Lec 1 - Introduction PDF

INTRODUCTION BIO 100 BOTANY  Introduction to Botany Botany is a branch of biology that deals with the study of plants, including their: Form Functions Parts Classification Diseases, etc. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning "pasture"...

INTRODUCTION BIO 100 BOTANY  Introduction to Botany Botany is a branch of biology that deals with the study of plants, including their: Form Functions Parts Classification Diseases, etc. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning "pasture", "grass", or "fodder“.  Introduction to Botany Botany is also referred to as “Plant biology”. Although there are no records of this prehistoric pursuit of knowledge, evidences point to the vast expertise of many ancient tribes on plants. Mainly on which to eat and which are poisonous, which can cure and where to find them.  Introduction to Botany The knowledge this people has been developed through a system of trial and error and passed on to the next generation through oral tradition.  History of Botany Theophrastus (370-285 BC) - Father of Botany Crude classification of plants whether its flowering (Phanerogams) or not (Cryptogams) Further classified plants into herbs, subshrubs, shrubs and trees https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/228935/vi ew/theophrastus-ancient-greek-philosopher  History of Botany Gaius Plinius Secundus (23-79 AD) - ‘Pliny the Elder’ Describe substantially the biological, medicinal and agricultural aspects of plants With more or less 37 volumes of Natural History https://alchetron.com/Pliny-the-Elder First used “stamen” History of Botany Padano's Dioscorides (62-128 AD) Roman Army physician Compiled the medicinal aspects of about 600 plant species in “Materia Medica” Introduced the names Aloe, Anemone, Phaseolus, Arisolochia (still used today) Medicinal values of plants were given premium during the Roman era  History of Botany Middle Ages to 17th century Plant classification was the focus Invention of printing and advancement in navigation led to the discovery of new plant species Records of medicinal plants and where to find them Herbals – books, herbalist - authors  Characteristics of Life What is life? What does it mean do be alive? How is something made “living”? These are all pertinent questions when discussing the origin of life. Scientists have identified seven basic characteristics of life. For something to be described as living, that something must display all seven of these characteristics. Although many different people have many different opinions about what "living" means, the following characteristics were designated "characteristics of living things" with the consensus of the scientific community.  Characteristics of Life 1. Are Composed of Cells Cells are the basic components of all living things. Some organisms are single celled, like bacteria, This is a single-celled or multi-celled, like organism called an amoeba humans.  Characteristics of Life 2. Require Energy Living organisms require energy, usually in the form of ATP. They use this energy to carry out energy-requiring activities such as This is a molecular model of ATP, the metabolism and metabolic "energy currency" of all cells. Courtesy Jacob Halaska locomotion.  Characteristics of Life 3. Reproduce Organisms in order to grow and sustain themselves, need to reproduce This is an image of a plant cell organisms similar undergoing mitosis (metaphase stage). Courtesy: S. D. Clark to themselves and propagate. https://www.online-sciences.com/biology/asexual-sexual- reproduction-in-plants-pollination-stages-of-fertilization-process-in- plants/  Characteristics of Life 4. Have different levels of organization This hierarchy of life roots from the cell as the basic unit of life and extends up to the all- https://www.liveworksheets.com/or encompassing 1399247pn biosphere where all living organisms are part of.  Characteristics of Life 5. Respond to the Environment All living things respond to stimuli in their environment. https://www.slideshare.net/SECBIO/tropisms- E.g. tropism 44697761  Characteristics of Life Growth and 6. Grow and development develop allow the organisms to replace old and dying cells in the body and perform different functions.  Characteristics of Life 7. Adapt to their environment This mechanism allows certain individuals to be better than the rest. A set of characteristic sets the plants from other organisms a. Plants are multicellular eukaryotes, distinguishing them from their evolutionary relatives such as study.com/academy/lesson/multicellular- organism-examples-definition-quiz.html algae. A set of characteristic sets the plants from other organisms b. Plants are capable of photosynthesis -autotrophs -photoautotrophs https://www.shutterstock.com/searc h/photosynthesis A set of characteristic sets the plants from other organisms c. Plant cell walls have cellulose This differentiates them from the fungi such as mushroom whose cell walls are primarily made of hemicellulose-lignin-functions-pectic-acid- bitbiotech.com/plant-cell-wall-cellulose- chitin. pectin A set of characteristic sets the plants from other organisms 4. Plants have two adult forms that alternate in producing each other (alternation of generations) https://slideplayer.com/slide/5864802/ A set of characteristic sets the plants from other organisms -sporophyte generation has adults that form the spores that do not need to fuse with another to form a new plant -Gametophyte generation has, and there are the adults https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of that produce the _generations sperms and the eggs. A set of characteristic sets the plants from other organisms 5. Plants have a multicellular embryo protected within the female parent https://stock.adobe.com/ph/search?k =embryophyte&asset_id=254373602  Scientific Method The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions. Scientists use the scientific method to search for cause and effect relationships in nature. In other words, they design an experiment so that changes to one item cause something else to vary in a predictable way. Scientific Method https://sites.google.com/site/mrsmunrosclass/sci ence/scientific-method  Scientific Method Ask a Question: The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe: How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where? And, in order for the scientific method to answer the question it must be about something that you can measure, preferably with a number.  Scientific Method Do Background Research: Rather than starting from scratch in putting together a plan for answering your question, you want to be a scientist using library and Internet research to help you find the best way to do things and insure that you don't repeat mistakes from the past.  Scientific Method Construct a Hypothesis: A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work: "If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen." You must state your hypothesis in a way that you can easily measure, and of course, your hypothesis should be constructed in a way to help you answer your original question.  Scientific Method Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment: Your experiment tests whether your hypothesis is true or false. It is important for your experiment to be a fair test. You conduct a fair test by making sure that you change only one factor at a time while keeping all other conditions the same. You should also repeat your experiments several times to make sure that the first results weren't just an accident.  Scientific Method Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion: Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if your hypothesis is true or false. Scientists often find that their hypothesis was false, and in such cases they will construct a new hypothesis starting the entire process of the scientific method over again. Even if they find that their hypothesis was true, they may want to test it again in a new way.  Scientific Method Communicate Your Results: To complete your project you will communicate your results to others in a final report and/or a display board. Professional scientists do almost exactly the same thing by publishing their final report in a scientific journal or by presenting their results on a poster at a scientific meeting References Jonathan Jaime Guerrero,2020, General and Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy, end Edition, APD Educational Publishing House , Manila Philippines https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair- projects/science-fair/steps-of-the-scientific- method https://www.thensmc.com/content/communic ate-findings-0