Biochemistry Lecture Notes PDF

Introduction in Biochemistry What is Biochemistry  Biochemistry: Greek : Bios =life  It is branch of science deals with study of chemical basis of life  That means chemistry of living matters at cellular and molecular level in living beings  Biochemistry  Biochemistry is a special bran...

Introduction in Biochemistry What is Biochemistry  Biochemistry: Greek : Bios =life  It is branch of science deals with study of chemical basis of life  That means chemistry of living matters at cellular and molecular level in living beings  Biochemistry  Biochemistry is a special branch of organic chemistry that deals with matter inside the living cell called Protoplasm.  Protoplasm is an enormously complex mixture of organic compounds where high levels of chemical activity occur. Primary Organic Compounds 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids Polymers and Monomers  Each of these types of molecules are polymers that are assembled from single units called monomers.  Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of a different type of monomer.  Monomers Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Lipids Hydrocarbon chains Proteins Nucleic acids Amino acids Nucleotides  How do monomers form polymers?  In condensation reactions (also called dehydration synthesis), a molecule of water is removed from two monomers as they are connected together.. Hydrolysis  In a reaction opposite to condensation, a water molecule can be added (along with the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer in two. Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a ratio of 1:2:1.  Carbohydrates are the key source of energy used by living things.  The building blocks of carbohydrates are sugars, such as glucose and fructose. Carbohydrates  What do the roots mono-, di-, oligo-, and poly mean?  Each of these roots can be added to the word saccharide to describe the type of carbohydrate you have. How do two monosaccharides combine to make a polysaccharide? Polysaccharides Lipids  Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are non polar. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat  Proteins  Proteins are building blocks of structures called amino acids. Proteins are what your DNA codes to make.  A peptide bond forms between amino acids by dehydration synthesis. Levels of Protein Structure  Protein Structure Level Description Primary The amino acid sequence Secondary Helices and Sheets Disulfide bridges Tertiary Multiple polypeptides Quaternary connect