Botany Introduction PDF

Topic#1 INTRODUCTION Department of Biology College of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Caraga State University Ampayon, Butuan City INTRODUCTION: Lesson: 1. Botany as a science 2. The importance of plants 3. The plants characteristics and biodivers...

Topic#1 INTRODUCTION Department of Biology College of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Caraga State University Ampayon, Butuan City INTRODUCTION: Lesson: 1. Botany as a science 2. The importance of plants 3. The plants characteristics and biodiversity 4. Plants and people: LAOmbat2020 Objectives of the Lesson At the end of this lesson the student must be able to describe the botany as a science, and the essential roles of plants to humans and other living organisms, environment and biodiversity. LAOmbat2020  Lesson#1 1. Botany as a Science LAOmbat2020 Botany Also known as Plant Biology encompasses the origin, diversity, structure, and internal processes of plants as well as their relationships with other organisms and with the nonliving physical environment. Disciplines of Botany Plant molecular biology Plant biochemistry Plant cell biology Plant anatomy Plant morphology Plant physiology Plant genetics Plant ecology Plant systematics Plant taxonomy Paleobotany Disciplines of Botany Plant molecular biology Plant biochemistry Study the structures and functions of important biological molecules – study of the chemical interactions such as proteins and nucleic acids. within plants, including the variety of chemicals that plants produce. Disciplines of Botany Plant cell biology Plant anatomy Encompasses the structures, functions, and life – microscopic plant structure (cells processes of plant cells and tissues) Disciplines of Botany Plant morphology Plant physiology refers to the structures of plant – study such parts such as leaves, processes as roots, and stems, photosynthesis including their and mineral evolution and nutrition to development. understand how plants function. Disciplines of Botany Plant genetics Plant ecology - study heredity and variation. – study of the interrelationships among plants and between plants and their environment. Disciplines of Botany Plant systematics Plant taxonomy - encompasses the evolutionary relationships among different plant – a subdiscipline of systematics, deals groups. with the description, naming, and classification of plants. Disciplines of Botany Paleobotany - is the study of the biology and the evolution of plants in the geologic past.  Lesson#2 2. The importance of plants a. Plants as source of food b. Plants environmental impact c. Plants biodiversity impact LAOmbat2020  a. Plants as sources of food Plants are one of the 2 major kingdoms of life forms Archaebacteria 209 species Animals 9M species Plants Fungi 374,000 species 144,000 species Protista Eubacteria 250,000 species 5,000 species LAOmbat2020 a. Plants as sources of food Photosynthesis Excess photosynthetic products are stored in leaves, stem, fruits, seeds and roots for future use. LAOmbat2020  a. Plants as sources of food Society’s basic needs. for humans and animals. Food Clothing Shelter Medicine LAOmbat2020 a. Plants as source of food BASIC NEEDS LAOmbat2020 a. Plants as sources of food Humans get 85% of their calories from 20 plant species 60% from wheat rice corn Essential nutrients produced by plants: Carbohydrates, proteins and fats for human and plant metabolism Mineral salts, organic acids, vitamins and enzymes for general health LAOmbat2020  Most important plant parts used for food… seeds fruits - Seeds are found in cereals, grains, legumes & nuts - Fruits and seeds contain large amount of nutritive materials, and low water - These can be stored and transported with ease LAOmbat2020 Next important plant parts used for food… Leaves Root crops - Little stored food but necessary - Value less because because it contain vitamins, they contain large organic acids, mineral salts, and amount of water. indigestible cellulose. LAOmbat2020  b. Plants’ environmental impact -Plants as primary source of food since the development of agriculture 10,000 years ago. -Their impact and role is far greater and far older. -The emergence of photosynthetic plant life as a dominant force on earth transformed our atmosphere into the oxygen- rich air we breathe. - Plants release oxygen, and used carbon dioxide released by humans & other heterotrophs. -CO2 uptake help mitigate the greenhouse effect and climate change. LAOmbat2020  b. Plants’ environmental impact Maintain the balance in an ecosystem and drive most of important biogeochemical processes. Inhabit and contribute to enriching their environment. Improve their habitat by constantly filtering the air, water, and soil. LAOmbat2020 LAOmbat2020 LAOmbat2020  Phytoremediation: Heavy metal pollution Phytoextraction Phytovolatization Rhizostabilization and rhizofiltrations LAOmbat2020 Plants Create local climates Plants produce their own micro-weather by controlling the humidity and temperature immediately surrounding their leaves through transpiration. Areas with vegetation are more cooler and fresher than those in the open areas. LAOmbat2020 Plants prevent soil erosion Plant roots prevent the soil erosion, and hold water that moistened the soil. LAOmbat2020 Light emitted from the sun also contributes to the heating of the atmosphere. Where plants are present on the earth’s surface, the solar radiation is mostly absorbed by the plants, reducing the amount of heat reflected into the surrounding air. LAOmbat2020  c. PLANTS’ IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY To some animals, one plant species may be their only source of food. The removal of one plant species may be linked to the removal of one animal species. This could also be detrimental in removing an entire ecosystem of living entities. Panda is dependent on bamboo plants for their survival. LAOmbat2020 Biodiversity: Forest to Agricultural Land Preserving the biodiversity of plant species allows us to sustain a population of various animal species and other organisms within their ecosystem. LAOmbat2020 Biodiversity: Symbiotic Relationship Tree and mosses Tree and lichens Tree and lichens Flower and bee Pitcher plant Tree and mushrooms Plant Biodiversity: Aesthetic value  In recent years, several plant species are attaining endangered species status, and the biodiversity on Earth is threatened. It is more important than ever to turn around the loss of biodiversity and conserve all plants. LAOmbat2020  Thank you… LAOmbat2020  Topic 1_Lesson#3 Plant Characteristics and Biodiversity Department of Biology College of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Caraga State University Ampayon, Butuan City Objectives of the Lesson At the end of this lesson the students must be able to: a. Describe the characteristics of plants, and b. Identify the major plant groups and its representative species. Plant characteristics Order The plant’s body is highly organized. It’s part performs specific function. LAOmbat2020 Plant characteristics Levels of organization: from simple to complex levels LAOmbat2020  Plant characteristics Evolutionary Adaptation - a waxy, waterproof cover called a cuticle protects the leaves and stems from desiccation. - stomata, or pores, that open and close to regulate traffic of gases and water vapor, appeared in plants as they moved away from moist environments into drier habitats - Genetic changes over time LAOmbat2020  Plant characteristics Evolutionary Adaptation Every organism contains many interdependent adaptations that help it survive in the particular environment to which it is adapted. Evolution, the process by which organisms adapt to their environment over time, is the genetic change in a population of organisms from generation to generation. Evolutionary processes typically require long periods of time and occur over many generations. LAOmbat2020 Plant characteristics Response to stimulus Plant responds to the environmental stimulus for their survival. LAOmbat2020 Plant characteristics Regulation Opening and closing of plant stomata regulate the amount of water and gases in plants. Excess water are also released along the leaf margin through their hydathodes. LAOmbat2020 Plant characteristics Energy processing Plant converts CO2 and water with the aid of light energy into O2 and food. This food will be catabolized into ATP, CO2 and water. LAOmbat2020 Plant characteristics Growth and development The plant embryo inside the seed will grow and develop into mature size when supplied with growth requirements LAOmbat2020  Plant characteristics Reproduce Plant produces its kind to continue its existence. Sexual Asexual https://garden.lovetoknow.com/garden-basics/how-do-non-flowering-plants-reproduce LAOmbat2020 Plant characteristics Plant DNA transmits Genes are composed of information from one deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the generation to the next organic molecule that stores and The characteristics of an organism are carries important genetic encoded in its genes, which are the units of information in cells. hereditary information. Genes ensure that a bean plant An organism’s environment also plays a crucial role in determining its characteristics, produces seeds that grow into but always within that organism’s genetic bean plants, not into roses or constraints. cucumbers. BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Biologists estimate that there are at least 5 million to 10 million species. more than 330,000 plant species and more than 1 million animal species have been identified. Many Biologist assign organisms into six  Plant Diversity LAOmbat2020  Plant Diversity Division: Bryophyta Marchantiophyta Anthocerophyta LAOmbat2020  Plant Diversity Pteridophytes (Ferns) Lycophytes LAOmbat2020  Plant Diversity Gymnosperm LAOmbat2020  Plant Diversity Angiosperm Dicotyledon Monocotyledon LAOmbat2020 Plant Diversity LAOmbat2020 THANK YOU…  Topic 1_Lesson#4 Plant and People Department of Biology College of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Caraga State University Ampayon, Butuan City  Plant and People : History Early human cultures were hunter/gatherers. One of the first professions was botany (plant taxonomy), because it was important knowledge to be able and distinguish poisonous from edible plants. About 8,000 -12,000 years ago something happened that changed the heart of human society. What was it? Answer: Agriculture! Agriculture - fossilized plant remains (e.g., seeds, charred plant remains, pollen) in archaeological digs of human encampments place the discovery of agriculture about 8,000 to 12,000 years ago. Most ancient civilizations (e.g., Chinese, Egyptians, Assyrian, Inca, Mayan, etc.) practiced agriculture regardless of their geographical location in the world. Indigenous plants (and animals) were domesticated by each respective society  The origin of agriculture Dump heap or Trash heap hypothesis (Edgar Anderson, 1952). early people may have discovered that the plants collected in the wild grew in refuse piles. Two hypotheses about origin of agriculture: Independent discovery in different parts of world. Diffusionist hypothesis - discovery originated in one part of the world and spread from one civilization to another. Plant and People  Plant and People: Ethnobotany the scientific study of the traditional knowledge and customs of a people concerning plants and their medical, religious, and other uses. An ethnobotanist thus strives to document the local customs involving the practical uses of local flora for many aspects of life, such as plants as medicines, foods, and clothing.  Economic botany Economic botany is the study of the relationship between people (individuals and cultures) and plants. Study plants with commercial importance; Representative spices and herbs. (Top, from left to right) Fennel seeds, whole chili de arbol peppers, and ground cumin. (Middle, from left to right) Ground cayenne pepper, ground cinnamon, and fenugreek seeds. (Bottom, from left to right) Whole coriander, ground turmeric, and Mexican oregano leaves. Natural plant products Plants for Fiber Plants provide fibers for clothing, paper and shelter The aboriginal people from the west coast wove cloth from the bark of the western red cedar tree Much of our clothing today comes from synthetic (manufactured) material, such as polyester and nylon but natural fibers still provide an important resources for cloth Natural plant products Plants for Fiber: Cotton Cotton is a natural fiber that absorbs moisture and then allows it to evaporate easily, making it the world's most important nonedible plant. The cotton fibers come from the plant's seeds. The silky fibers are strong, flexible and have a gradual spiral that causes the strands to interlock when twisted, making them ideal for spinning into thread. The second layer of fibers are shorter and are 'fuzzy' - they are used to make cotton batting, rayon and various types of plastic and paper. Natural plant products Plants for Fiber: Hemp early makers of jeans used hemp, which is the oldest cultivated fiber plant in the world. Other products included the first Bibles, sails and ropes. Hemp has a less negative effect on the environment, because it uses less land area than trees can be harvested in a year lasts longer than paper can be recycled up to seven times chokes out weeds naturally is not prone to insect pests. Natural plant products Plants for Fiber: Flax Flax is a food and fiber crop. The flax fibers, which are smooth and straight, are taken from the stem of the plant and are two to three times stronger than cotton fibers. Flax fiber is used for making cereals, linen paper, linseed oil - which is used as a drying oil in paints and varnish - and in products such as linoleum and printing inks. Natural plant products Plants for Medicine Herbal remedies are a common example of how plants are used to prevent illness. Plant medicines include: tea (made from ginger root) - is used to soothe an upset stomach; white willow bark - is used to ease pain (aspirin)  Natural plant products Plants for Medicine opium from the poppy seed pod - thick milky fluid provides a powerful pain medication – morphine, codeine is also found in the poppy - it is used in cough medicines quinine - which comes from the cinchona tree - is used to prevent malaria THANK YOU…