Chapter 1: Introduction To Botany PDF

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY through the use of phylogenetic analysis. 5. Paleobotany- it studies the ancient and PRE-ASSESSMENT fossilized plants....

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY through the use of phylogenetic analysis. 5. Paleobotany- it studies the ancient and PRE-ASSESSMENT fossilized plants. Binomial nomenclature is a two-name naming 6. Phenology- it studies the evolution or life system developed by Linnaeus. It is composed cycles of plants. of the genus and species of the organism. The cell wall of a plant cell is composed of a As applied science: complex sugar or a polysaccharide which is 1. Forestry- it deals with the management and called cellulose. caring of forests and its resources. However, in bacterial cell wall, it is composed of 2. Ethnobotany- it studies the relation of plants peptidoglycan, and in fungi cell wall, it is made and humans based on its ethnical and up of chitin. traditional uses. Functions of roots: (1) Anchorage, (2) 3. Economic botany- it studies the different Transportation of materials, and (3) Mutualism of economical uses of plants that can be microorganisms helpful to man and promote sustainability. Xylem carries water, and phloem carries sugar or 4. Agronomy- it is the holistic approach of crop carbohydrates. production. Cuticle is a waxy substance found in leaves which 5. Biotechnology- it is the study that incorporates makes it waterproof or hydrophobic. Pistil is the technology in order to produce products female reproductive organ of a flower, that can be useful to man. Stamen is the male reproductive organ of a It produces GMO (genetically modified flower. organisms) Theobromine is a toxic substance that can be 6. Horticulture- it is the science of cultivating lethal to dogs, and it is found in cacao plants. The crops and dividing it into categories. age of trees can be determined by counting the rings on its trunk. (1 year= 1 ring) Plants produce a Most of the time, these branches of botany smell to attract its pollinators. Seedless plants can overlap with each other. reproduce through spores that can be found in the Example: sporangia of the sorus or sorii. Example: ferns. Field: Systematics Problem: How to verify the identity of the BOTANY Raffesia species? - Came from the greek word “botain” which Possible data to use: means grass or fodder, and latin word Morphology “botanicus” which means herb and plant. Anatomy Fodder- dried hay Fossil records Herb- plants with soft tissues and used Phenology as seasonings. Most of the time, these branches of botany - As Botanical Science: The study of plants. - As overlap with other fields. Applied Science: It studies the human use of Example: plants. Field: Agriculture Problem: How to improve the yield of rice BRANCHES OF BOTANY varieties? As botanical science: Possible data to use: 1. Morphology- it deals with the external Morphology structure of plants. Anatomy 2. Anatomy- it deals with the internal structure of Physiology plant. Biotechnology 3. Physiology- it deals with the processes of Field: Veterinary Medicine plants. Example: photosynthesis, respiration, Problem: How to identify poisonous and edible and transpiration. plants for animals? 4. Systematics- it is the classification of plants Possible data to use: according to its evolutionary relationship Morphology  Anatomy many offspring are birthed/produced, but Systematics or taxonomy only few can survive. SOME DISCOVERIES IN BOTANY DEVELOPMENT OF BOTANY (Modern botany: 19th to 20th century) Theophrastus (350 B.C.) Chlorophyll a & b (1903) - Father of Botany ❖ Chlorophyll a- the principal pigment ❖ - In his book, “On the Causes of Plants”, he Chlorophyll b- the accessory pigments described the economical uses of plants Photosynthesis or the Hill Reaction (1937) - By rather than their medicinal uses. Robert Hill - On the other hand, his book “Enquiry Into Plants ❖ Hill Reaction- light dependent reaction; (Historia Plantarium)”, he classified plants water molecules will be split and oxygen will based on their habits, growth, and be produced. cotyledon. Cyanobacteria (1960) - Botany was considered as an individual - Also known as the blue-green algae. - It was science → Renaissance of Botany discovered to be photosynthetic and can Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) produce oxygen. - Father of Modern Botany Genetic Engineering (1990) - He wrote the book “Species of Plants (Species - It is the manipulation of DNA of an organism to Plantarium)”, wherein he described the produce plants that are drought resistant, binomial nomenclature or scientific name of pest resistant, etc. plants based on their genus (first word) and - Example: insulin specific epithet (second word). APG (1998) - The scientific name is written in italics and the - It is a group that gathers the consensus for the first letter of the first word is in uppercase. taxonomy of angiosperms based on their However, the first letter of the second word phylogeny or evolutionary relationship. is in lowercase. If cannot be italicized, then underline. - The scientific name is created for easier communication among scientists in different parts of the world. - His former name was Carl von Linné. He changed his name into Carolus Linnaeus based on the binomial nomenclature. Carl Wildenow (1765-1812) - Founder of Phytogeography. - Phytogeography is concerned with plant distribution. - He discovered that plants started growing on the highlands like the mountains and eventually reached the lowlands and the sea levels. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - He was included in the royal expedition using the Beagle ship. He discovered that the Finches birds in Galapagos Island have different sizes of bills. With extensive research, he discovered that it is because of the bird’s adaptation. - He established the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection or “survival of the fittest”. He stated that the traits of an organisms are often heritable. Moreover, he emphasized