LEC#1: Introduction - Anatomy 2024 PDF

‫ ابراهيم مظفر سعدون‬.‫د‬ ‫كلية التقنيات الصحية والطبية‬ ‫جامعة البيان‬ 2024 ‫ الكورس الثاني‬,‫المرحلة االولى‬ ‫قسم الكلية الصناعية‬ LEC#1: Introduction - anatomy Anatomy is the s...

‫ ابراهيم مظفر سعدون‬.‫د‬ ‫كلية التقنيات الصحية والطبية‬ ‫جامعة البيان‬ 2024 ‫ الكورس الثاني‬,‫المرحلة االولى‬ ‫قسم الكلية الصناعية‬ LEC#1: Introduction - anatomy Anatomy is the science of the structure and function of the body. Clinical anatomy is the study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences. Basic anatomy is the study of the minimal amount of anatomy consistent with the understanding of the overall structure and function of the body. Descriptive Anatomic Terms It is important for medical personnel to have a sound knowledge and understanding of the basic anatomic terms. With the aid of a medical dictionary, you will find that understanding anatomic terminology greatly assists you in the learning process. Terms Related to Position All descriptions of the human body are based on the assumption that the person is standing erect, with the upper limbs by the sides and the face and palms of the hands directed forward. This is the so-called anatomic position. Median Sagittal Plane This is a vertical plane passing through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves. Planes situated to one or the other side of the median plane and parallel to it are termed paramedian. A structure situated nearer to the median plane of the body than another is said to be medial to the other. Similarly, a structure that lies farther away from the median plane than another is said to be lateral to the other. Coronal Planes These planes are imaginary vertical planes at right angles to the median plane. Horizontal, or Transverse, Planes These planes are at right angles to both the median and the coronal planes. The terms anterior and posterior are used to indicate the front and back of the body, respectively. In describing the hand, the terms palmar and dorsal surfaces are used in place of anterior and posterior, and in describing the foot, the terms plantar and dorsal surfaces are used instead of lower and upper surfaces. The terms proximal and distal describe the relative distances from the roots of the limbs. 1 ‫ ابراهيم مظفر سعدون‬.‫د‬ ‫كلية التقنيات الصحية والطبية‬ ‫جامعة البيان‬ 2024 ‫ الكورس الثاني‬,‫المرحلة االولى‬ ‫قسم الكلية الصناعية‬ The terms superficial and deep denote the relative distances of structures from the surface of the body, and the terms superior and inferior denote levels relatively high or low with reference to the upper and lower ends of the body. The terms internal and external are used to describe the relative distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity. The term ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body, Contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body, supine position of the body is lying on the back, prone position is lying face downward. Terms Related to Movement Flexion is a movement that takes place in a sagittal plane. Extension means straightening the joint and usually takes place in a posterior direction. Lateral flexion is a movement of the trunk in the coronal plane. Abduction is a movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane. Adduction is a movement of a limb toward the body in the coronal plane. Rotation is the term applied to the movement of a part of the body around its long axis. Medial rotation is the movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing medially. Lateral rotation is the movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing laterally. Pronation of the forearm is a medial rotation of the forearm in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly. Supination of the forearm is a lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly. Circumduction is the combination in sequence of the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Protraction is to move forward; retraction is to move backward (used to describe the forward and backward movement of the jaw at the temporomandibular joints). Inversion is the movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a medial direction. Eversion is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction. Basic Structures Skin The skin is divided into two parts: the superficial part, the epidermis; and the deep part, the dermis. The dermis of the skin is connected to the underlying deep fascia or bones by the superficial fascia, otherwise known as subcutaneous tissue. The skin over joints always folds in the same place, the SKIN CREASES. The appendages of the skin are the nails, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. 2 ‫ ابراهيم مظفر سعدون‬.‫د‬ ‫كلية التقنيات الصحية والطبية‬ ‫جامعة البيان‬ 2024 ‫ الكورس الثاني‬,‫المرحلة االولى‬ ‫قسم الكلية الصناعية‬ The nails are keratinized plates on the dorsal surfaces of the tips of the fingers and toes. The proximal edge of the plate is the root of the nail. With the exception of the distal edge of the plate, the nail is surrounded and overlapped by folds of skin known as nail folds. The surface of skin covered by the nail is the nail bed. Hairs grow out of follicles, which are invaginations of the epidermis into the dermis. The follicles lie obliquely to the skin surface, and their expanded extremities, called hair bulbs, penetrate to the deeper part of the dermis. Each hair bulb is concave at its end, and the concavity is occupied by vascular connective tissue called hair papilla. A band of smooth muscle, the arrector pili, connects the undersurface of the follicle to the superficial part of the dermis. Sebaceous glands pour their secretion, the sebum, onto the shafts of the hairs as they pass up through the necks of the follicles. Fasciae The fasciae of the body can be divided into two types— superficial and deep—and lie between the skin and the underlying muscles and bones. The superficial fascia, or subcutaneous tissue, is a mixture of loose areolar and adipose tissue that unites the dermis of the skin to the underlying deep fascia. The deep fascia is a membranous layer of connective tissue that invests the muscles and other deep structures. Muscle The three types of muscle are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscles produce the movements of the skeleton; they are sometimes called voluntary muscles. Smooth Muscle Smooth muscle consists of long, spindle-shaped cells closely arranged in bundles or sheets, it is called involuntary muscles, Depending on the organ, smooth muscle fibers may be made to contract by local stretching of the fibers, by nerve impulses from autonomic nerves, or by hormonal stimulation. Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle consists of striated muscle fibers that branch and unite with each other. It forms the myocardium of the heart. Its fibers tend to be arranged in whorls and spirals, and they have the property of spontaneous and rhythmic contraction. Specialized cardiac muscle fibers form the conducting system of the heart. Cardiac muscle is supplied by autonomic nerve fibers that terminate in the nodes of the conducting system and in the myocardium. Joints 3 ‫ ابراهيم مظفر سعدون‬.‫د‬ ‫كلية التقنيات الصحية والطبية‬ ‫جامعة البيان‬ 2024 ‫ الكورس الثاني‬,‫المرحلة االولى‬ ‫قسم الكلية الصناعية‬ A site where two or more bones come together, whether or not movement occurs between them, is called a joint. Joints are classified according to the tissues that lie between the bones: fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. Fibrous Joints The articulating surfaces of the bones are joined by fibrous tissue, and thus very little movement is possible. The sutures of the vault of the skull and the inferior tibiofibular joints are examples of fibrous joints. Cartilaginous Joints Cartilaginous joints can be divided into two types: primary and secondary. A primary cartilaginous joint is one in which the bones are united by a plate or a bar of hyaline cartilage. Thus, the union between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of a growing bone and that between the 1st rib and the manubrium sterni are examples of such a joint. No movement is possible. A secondary cartilaginous joint is one in which the bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage and the articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. Examples are the joints between the vertebral bodies and the symphysis pubis. A small amount of movement is possible. Synovial Joints The articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage separated by a joint cavity. This arrangement permits a great degree of freedom of movement. The cavity of the joint is lined by synovial membrane, which extends from the margins of one articular surface to those of the other. The synovial membrane is protected on the outside by a tough fibrous membrane referred to as the capsule of the joint. The articular surfaces are lubricated by a viscous fluid called synovial fluid, which is produced by the synovial membrane. Ligaments A ligament is a cord or band of connective tissue uniting two structures. Commonly found in association with joints. Blood Vessels Blood vessels are of three types: arteries, veins, and capillaries. 4 ‫ ابراهيم مظفر سعدون‬.‫د‬ ‫كلية التقنيات الصحية والطبية‬ ‫جامعة البيان‬ 2024 ‫ الكورس الثاني‬,‫المرحلة االولى‬ ‫قسم الكلية الصناعية‬ Arteries transport blood from the heart and distribute it to the various tissues of the body by means of their branches. The smallest arteries,