. Irrigation is the Mesopotamian Blueprint process of bringing water from rivers or All the Mesopotamian civilizations to follow: lakes to fields by constructing canals, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian adopted pumps and reservoirs. Sumerian culture and made it their own. Basically, these ingenious farmers found an The Sumerians were the originators whom effective way to bring the water from the everyone copied. Tigris and Euphrates to their crops. In addition to creating the first forms of With irrigation, large amounts of food could writing, the Sumerians invented the plow, the be grown and large populations grew. wheel, and used bronze tools. The Tigris and Euphrates flooded occasionally, and unfortunately large areas of crops and homes were destroyed. This was just part of life, but the ancient people of Mesopotamia tried to prevent these floods by appeasing the gods that controlled these natural disasters. It became extremely important (second only to farming) to have experts (priests) who could help ensure the gods stayed happy. Page 8 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap Sumerian Technology and Legacy Cuneiform is a system of writing first The region demonstrated a number of core developed by the ancient Sumerians of agricultural techniques, including organized Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE. irrigation, large-scale intensive cultivation of ✓ It is considered the most significant land. among the many cultural contributions of The irrigation was accomplished by the use the Sumerians and the greatest among of shaduf, canals, channels, dykes, weirs, those of the Sumerian city of Uruk which and reservoirs. advanced the writing of cuneiform c. The Sumerians developed a complex system 3200 BCE. of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced ✓ The name comes from the Latin word metrology resulted in the creation of cuneus for 'wedge' owing to the wedge- arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. shaped style of writing. Sumerian potters decorated pots with cedar oil paints. The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The Sumerian chariot comprised a four or two-wheeled device manned by a crew of two and harnessed to four onagers. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in Mesopotamian Timeline: the mid-4th millennium BC, near- The Akkadians: 2334 – 2154 B. C. simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern ✓ The empire was bound together by Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central roads, along which there was a regular Europe. postal service. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's ✓ The first collection of astronomical wheel. The new concept quickly led to observations wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Babylonians: 2000 – 1595 B.C. The earliest known maps in human history ✓ Babylon became the most well-known denote the stars instead of the earth city in all of Mesopotamia landscape. ✓ Hammurabi’s Code of Law And while there are numerous pieces of ✓ Babylonians made great strides in evidence entailing cave paintings and rock mathematics. carvings that represent local topographical ✓ They worked in arithmetic, geometry and elements like hills and rivers (dating from as algebra. early as 25000 BC), cartography as a ✓ Babylonians had a 360-day year. scientific pursuit with accurate surveying ✓ We got our 60-second minute, our 60- techniques, was developed in Mesopotamia. minute hour, and our 24-hour day from them. ✓ We also get the 360-degree measurement for a circle from the Babylonians. The Assyrians: 1300 B.C. – 626 B.C. ✓ They were geniuses in war. They had a well-organized and well-equipped army. They made use of chariots and simple siege equipment. ✓ Assyrians built permanent roads to move troops quickly. Page 9 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap The Neo-Babylonians: 612 B.C. – 539 B.C. Babylon was the capital of ancient of Babylonia ✓ The Neo-Babylonians greatest king was in southern Mesopotamia now the modern Iraq. Nebuchadnezzar. Babylon is Akkadian "babilani" which means ✓ He was the Babylonian king who had the "the Gate of God(s)" Hanging Gardens built. It was during the reign of King The Persians: 550B.C. – 330B.C. Nebuchadnezzar II (650 B.C.) that Babylon was the largest city in the world Mesopotamian Culture and Way of Life The Sumerians, along with other developing civilizations, seemed to possess different social relationships than their hunting and gathering ancestors. Hunters and gatherers survived by counting on men and women equally in the tribe for the collection of food. Both men and women were essential for the tribe’s survival. With agriculture and irrigation things seemed to have changed. Men and women started to specialize in their jobs. In other words, some jobs became “men’s work” and other jobs became “women’s work.” The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian code of law of ancient Mesopotamia, dating back to about 1754 BC (Middle Chronology). It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world. The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, enacted the code, and partial copies exist on a 2.25 meter (7.5 ft) stone stele and consists of 282 laws, with scaled punishments, adjusting "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a Men became associated with working in the tooth" (lex talionis) as graded depending on fields, or if they were artisans, making a social status, of slave versus free man or product. woman. Women became associated with staying at The earliest known principles of construction home, raising the children, making clothes law can also be found in the Code of and doing other household duties. Hammurabi. On occasion, women might take over their Significantly, Hammurabi’s Code establishes husband’s business while he was away or the concept of civil damages, whereby one deceased, but mostly this social structure must pay compensation for defective work; a was rigid. concept that has survived to this day. Sumerians believed that humans were put upon this earth to serve the gods. When the gods were displeased, humans suffered. Page 10 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap Assyria was a major Mesopotamian kingdom based in Western Asia, founded by Cyrus the and empire of the ancient Near East and the Great. Levant. Ranging at its greatest extent from the It existed as a state from perhaps as early as Balkans and Eastern Europe proper in the the 25th century BC in the form of the Assur west to the Indus Valley in the east, it was city-state, until its collapse between 612 BC one of the largest empires in history, and 609 BC, spanning the Early to Middle spanning 5.5 million square kilometers, and Bronze Age through to the late Iron Age. was larger than any previous empire in history Persia: Notable Kings: In the 6th century B.C. Cyrus, the Great (Kurosh, Father of the Iranian Nation) established the Persian Empire as the most powerful state in the world. ✓ He had a religious policy of respecting the various religions practiced across his The Assyrians used a number of warfare vast empire. tactics and military advancements to expand ✓ He is praised for freeing of slaves, their empire. humanitarian equality and costly They used chariots which were drawn by four reparations. horses and mounted by four men as a shock ✓ The Cyrus Cylinder is an ancient clay weapon to charge into enemy ranks. cylinder on which there is a declaration in The Assyrians are known for terrorizing their his name and it has been called the enemies as part of psychological warfare. oldest known charter of human rights but Their army is known for its utter ruthlessness there is dispute over its interpretation. and brutal treatment of enemies Darius I (Dāriūsh, son of Cyrus the Great) ruled the Persian Empire from 522-486 B.C. He developed infrastructure projects, the largest being the building of the new capital of Persepolis. Xerxes I (Ḫšayāršā, son of Darius I) 486 B.C., was known for his massive invasion of Greece and his defeat marked the decline of the empire. The Achaemenid Empire (c. 550–330 BC), also called the First Persian Empire, was an empire Page 11 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Art and Architecture In Babylonia, an abundance of clay, and lack of stone, led to greater use of mud brick; Bricks were made from clay mixed with chopped Babylonian, Sumerian and Assyrian temples straw to improve cohesion and bonding were massive structures of crude brick which were supported by buttresses, the rain being carried off by drains. One such drain at Ur was made of lead. The use of brick led to the early development of the pilaster and column, and of frescoes and enameled tiles. The walls were brilliantly colored, and sometimes plated with zinc or gold, as well as with tiles. Painted terracotta cones for torches were also embedded in plaster. Babylonian Bricks were sun baked to harden them. Types of bricks: These types of bricks are much less durable 1. Sun-Dried – for ordinary finish than oven-baked ones so buildings 2. Kiln-Dried – for facing important buildings eventually deteriorated. 3. Colored Glazed – for decorative purposes They were periodically destroyed, leveled, and rebuilt on the same spot. Urban Planning Pattern: This planned structural life cycle gradually The Sumerians were the first society to raised the level of cities, so that they came to construct the city itself as a built form. be elevated above the surrounding plain. They were proud of this achievement as Babylonian temples are massive structures attested in the Epic of Gilgamesh which of crude brick, supported by buttresses, the opens with a description of Uruk its walls, rain being carried off by drains. streets, markets, temples, and gardens. Uruk itself is significant as the center of an Assyrian urban culture which both colonized and Assyria, imitating Babylonian architecture, urbanized western Asia. also built its palaces and temples of brick, even when stone was the natural building material of the country. As time went on, however, later Assyrian architects began to shake themselves free of Babylonian influence, and to use stone as well as brick. Page 12 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap The typical city divided space into residential, mixed use, commercial, and civic spaces. The residential areas were grouped by profession. At the core of the city was a high temple complex always sited slightly off of the geographical center. This high temple usually predated the founding of the city and was the nucleus around which the urban form grew. The districts adjacent to gates had a special religious and economic function. Persia In Persia, Material included mud-brick from Babylon, wooden roof beams from Lebanon, precious stone material from India and Egypt, Stone columns quarried and carved by Ionic Greeks Two technologies appear to have been commonly used in the Ancient Near East: passive cooling and water supply The city always included a belt of irrigated agricultural land including small hamlets. A network of roads and canals connected the city to this land. The transportation network was organized in three tiers: wide processional streets, public through streets, and private blind alleys. The public streets that defined a block varied little over time while the blind-alleys were much more fluid. The current estimate is 10% of the city area was streets and 90% buildings. The canals; however, were more important than roads for transportation. Page 13 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap Baad-gir or Wind Shaft, the earliest form of ✓ The construction material used for ab modern air-conditioners, which was built on anbars were very tough and extensively top of the roof in order to catch the fresh air used a special mortar called sarooj which and transfer it inside the building. was made of sand, clay, egg whites, lime, goat hair, and ash in specific proportions, depending on location and climate of the city. ✓ This mixture was thought to be completely water impenetrable. ✓ The walls of the storage were often 2 meters thick, and special bricks A āb anbār ("water reservoir") is a traditional reservoir or cistern of drinking water in Greater Iran in antiquity. ✓ In order to access the water, one would go through the entrance (sar-dar) which would always be open, traverse a stairway and reach the bottom where there would be faucets to access the water in the storage A qanāt is a gently sloping underground channel to transport water from an aquifer or water well to surface for irrigation and drinking. ✓ This is an old system of water supply from a deep well with a series of vertical access shafts. ✓ The qanats still create a reliable supply of water for human settlements and irrigation in hot, arid, and semi-arid climates. ✓ The qanat technology is used most extensively in areas: An absence of larger rivers with year- round flows sufficient to support irrigation Proximity of fertile areas to precipitation-rich mountains or mountain ranges Arid climate with high surface evaporation rates so that surface reservoirs and canals would result in high losses An aquifer at the fertile area which is too deep for convenient use of simple wells Page 14 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap yakhchāl remains cooler than the outside. ✓ The subterranean space coupled with the thick heat-resistant construction material insulated the storage space year-round. ✓ These structures were mainly built and used in Persia. Yakhchāl ("ice pit"; yakh meaning "ice" and chāl meaning "pit") is an ancient type of evaporative cooler. ✓ Above ground, the structure had a domed shape, but had a subterranean storage space. ✓ It was often used to store ice, but sometimes was used to store food. ✓ By 400 BCE, Persian engineers had ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES mastered the technique of using yakhchāls to create ice in the winter and SUMERIAN (WITH BABYLONIAN AND store it in the summer in the desert. ASSYRIAN) ✓ In most yakhchāls, the ice is created by itself during the cold seasons of the year; Babylonian House: the water is channeled from the qanat The materials used to build a Mesopotamian (Iranian aqueduct) to the yakhchāl and it house were similar but not exact as those freezes upon resting inside the structure. used today: mud brick, mud plaster and wooden doors, which were all naturally available around the city, although wood was not common in some cities of Sumer. Most houses had a square center room with other rooms attached to it, but a great variation in the size and materials used to build the houses suggest they were built by the inhabitants themselves ✓ The building allows cold air to pour in from entries at the base of the structure and descend to the lowest part of the yakhchāl, large underground spaces up to 5,000 m3 (180,000 cu ft) in volume. ✓ At the same time, the tall conical shape of the building guides any remaining heat upward and outside through openings at the very top of the building, and through White Temple Ziggurat, Uruk this active process the air inside the Page 15 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap Uruk (modern Warka in Iraq) where city life hall had a podium accessible by means of a began more than five thousand years ago small staircase and an altar with a fire- and where the first writing emerged was stained surface. clearly one of the most important places in southern Mesopotamia. Within Uruk, the greatest monument was the Anu Ziggurat on which the White Temple was built. Dating to the late 4th millennium B.C.E. (the Late Uruk Period, or Uruk III) and dedicated to the sky god Anu, this temple would have towered well above (approximately 40 feet) the flat plain of Uruk, and been visible from a great distance even over the defensive walls of the city. The Great Ziggurat of Ur It is a Neo-Sumerian ziggurat in what was the city of Ur near Nasiriyah, in present-day Dhi Qar Province, Iraq. The structure was built during the Early Bronze Age (21st century BCE), but had crumbled to ruins by the 6th century BCE of the Neo-Babylonian period when it was restored by King Nabonidus The temple is perched atop a platform known as a ziggurat. The grand height serves two purposes: ✓ To stand out among the other structures and therefore appear the more important ✓ To get the temple closer to the sky The White temple was rectangular, measuring 17.5 x 22.3 meters and, at its corners, oriented to the cardinal points. It is a typical Uruk “high temple (Hochtempel)” type with a tri-partite plan: a long rectangular The Great Ziggurat of Ur was dedicated to the central hall with rooms on either side (plan). moon god Nanna, who was the patron deity The White Temple had three entrances, none of the city. of which faced the ziggurat ramp directly. As the Mesopotamian gods were commonly Visitors would have needed to walk around linked to the eastern mountains, the ziggurat the temple, appreciating its bright façade and may have functioned as a representation of the powerful view, and likely gained access their homes. to the interior in a “bent axis” approach Therefore, a single small shrine was placed (where one would have to turn 90 degrees to on the summit of the ziggurat for the god. face the altar), a typical arrangement for Ancient Near Eastern temples. Chambers in the middle of the northeast room suite appear to have been equipped with wooden shelves in the walls and displayed cavities for setting in pivot stones which might imply a solid door was fitted in these spaces. The north end of the central Page 16 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap Dur-Kurigalzu Palace of Sargon at Khorsabad The core of the structure consists of sun- The outer wall of the Sargon's fortress dried square bricks. covered an area of three-square kilometers The reed mats are actually every 7 layers of and had seven fortified gates. brick, as stated, used for drainage and to In times of siege, it became an armed assist in holding the bricks together by encampment. providing a continuous layer of support. The palace sat astride the outer wall. The outer layers of the ziggurat are made It had an area of 9 hectares. from fired bricks. All the buildings had thick mud brick walls An inscription on one of the fired bricks states without windows but with doors opening onto that it was laid during the reign of King internal courts of various sizes. Kurigalzu II. The largest were the Grand Entrance Court Today both types of brick, sun-dried and and the State Court. fired, are still made in Iraq in the same The Throne Room was built into the wall fashion and used in farm houses. between the State Court and a smaller domestic court used by women and children. Smaller courts near the Grand Entrance Court were associated with the service wing and with a group of Temples and a seven- tiered ziggurat. It seems likely that the large ceremonial courts were bare but that the smaller residential courts had shade plants and pools like Egyptian gardens. Parts of the Palace of Sargon: 1. Seraglio – palace proper with the king’s residence, state halls, men’s apartments & reception courts. 2. Harem – private family apartments. 3. Khan – service chamber. Temple Oval, Khafaje The outer wall is distorted somewhat in shape to accommodate a roomy structure, perhaps the house for a priest. Before the foundations for these walls had been laid, the entire area was excavated to a depth of nearly five meters, and filled in with clean sand, about 64,000 cubic meters, presumably a purification ritual Page 17 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap Lamassu is an Assyrian protective deity, often depicted as having a human's head, a body of a bull or a lion, and bird's wings It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world from c. 1770 – c. 1670 BC, and again between c. 612 – c. 320 BC. It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000. Estimates for the maximum extent of its area range from 890 to 900 hectares (2,200 acres). The Ancient Assyrian City of Nineveh It was an ancient Assyrian city of Upper Mesopotamia, located on the outskirts of Mosul in modern-day northern Iraq. It is located on the eastern bank of the Tigris River, and was the capital of the Neo- Assyrian Empire. Large amounts of Assyrian sculpture and other artifacts have been excavated and are now located in museums around the world. “Ishtar Gate” It was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon. It was constructed in about 575 BCE by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the north side of the city The bricks of the Ishtar gate were made from finely textured clay pressed into wooden forms. The bricks were sun-dried and then fired once before glazing. The clay was brownish red in this bisque-fired state. The Ancient City of Babylon It was a key kingdom in ancient Mesopotamia from the 18th to 6th centuries BCE. The city was built on the Euphrates River and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks, with steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods. After being destroyed and then rebuilt by the Assyrians, Babylon became the capital of the short lived Neo-Babylonian Empire from 609 to 539 BC. “Hanging Gardens of Babylon” Page 18 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap It was one of the Seven Wonders of the “Tower of Babel” Ancient World. According to the story, a united humanity in The Hanging Gardens were described as a the generations following the Great Flood, remarkable feat of engineering with an speaking a single language and migrating ascending series of tiered gardens eastward, comes to Shinar containing a wide variety of trees, shrubs, There they agree to build a city and a tower and vines. tall enough to reach heaven. God, observing The gardens were said to have looked like a their city and tower, confounds their speech large green mountain constructed of mud so that they can no longer understand each bricks. other, and scatters them around the world. The Temple of Marduk “Etemenanki” (The Supreme God protector of Babylon) It is the name of a ziggurat dedicated to Also called the Esagila, the temple of Marduk Marduk in the city of Babylon of the 6th was, after the Ziggurat and the royal Palace, century BCE Neo-Babylonian dynasty. the greatest of the architectural complexes of Originally 91 meters in height, little remains Babylon. of it now except ruins. An impression of power radiated by this Etemenanki is considered a possible massive architecture. inspiration for the biblical story (or even literal Heavily bastioned, built in clay, with its huge candidate for the tower itself) of the Tower of square towers and its crenellated terraces, Babel. the main body constituted the actual temple of Marduk, with an outbuilding attached to the temple. Page 19 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap PERSIAN ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES: Tomb of Cyrus the Great It is the monument of Cyrus the Great It includes all architectural achievements of approximately 1 km southwest of the palaces the Achaemenid Persians manifesting in of Pasargadae construction of spectacular cities used for The design of Cyrus' tomb is credited to governance and inhabitation (Persepolis, Mesopotamian or Elamite ziggurats. Susa, Ecbatana), temples made for worship The main decoration on the tomb is a rosette and social gatherings (such as Zoroastrian design over the door within the gable temples), and mausoleums erected in honor The Mausoleum is said to be the oldest base- of fallen kings (such as the burial tomb of isolated structure in the world, meaning it is Cyrus the Great). resilient to seismic hazard The quintessential feature of Persian architecture was its eclectic nature with elements of Assyrian, Egyptian, Median and Asiatic Greek all incorporated, yet producing a unique Persian identity seen in the finished product. Palace at Susa The Palace of Darius in Susa was a palace complex in Susa, Iran, a capital of the Achaemenid Empire. Pasargadae The construction was conducted parallel to It was the capital of the Achaemenid Empire that of Persepolis. under Cyrus the Great who had issued its Man-power and raw materials from various construction (559–530 BC); it was also the parts of the empire contributed to its location of his tomb. construction. It was a city in ancient Persia, located near It was once destroyed by fire and was the city of Shiraz (in Pasargad County), and partially restored later. is today an archaeological site and one of Iran's UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Page 20 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap Persepolis was built as a showcase for the empire, designed to awe visitors with its scale and beauty. It is Persian in ideology and design but international in its superb architecture and artistic execution. Bull capital from the Apadana of the Susa Palace, Louvre Palace of Persepolis Persepolis was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire (ca. 550–330 BC). It is situated 60 km northeast of the city of Shiraz in Fars Province, Iran. The earliest remains of Persepolis date back to 515 BC. It exemplifies the Achaemenid style of The site includes a 125,000 square meter architecture terrace, partly artificially constructed and partly cut out of a mountain, with its east side leaning on Rahmet Mountain. The other three sides are formed by retaining walls, which vary in height with the slope of the ground. Rising from 5–13 meters (16–43 feet) on the west side was a double stair. Archaeological evidence shows that the earliest remains of Persepolis date back to 515 BC. André Godard, the French archaeologist who excavated Persepolis in the early 1930s, believed that it was Cyrus the Great who chose the site of Persepolis, but that it was Greek word meaning City of the Persians Darius I who built the terrace and the palaces. It is a showcase for the empire, was begun by Darius I, mostly executed by Xerxes I and finished by Artaxerxes I about 460 BC. Page 21 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap It is a monumental double-reversed staircase constructed with huge and irregular limestone blocks (often four or five steps are hewn from a single piece), dry joined with roughly rectangular-shaped metal clamps used during the reign of Xerxes. A battlement of four-stepped crenellations, each decorated on the outer face with a rectangular niche, lined the outer edge. Gate of All Nations A pair of lamassus, bulls with the heads of bearded men, stand by the western threshold. Each step is 6.70 m long, 10 cm high, and 38 cm wide. The unusually short raises were not meant to allow people to mount the steps on horseback (as is popularly supposed) but to provide sufficient space for large groups of royal guests (many of them no doubt advanced in age) to climb the steps ceremoniously but with ease. The Terrace stairway and the “Gate of All Lands” As works on the platform proceeded, a new and grander entrance was constructed towards the northwestern corner of the platform. Described it as “perhaps the most perfect flight of stairs ever built.” Page 22 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap Apadana Measuring 1,160 square meters (12,500 It is a large hypostyle hall, the best-known square feet), it is the smallest of the palace examples being the great audience hall and buildings on the Terrace at Persepolis. portico at Persepolis and the palace of Susa. This palace was one of the few structures that The Persepolis Apadana belongs to the escaped destruction in the burning of the oldest building phase of the city of complex by Alexander the Great's army. Persepolis, the first half of the 6th century BC, as part of the original design by Darius the Great and its construction completed by Xerxes I. As the oldest of the palace structures on the Terrace, it was constructed of the finest quality gray stone. The Apadana at Persepolis has a surface of The surface was almost completely black and 1000 square meters; its roof was supported polished to a glossy brilliance. by 72 columns, each 24 meters tall. This surface treatment combined with the The columns reached 20m high and had high-quality stone is the reason for it being complex capitals in the shape of bulls or lions. the most intact of all ruins at Persepolis The entire hall was destroyed in 331 BC by today. the army of Alexander the Great. Although its mud block walls have completely Stones from the columns were used as disintegrated, the enormous stone blocks of building material for nearby settlements. the door and window frames have survived. These are decorated by reliefs, showing delegates of the 23 subject nations of the Persian Empire paying tribute to Darius I, who is represented seated centrally. The various delegates are shown in great detail, giving insight into the costume and equipment of the various peoples of Persia in the 5th century BC. There are inscriptions in Old Persian and Elamite. The Tachara stands back-to-back to the Apadana, and is oriented southward. Page 23 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap Throne Hall or the Imperial Army's Hall of The Treasury by Darius which served as the Honor (also called the Hall of Hundred armory and storehouse Columns Palace) This 70x70 square meter hall was started by Xerxes I and completed by his son Artaxerxes I by the end of the fifth century BC. Its eight stone doorways are decorated on the south and north with reliefs of throne scenes and on the east and west with scenes depicting the king in combat with monsters. Tomb of Artaxerxes II, Persepolis The two completed graves behind the compound at Persepolis would then belong to Artaxerxes II and Artaxerxes III. Hence, the kings buried at Naghsh-e Rostam are probably Darius I, Xerxes I, Artaxerxes I and Darius II. Xerxes II, who reigned for a very short time, could scarcely have obtained a splendid tomb monument At the beginning of the reign of Xerxes I, the Throne Hall was used mainly for receptions for military commanders and representatives of all the subject nations of the empire. Later, the Throne Hall served as an imperial museum. Page 24 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap Naqsh-e Rustam Arg e Bam It is the necropolis of the Achaemenid It was the largest adobe building in the world, dynasty (500–330 BC), with four large tombs located in Bam, a city in Kerman Province of cut high into the cliff face. southeastern Iran. These have mainly architectural decoration, The origin of this enormous citadel on the Silk but the facades include large panels over the Road can be traced back to the Achaemenid doorways, each very similar in content, with Empire (sixth to fourth centuries BC) and figures of the king being invested by a god, even beyond. above a zone with rows of smaller figures The citadel consists of four main sections: a bearing tribute, with soldiers and officials. residential zone, the stables, the army Four tombs belonging to Achaemenid kings barracks and the governor’s residence. are carved out of the rock face at a considerable height above the ground. The tombs are sometimes known as the Persian crosses, after the shape of the facades of the tombs. The entrance to each tomb is at the center of each cross, which opens onto to a small chamber, where the king lay in a sarcophagus. END OF LECTURE Lecture References: Fletcher, Sir Banister (1996). History of Architecture 20th edition, Architectural Press Harris, Cyril M. (1975). Dictionary of Behistun Inscription Architecture and Construction, McGraw Hill It is a multilingual inscription and large rock Harris, Cyril M. (1977). Illustrated Dictionary relief on a cliff at Mount Behistun in the of Historic Architecture, Dover Publication Kermanshah Province of Iran, near the city of Trachtenberg, Marvin (1986). Architecture Kermanshah in western Iran. from Pre-history to Post-Modernism It was crucial to the decipherment of Various internet articles and academic cuneiform script. journals The inscription begins with a brief Images used in this material were taken from autobiography of Darius, including his Google Images ancestry and lineage. Later in the inscription, Darius provides a lengthy sequence of events following the deaths of Cyrus the Great and Cambyses II in which he fought nineteen battles in a period of one year (ending in December 521 BC) to put down multiple rebellions throughout the Persian Empire Page 25 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE I: HISTORICAL TIMELINE (THE THREE (3) Egyptian Architecture KINGDOMS) By: Ar. Chris Luna, uap 1. Old Kingdom Introduction United under King Menes Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient 2686 to 2181 B.C.E, Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the Included the 3rd to the 6th dynasties lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Capitol was Memphis the modern country of Egypt. “Age of Pyramids” It is one of six civilizations to arise ✓ Construction independently. ✓ Teamwork Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric ✓ Egyptian Art Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC with ✓ Sculptures the political unification of Upper and Lower Pharaohs Buried in Pyramids Egypt under the first pharaoh Narmer Pharaoh viewed as an inaccessible god- (commonly referred to as Menes). king who rules absolutely over his The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a people. series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. Old Kingdom (Culture) Women were highly respected in the Old Kingdom. They owned land and passed it down to their daughters. A pharaoh could only become king after marrying the previous king’s daughter. Despite popular belief, the pyramids were not built by slaves, but by laborers who willingly worked on the structures. Only priests wrote because it was considered sacred. It was believed that writing a person’s name gave them more power. Speaking the pharaoh’s name was strictly forbidden. Pyramids were built on the west side of the Nile where the sun set so the Pharaoh could more easily meet with Re in the afterlife. Page 26 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap 2. Middle Kingdom Ancient Egyptians were ruled by religion United under King Mentuhotep every day, always fearful of the Gods and 2055 to 1650 B.C.E. death. Included the 11th to the 12th dynasty The Instruction of Meri-Ka-Re. This “wisdom Capitol was Thebes text” teaches ethical advice on how to lead a "Golden Age" good and proper life, and being rewarded ✓ Stability after death. ✓ Property boundaries As the Middle Kingdom progressed, Monthu, ✓ Territorial expansion who was the original patron of Thebes, was ✓ Reorganization of Nome structure replaced by Amun. Pharaohs Buried in hidden tombs Pharaoh viewed as the “shepherd of his people” with the task to build public works and produce for the welfare. Middle Kingdom (Construction) The first example of Middle Kingdom architecture is Mentuhotep’s mortuary complex. It was built against sheer cliffs in Thebes and featured a terraced temple with pillared porticoes. The pyramids of the Middle Kingdom weren’t as well-constructed as those in the Old Kingdom, unfortunately, there aren’t many Middle Kingdom pyramids that have survived. Middle Kingdom (Culture) Irrigation projects took place at Faiyum The Middle Kingdom is considered now to be a classic period of culture, literature, and language. The Coffin Texts were created, to be used by ordinary Egyptians. The texts were a collection of magic spells to help guide the deceased through the underworld. During the Middle Kingdom, Egyptians used writing to tell stories, not just for record keeping. Military attacks were mounted against Nubia. Nomarchs ruled ancient Egyptian provinces. A feudal type of organization was developed around the Nomarchs. Middle Kingdom (Religion) Priests and nobles gain independence and power during the Middle Kingdom. Egypt was separated into nomes, which were religious, as well as administrative districts and were ruled by Nomarchs. Page 27 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap 3. New Kingdom Priests had power never seen before in United under Pharaoh Ahmose I Egyptian history. During the New Kingdom, 1550-1070 BC new cult centers emerged. Included the 18th to the 20th dynasty The Coffin Texts of the Middle Kingdom Capitol was Thebes became the Book of the Dead in the New "Imperial Age" Kingdom. ✓ New Empire More and more Egyptians believed in funeral ✓ Expansion period and mortuary rituals, which increased the ✓ Military conquest need for protective talismans and amulets. ✓ Peak of power During the reign of Akhenaten, Egypt ✓ Prosperous became monotheistic – or ruled just one God, Pharaohs Buried in the Valley of the Aten or “sun disk”. The Armana Period, as it Kings was called, lasted only 16 years Pharaoh viewed not only as a leader and ruler of an empire, but also as an important figure in religion and religious practice New Kingdom (Culture) New Kingdom (Construction) The New Kingdom brought luxury, power and During the New Kingdom two types of wealth for Egypt. temples were constructed: cult temples and The eastern coast of the Mediterranean was mortuary temples. brought under Egyptian rule after successful Cult temples were also called “mansions of military campaigns were launched there. the gods” and mortuary temples (where the Egypt flourished, especially with control of dead pharaoh was worshiped) were called the gold mines in Nubia. “mansions of millions of years”. During Hatshepsut’s reign, art took on a new The construction of pyramids stopped and look. Portraits of men and women became pharaohs now preferred to be buried in the more feminine and even included smiles. Valley of the Kings in rock tombs. While, during the reign of Akhenaten, royals were depicted with slightly built chests and shoulders, large hips, buttocks and thighs New Kingdom (Religion) 19th century pharaohs were closely associated with Moses and the bible; these pharaohs included Seti I and Ramses the Great. Page 28 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap CULTURAL BACKGROUND These natural resources allowed the ancient Egyptians to build monuments, sculpt Everyday Life for a Commoner in Ancient statues, make tools, and fashion jewelry Egypt The people of ancient Egypt had many jobs such as craftspeople, scribes, priests and priestesses, farmers and soldiers. The average girl married at around the age of 12. Daily bathing was common in the Nile River, where deadly hippopotami lived. Technology & Inventions Hieroglyphics date back to as early as 3,300 B.C. and were used for the next consecutive 3,500 years. Ancient Egyptians had a great grasp of math Women could obtain high-ranking jobs like and geometry. They used the geometry to administrators, supervisors and priestesses. accurately build pyramids, temples and other They ate lamb, goat, vegetables, fruit and a buildings. They used math in everyday lot of bread. They also drank a lot of barley business transactions. beer. They invented door locks that used keys, the Everyone wore jewelry and makeup (usually first keys used were up to two feet in length eye paint). Looking nice held extreme importance. They usually dressed in clothes made of white linen. Ancient Egyptians wanted to be hygienic and because the desert sand caused problems with their teeth, they invented toothpaste out of eggshells, ox hooves (ground up), ashes, etc. and they invented the toothbrush. The Egyptians believed that a balanced Ship building was an important part of their relationship between people and animals progress. They started with papyrus reeds in was an essential element of the cosmic building small boats, and then later built order; thus humans, animals and plants were larger boats and ships out of cedar wood. believed to be members of a single whole. They invented the earliest known paper out Egypt is rich in building and decorative stone, of sheets of papyrus. The word “paper” copper and lead ores, gold, and actually comes from the word “papyrus.” semiprecious stones. Page 29 of 144 Downloaded by Mikaela Dela Cruz ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49232187 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: Overview of Pre-historic, Ancient, Classical and Pre-mediaeval Architecture By: Ar. Allan Christopher P. Luna, uap Social status The Egyptians also quarried limestone and Egyptian society was highly stratified, and sandstone from the hills along the side of the social status was expressly displayed Nile. INFLUENCES IN THEIR ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Construction Methodology and Materials: Nile River Principle of construction was post and lintel. Egypt is built around the Nile River because